Amaryllidoideae

{{Short description|Subfamily of flowering plants}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023|cs1-dates=ly}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Amaryllidoideae | image = Amaryllis belladonna sfbg 2.jpg | image_caption = ''Amaryllis belladonna'' | subdivision_ranks = Tribes | subdivision = See text | type_genus = ''Amaryllis'' | type_genus_authority = L. | synonyms = * Amarylloideae <small>Traub</small> }} '''Amaryllidoideae''' ('''Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.''''', '''amaryllids''') is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG IV, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.

== Description == thumb|Organization of an Amaryllidoideae flower (''Sternbergia lutea'') with the six non-differentiated tepals and the six stamens The Amaryllidoideae are herbaceous, perennial flowering plants, usually with bulbs (some are rhizomatous). Their fleshy leaves are arranged in two vertical columns, and their flowers are large.{{sfn|Stevens|2016|loc=[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllidoideae Amaryllidoideae]}} Most of them are bulbous geophytes and many have a long history of cultivation as ornamental plants. They are distinguished from the other two Amaryllidaceae subfamilies (Agapanthoideae and Allioideae) by their unique alkaloidal chemistry, inferior ovary, and hollow style.{{sfn|Garcia et al|2014}}

{{anchor|Taxonomy of Amaryllidoideae}}

==Taxonomy== <!--There are anchor(s) above this heading; please keep them with it if you move the section.--> {{See also|Amaryllidaceae#Taxonomy}}

=== History ===

==== Pre-Darwinian ==== The name ''Amaryllis'' had been applied to a number of plants over the course of history. When Linnaeus formerly described the type genus ''Amaryllis'', from which the family derives its name, in his ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/304/mode/1up Amaryllis I pp.&nbsp;292–293]}} there were nine species with this name. He placed ''Amaryllis'' in a grouping he referred to as ''Hexandria monogynia'' (i.e. six stamens and one pistil){{sfn|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}} containing 51 genera in all{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/297/mode/1up Hexandria monogynia I pp.&nbsp;285–332]}} in his sexual classification scheme.

These genera have been treated as either liliaceous or amaryllidaceaeous (see Taxonomy of Liliaceae) over time.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|1999}} In 1763 Michel Adanson placed them in 'Liliaceae'{{sfn|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/588/mode/1up VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p.&nbsp;42]}} In 1789 Antoine Laurent de Jussieu placed ''Amaryllis'' and related genera within a division of Monocotyledons, using a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification but with the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers.{{Sfn|Jussieu|1789}}

The family Amaryllidaceae was named in 1805, by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire.{{sfn|Jaume Saint-Hilaire|1805|loc=[https://archive.org/details/expositiondesfa00saingoog/page/n293 <!-- pg=130 --> Amaryllidées vol. 1. pp.&nbsp;134–142]}} In 1810 Brown proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of the ovaries (inferior) and be referred to as Amaryllideae{{sfn|Brown|1810|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/164/mode/1up Prodromus. Amaryllideae p.&nbsp;296]}} and in 1813 de Candolle described Liliacées <small>Juss.</small> and Amaryllidées <small>Brown</small> as two quite separate families.{{sfn|Candolle|1813|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/231/mode/1up Esquisse. D'une Série linéaire et par conséquent artificielle, pour la disposition des familles naturelles du règne végetal p.&nbsp;219]}} Samuel Frederick Gray's ''A natural arrangement of British plants'' (1821).{{sfn|Gray|1821}} grouped together a number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, within which he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae.{{sfn|Gray|1821|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95185#page/10/mode/1up p.vi]}}

John Lindley, in his ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (1830){{sfn|Lindley|1830}} divided the "Monocotyledonous Plants" {{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/319/mode/1up Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p.&nbsp;251]}} into two tribes. He then further divided the Petaloidea (petaloid monocots), into 32 orders, including the Amaryllideae.{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/327/mode/1up Amaryllideae The Narcissus Tribe p.&nbsp;259]}} He defined the latter as "Hexapetaloideous bulbous hexandrous monocotyledons, with an inferior ovarium, a 6-parted perianthium with equitant sepals, and flat spongy seeds" and included ''Amaryllis'', ''Phycella'', ''Nerine'', ''Vallota'', and ''Calostemma''.

By 1846 Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots.{{sfn|Lindley|1846}} He placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales, but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, hoping that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. This kept the Liliaceae.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/274/mode/1up Liliaceae – Lilyworts p.&nbsp;200]}} separate from the Amaryllidaceae,{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/229/mode/1up Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllids p.&nbsp;155]}} which was divided into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both his Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipeae, while large groups such as Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. Of the four tribes of the Amaryllidaceae, the Amaryllideae and Narcisseae would remain as core amaryllids while the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within the Liliales.

Since then seven of Linnaeus' genera have consistently been placed in a common taxonomic unit of amaryllids, based on the inferior position of the ovaries (whether this be as an order, suborder, family, subfamily, tribe or section).{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2000a}} Thus much of what we now consider Amaryllidoideae remained in Liliaceae because the ovary was superior, till 1926 when John Hutchinson transferred them to Amaryllidaceae.{{sfn|Hutchinson|1926}}

The number of known genera within these families continued to grow, and by the time of the Bentham and Hooker classification (1883) the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllideae) were divided into four tribes, of which only one (Amarylleae) still represents the grouping now reflected in Amarylloideae.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/272/mode/1up Vol. 3, Part 2. Amaryllideae pp.&nbsp;711–740]}}

In the post-Darwinian era the amaryllids were mainly treated as part of a very large family Liliaceae, although the early twentieth century saw increasing doubts about the inclusion of many of its components, particularly the alliaceous (''i.e.'' Allioideae) elements. Hutchinson also suggested that the elements now included in Amaryllidoideae's parent family (Amaryllidaceae) could all be placed in one family, although only Cronquist placed all the elements into a very large Liliaceae.

=== Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ===

The introduction of molecular methods in the 1990s confirmed the affinity of three major taxa corresponding to Alliaceae, Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae.{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} In 2009 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) decided to amalgamate the three families, which together form a monophyletic group, into a single family, at first called Alliaceae and then Amaryllidaceae.{{sfn|APG|2009}} The three families then became reduced to subfamilies, so that the historical Amaryllidaceae became subfamily Amaryllidoideae. To distinguish this new broader family from the older narrower family it has become customary to refer to Amaryllidaceae ''sensu'' APG, or as used by APG, Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.''. as opposed to Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.''.{{sfn|APG|2009}}{{sfn|Chase et al|2009}}

The relationships between the subfamilies within the Amaryllidaceae and the place of Amaryllidoideae is shown in the Cladogram.

{{Cladogram|title=Cladogram: Amaryllidaceae<br />''sensu'' ''s.l.''/APG {{Clade | style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%| label1 = Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.'' | 1= {{Clade | 1= {{clade | 1= Subfamily Agapanthoideae }} | 2= {{clade | 1 = Subfamily Allioideae | 2 = Subfamily '''Amaryllidoideae''' }} }} }} }}

=== Subdivision ===

Complete resolution of infrafamilial (suprageneric) relationships within subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'') has proven difficult.{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2006}} Early studies lacked sufficient resolution for further elucidation of this group.{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}} Historically a wide variety of infrafamilial classification systems have been proposed for the Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.''. In the latter twentieth century there were at least six schemes, including Hutchinson (1926),{{sfn|Hutchinson|1926}} Traub (1963),{{sfn |Traub|1963}} Dahlgren (1985),{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985}} Müller-Doblies and Müller-Doblies (1996),{{sfn|Müller-Doblies|Müller-Doblies|1996}} Hickey and King (1997){{sfn|Hickey|King|1997|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nhQQho64fxYC&pg=PA152 p.&nbsp;177]}} and Meerow and Snijman (1998).{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|1998}} Hutchinson was an early proponent of the larger Amaryllidaceae, transferring taxa from Liliaceae and had three tribes, Agapantheae, Allieae and Gilliesieae. Traub (who provides a brief history of the family) largely followed Hutchinson, but with four subfamilies (Allioideae, Hemerocalloideae, Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the Amaryllidoideae he then divided further into two "infrafamilies", Amarylloidinae and Pancratioidinae, an arrangement with 23 tribes in total. In Dahlgren's system, a "splitter" who favoured larger numbers of smaller families, he adopted a narrower circumscription than Traub, using only the latter's Amaryllidoideae which he treated as nine tribes. Müller-Doblies described ten tribes (and 19 subtribes). Hickey and King described ten tribes by which the family were divided, such as the Zephyrantheae.{{sfn|Hickey|King|1997|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nhQQho64fxYC&pg=PA152 p.&nbsp;177]}} Meerow and Snijder considered thirteen tribes, one (Amaryllideae) with two subtribes (For a comparison of these schemes see Meerow et al. 1999, Table I).{{sfn|Meerow et al.|1999}}

Thus Traub's Amaryllidoideae, which most later authors treated as Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'', became the basis for Amaryllidoideae ''sensu'' APGIII. Of the other three subfamilies in Traub's system, Allioideae represents Amaryllidaceae subfamily Allioideae ''sensu'' APGIII. Hemerocalloideae was a small subfamily with a single tribe, Hemerocalleae consisting of two genera, ''Hemerocallis'' and ''Leucocrinum''. Subsequent research has shown these to be very different taxa, ''Hemerocallis'' being placed in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, while Leucocrinum belongs in Asparagaceae, both part of Asparagales. Finally Ixiolirioideae was another very small subfamily, with two tribes, Gageeae and Ixiolirieae. Gageeae consisted of two genera, ''Gagea'' and ''Giraldiella'', which was subsequently merged with Gagea (Liliaceae, Liliales), while Ixiolirieae similarly contained only ''Ixiolirion'' and ''Kolpakowskia'' (merged with ''Ixiolirion'') belongs in Ixioliriaceae (Asparagales). so only two of his subfamilies now belong in Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.''.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+ <big> Historical distribution of Amaryllidaceae (''sensu stricto'') tribes and ''subtribes''</big> ! Traub 1963{{sfn|Traub|1963}}<br />Subfamily: Amarylloideae||Dahlgren 1985{{sfn|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985}}||Müller-Doblies 1996{{sfn|Müller-Doblies|Müller-Doblies|1996}} ||Meerow 1998{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|1998}}||Molecular phylogenetics{{sfn|Meerow|Snijman|2006}}{{sfn|Garcia et al|2014}} |- | '''Infrafamily: Amarylloidinae'''<br />Traubieae||Hippeastreae||Hippeastreae<br />''Traubiinae''||Hippeastreae||Hippeastreae<br /> ''Traubiinae'' |- | Zephyrantheae|| Hippeastreae||Hippeastreae<br />''Zephyranthinae''||Hippeastreae||Hippeastreae<br />''Hippeastrinae'' |- | Amarylleae||Hippeastreae||Amaryllideae<br />''Amaryllidinae''<br />Hippeastreae<br />''Hippeastrinae''||Amaryllideae<br />''Amaryllidinae''||Amaryllideae<br />''Amaryllidinae''<br />Griffineae |- | Lycoreae||Lycorideae||Lycorideae||Lycorideae||Lycorideae |- | Narcisseae||Narcisseae||Narcisseae<br />''Narcissinae''||Narcisseae||Narcisseae |- | Galantheae||Galantheae||Narcisseae<br />''Galanthinae''<br />''Lapiedrinae''||Galantheae||Galantheae<br />Narcisseae |- | Crineae||Amaryllideae||Amaryllideae<br />''Crininae''<br />''Boophoninae''||Amaryllideae<br />''Crininae''||Amaryllideae<br />''Crininae'' |- | Cyrtantheae||Haemantheae||Haemantheae<br />''Cyrtanthinae''||Cyrtantheae||Cyrtantheae |- | Clivieae||Haemantheae||Haemantheae<br />''Cliviinae''||Haemantheae||Haemantheae<br />''Cliviinae'' |- | Haemantheae||Haemantheae||Haemantheae<br />''Haemanthinae''||Haemantheae||Hemantheae<br />''Haemanthinae'' |- | Gethylleae||Haemantheae||Gethyllideae||Gethyllideae||Hemantheae<br />''Gethyllidinae'' |- | Strumarieae||Amaryllideae||Amaryllideae<br />''Strumariinae''||Amaryllideae<br />''Amaryllidinae''||Amaryllideae<br />''Strumariinae'' |- | '''Infrafamily: Pancratioidinae'''<br />Pancratieae||Pancratieae||Pancratieae<br />''Pancratiinae''||Pancratieae||Pancratieae |- | Stenomessae||Stenomesseae||Eustephieae<br />''Stenomessinae''<br />''Eustephiinae''||Stenomesseae||Stenomesseae/Eucharideae<br />Eustephieae<br />Clinantheae |- | Euchareae||Eucharideae||Eucharideae<br />''Eucharidinae''<br />''Hymenocallidinae''<br />Hippeastreae<br />''Griffiniinae''<br />Calostemmateae||Eucharideae<br />Hymenocallideae<br />Hippeastreae|| Stenomesseae/Eucharideae<br />Griffineae<br />Hymenocallideae<br />Calostemmateae |- | Eustephieae||Stenomesseae||Eustephieae<br />''Stenomessinae''<br />''Eustephiinae''<br />Hippeastreae<br />''Hippeastrinae''||Stenomesseae<br />Eustephieae<br />Hippeastreae||Stenomesseae/Eucharideae<br />Hippeastreae<br />''Hippeastrinae''<br />''Traubiinae''<br />Clinantheae<br />Eustephieae |} The further application of molecular phylogenetics produced a complex picture that only partially related to the tribal structure considered up to that date, which had been based on morphology alone.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|1999}} Rather Amaryllidaceae resolved along biogeographical lines. A predominantly South African clade identified as Amaryllideae was a sister group to the rest of the family. The two other African tribes were Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, and an Australasian tribe Calostemmateae was also identified, but a large clade could only be described as Eurasian and American, each of which were monophyletic sister clades to each other. The Eurasian clade was poorly resolved with the exception of Lycorideae (Central and East Asian). The American clade was better resolved identifying both Hippeastreae as a tribe (and Zephyranthinae as a subtribe within it). The American clade also included an Andean clade{{sfn|Meerow et al.|1999}}

Further investigation of the American clade suggested the presence of two groups, the Andean clade and a further "Hippeastroid" clade, in which Griffineae was sister to the rest of the clade (Hippeastreae). Similarly within the Andean clade four subclades were identified, including Eustephieae which appeared as sister to the remaining clade, including Hymenocallideae. Of the remaining taxa, two subclades emerged that did not correspond to existing tribal structure, namely Eucharideae (3 genera) and Stenomesseae (6 genera). Rather the taxa segregated on a morphological criterion, namely leaf shape. Stenomesseae was recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape (lorate-leafed and petiolate-leafed), while Eucharideae was petiolate, together with three Stenomesseae genera and a number of species of the type genus ''Stenomesson''. Furthermore, the type species of ''Stenomesson'', ''Stenomesson flavum'' is petiolate. The consequent petiolate Eucharideae/Stenomesseae subclade could not be further resolved into distinct monophyletic tribes. Subsequent treatment has been variable. Meerow ''et al.'' state here that this subclade should be called Stenomesseae because the type species of Stenomesson was petiolate and thus transferred from the former Stenomesseae into the new petiolate clade. Subsequently, Meerow (2004) treated the Andean clade as having four tribes with ''Eucharis'' in Stenomesseae.{{sfn|Meerow et al|2004}}

However, since then the term Eucharideae has been used instead. For example, in a paper presented at Monocot IV (2008),{{sfn|Meerow|2010}} a cladogram published in 2013,{{sfn|Meerow|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K0LNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 Fig.&nbsp;2.5 p.&nbsp;25]}} and in 2014 only Eucharideae is mentioned{{sfn|Garcia et al|2014}} while in 2015 Meerow described new species of ''Stenomesson'' and ''Eucharis'' as being in Eucharideae.{{sfn|Meerow|Jost|Oleas|2015}} The combined clade would include Stenomessaea as the reduced ''Stenomesson'' (sensu stricto), ''Rauhia'', ''Phaedranassa'', and ''Eucrosia'', together with Eucharideae as ''Eucharis'', ''Caliphruria'', and ''Urceolina''.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2000b}}

Based on the oldest published name for the remaining lorate ''Stenomesson'' species, which is ''Clinanthus'', the lorate subclade was designated tribe Clinantheae, and the remaining species transferred. In this redescription, ''Clinanthus luteus'' becomes the type species for tribe Clinantheae which includes ''Pamianthe'', ''Paramongaia'' and ''Pucara''. Although subsequent analysis resulted in submerging ''Pucara'' into ''Stenomesson'' (and hence Stenomesseae), rather than treating it as a separate genus.{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2000b}}

The Eurasian clade was also further resolved (for historical treatment, see Table I Meerow ''et al.'' 2006) into four tribes, Pancratieae, Narcisseae, Galantheae and Lycorideae. This positioned Lycorideae as sister to the remaining Mediterranean tribes.{{sfn|Meerow et al|2006a}}

These relationships are summarised in the following cladogram:

{{cladogram | title= {{anchor|Clad3}}Cladogram: Tribes of subfamily Amaryllidoideae | align=center | cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:92%;line-height:100%;width:700px;

| label1 = Subfamily '''Amaryllidoideae'''

|1= {{Clade | label1= Africa | 1= Tribe Amaryllideae | 2= {{Clade | 1= {{clade | label1=Africa | 1= Tribe Cyrtantheae | 2= {{clade | label1=Africa | 1= Tribe Haemantheae | label2= Australasia | 2= Tribe Calostemmateae }} }} | 2= {{clade | label1= Eurasian clade | label2= American clade | 1= {{clade | label1= Asia | 1= Tribe Lycorideae | label2= Mediterranean | 2= {{clade | 1= Tribe Galantheae | 2= {{clade | 1= Tribe Pancratieae | 2= Tribe Narcisseae }} }} }} | 2= {{clade | label1= Hippeastroid clade | label2= Andean clade | 1= {{clade | 1= Tribe Griffineae | 2= Tribe Hippeastreae

}} | 2= {{clade | 1= {{clade | 1= Tribe Eustephieae }} | 2= {{clade |label1=Petiolate | 1= Eucharideae/Stenomesseae

| 2= {{clade | 1= {{clade | 1= Tribe Clinantheae | 2= Tribe Hymenocallideae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

{{clear}}

Publication of the third version of the APG classification and acceptance of Amaryllidaceae ''s.l.''{{sfn|APG|2009}} was accompanied by a listing of accepted subfamily and tribal names, since the change in rank from family to subfamily necessitated a revision of other lower ranks, as follows:{{sfn|Fay|Chase|1996}}{{sfn|Chase et al|2009}}{{sfn|Garcia et al|2014}}{{sfn|Vigneron|2008}}

Family: Amaryllidaceae <small>J.St.-Hil.</small>, Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 134. Feb–Apr 1805, ''nom. cons.'' * Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae<small> Burnett</small>, Outl. Bot.: 446. Feb 1835 (15 tribes) ** Tribe Amaryllideae <small>Dumort.</small>, Anal. Fam. Pl.: 58. 1829. ** Tribe Calostemmateae <small>D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.Doblies</small>, Feddes Repert. 107 (Short commun.): 7 December 1996. ** Tribe Cyrtantheae <small>Traub</small>, Herbertia 5: 111. Nov 1938. ** Tribe Eucharideae <small>Hutch.</small>, Fam.Fl.Pl.2:130.20 Jul 1934. ** Tribe Eustephieae <small>Hutch.</small>, Fam.Fl.Pl.2:130.20 Jul 1934. ** Tribe Galantheae <small>Parl.</small>, Fl. Ital. 3: 75. 1858. ** Tribe Gethyllideae <small>Dumort.</small>, Anal. Fam. Pl.: 58. 1829. ** Tribe Haemantheae <small>Hutch.</small>, Fam. Fl. Pl. 2: 130. 20 July 1934. ** Tribe Hippeastreae <small> Herb. ex Sweet</small>, Brit. Fl. Gard., ser. 2, 1: ad t. 14. 1 September 1829. ** Tribe Hymenocallideae <small>Small</small>, Man. S.E. Fl.: 315. 30 November 1933. ** Tribe Lycorideae <small>Traub ex D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.Doblies</small>, Feddes Repert. 107 (Short commun.): 6. Dec. 1996. ** Tribe Narcisseae <small>Lam. & DC.</small>, Syn. Pl. Fl. Gall.: 165. 30 June 1806. ** Tribe Pancratieae <small>Dumort.</small>, Anal. Fam. Pl.: 58. 1829. ** Tribe Stenomesseae <small>Traub</small>, Pl. Life 19: 60. Jan 1963.

This circumscription differs from the phylogenetic descriptions of Meerow and colleagues in several respects, as described above. Griffineae is recognised as a distinct tribe within the Hippeastroid clade, and Stenomesseae is recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape and subsequent creation of Clinanthieae as a separate grouping (see Cladogram), the remainder being submerged into Eucharideae.{{sfn|Weber|Wilkin|2007}}{{sfn|Meerow et al|2004}}{{sfn|Meerow et al.|2000b}}{{sfn|PBS|2012|loc=[http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Clinanthus ''Clinanthus'']}}{{sfn|Byng|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 Amaryllidaceae]}}

Additional tribes: ** Tribe Griffineae <small>Ravenna</small>, Pl. Life (Stanford) 30: 65 (1974). ** Tribe Clinantheae <small>Meerow</small>

====Genera==== {{Main|List of Amaryllidoideae genera}} The subfamily includes about 70 genera arranged in tribes and subtribes.{{sfn|Stevens|2016|loc=[http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllidoideae Amaryllidoideae]}}

== References == {{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography == {{Refbegin|30em}}

=== Books === * {{cite book|editor1-last=Engler|editor1-first=Adolf|editor2-last=Prantl|editor2-first=Karl|editor-link1=Adolf Engler|editor-link2=Karl Anton Prantl|title=Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten 1887–1915 II(5)|date=1888|publisher=W. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4635#/summary|language=de}} * {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A Practical Guide to Families and Genera of the World|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd|isbn=978-0-9929993-0-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R.M. |last2=Clifford |first2=H.T. |last3=Yeo |first3=P.F. |author-link1=Rolf Dahlgren|title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC|isbn= 978-3-642-64903-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Hickey|first1=Michael|last2=King|first2=Clive|title=Common families of flowering plants|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-57609-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhQQho64fxYC}} [http://www.cambridge.org/ca/academic/subjects/life-sciences/botanical-reference/common-families-flowering-plants?format=PB At C.U.P. * {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols|date=1934|edition=1|publisher=Macmillan|ref={{harvid|Hutchinson|1926}}}} Volume 1: Monocotyledonae 1926, Volume 2:Dicotyledonae 1934. * {{cite book|editor-last=Kubitzki|editor-first=K.|editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3|year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}} * {{cite book|last1=Traub|first1=H.P.|author-link=Hamilton Traub|title=Genera of the Amaryllidaceae|series=Genera of organisms |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015006929270;view=1up;seq=3|date=1963|publisher=American Plant Life Society|location=La Jolla, California}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Kamenetsky|editor1-first=Rina |editor2-last=Okubo|editor2-first= Hiroshi |title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production|year=2013|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC|ref={{harvid|Kamenetsky|2013}}}}

=== Symposia === * {{cite book |editor1-last=Rudall |editor1-first=P.J. |editor2-last=Cribb |editor2-first=P.J. |editor3-last=Cutler |editor3-first=D.F. |editor4-last=Humphries |editor4-first=C.J. |editor-link1=Paula Rudall|year=1995 |title=Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993)|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=978-0-947643-85-0 |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/M/bo9856357.html}} * {{cite book|editor1-last= Wilson|editor1-first= K. L. |editor2-last=Morrison |editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|date= 19 May 2000|publisher=CSIRO|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=978-0-643-06437-9}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts] * {{cite book|editor1-last=Seberg|editor1-first=Ole|editor2-last=Petersen|editor2-first=Gitte|editor3-last=Barfod|editor3-first=Anders|editor4-last=Davis|editor4-first=Jerrold I.|title=Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the Monocotyledons: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution|url=http://en.unipress.dk/udgivelser/d/diversity,-phylogeny,-and-evolution-in-the-monocotyledons/|date=2010|publisher=Aarhus University Press|location=Århus|isbn=978-87-7934-398-6|ref={{harvid|Seberg et al|2010}}}}

=== Chapters === * {{cite book|last1=Meerow|first1=AW|title=Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons|last2=Snijman|first2=DA|chapter=Amaryllidaceae |author-link1=Alan Meerow|pages=83–110|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_11|year=1998|isbn=978-3-642-08377-8|s2cid=240114483 }}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|1998}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA85 (additional excerpts)] * {{cite book| last1 =Meerow| first1 =Alan W.|last2=Fay|first2= Michael F.|last3 = Chase|first3=Mark W.|last4 = Guy|first4=Charles L.|last5 = Li|first5 = Qin-Bao|last6 = Snijman|first6 = Deirdre|last7= Yang|first7 = Si-Lin |pages =372–386 | title= Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae: Molecules and morphology | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA372| date=2000| publisher =Csiro|isbn =978-0-643-09929-6|ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2000a}}}}, in {{Harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}} * {{cite book|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan|author-link=Alan Meerow|title=Towards a phylogeny of the Amaryllidaceae|pages=169–179}}, in {{harvtxt|Rudall|Cribb|Cutler|Humphries|1995 }} * {{cite book|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan|author-link=Alan Meerow|title=Taxonomy and Phylogeny|pages=17–55|url=https://www.academia.edu/6359004|ref={{harvid|Meerow|2013}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Kamenetsky|2013}} * {{cite book|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan|title=Convergence or Reticulation? Mosaic Evolution in the Canalized American Amaryllidaceae|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261239102|pages=145–168|ref={{harvid|Meerow|2010}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Seberg et al|2010}} * {{cite book|last1=Pax|first1=Ferdinand|author-link=Ferdinand Pax|title=Amaryllidaceae|date=17 October 1887 |volume=Teil 2, Abt. 1–6|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56456#page/759/mode/1up|pages=97–124|ref={{harvid|Pax|1888}}|publisher=W. Engelmann}}, in {{harvtxt|Engler|Prantl|1888}}

=== Articles and theses === * {{Citation |mode=cs1 |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|ref={{harvid|APG|2009}}|doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last = APG IV |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |year=2016 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }} * {{Citation |mode=cs1 | last1 = Chase | first1 = M.W. |last2 = Reveal | first2 = J.L. | last3 = Fay | first3 = M.F. | year = 2009 | title = A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | pages = 132–136 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|ref={{harvid|Chase et al|2009}} | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal|last1=Fay|first1=Michael F.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|author-link1=Michael F Fay|author-link2=Mark W Chase|title=Resurrection of ''Themidaceae'' for the ''Brodiaea'' alliance, and Recircumscription of ''Alliaceae'', ''Amaryllidaceae'' and ''Agapanthoideae''|journal=Taxon|date=August 1996|volume=45|issue=3|pages=441–451|doi=10.2307/1224136|jstor=1224136|bibcode=1996Taxon..45..441F }} * {{cite journal|last1=García|first1=Nicolás|last2=Meerow|first2=Alan W.|last3=Soltis|first3=Douglas E.|last4=Soltis|first4=Pamela S.|author-link2=Alan Meerow|author-link4 = Pamela S. Soltis|title=Testing Deep Reticulate Evolution in Amaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) with ITS and Chloroplast Sequence Data|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 March 2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=75–89|doi=10.1600/036364414X678099|bibcode=2014SysBo..39...75G |s2cid=86117335|ref={{harvid|Garcia et al|2014}}}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Meerow | first1 = A.W. | last2 = Fay | first2 = M.F. | last3 = Guy | first3 = C.L. | last4 = Li | first4 = Q.-B. | last5 = Zaman | first5 = F.Q. | last6 = Chase | first6 = M.W. | author-link1=Alan Meerow|author-link2=Michael F Fay|author-link6=Mark W Chase|title = Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequence data | journal = Am. J. Bot. |year = 1999 | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 1325–1345 | doi = 10.2307/2656780|ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|1999}} | pmid=10487820 | jstor=2656780}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Meerow | first1 = A.W. | last2 = Guy | first2 = C.L. | last3 = Li | first3 = Q.-B. | last4 = Yang | first4 = S.-L. | author-link1=Alan Meerow|title = Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences | journal = Systematic Botany | year = 2000 | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 708–726 | doi = 10.2307/2666729 | url = http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3001/PDF| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130408120223/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/3001/PDF| archive-date = 8 April 2013| ref={{harvid|Meerow et al.|2000b}}| jstor = 2666729 | bibcode = 2000SysBo..25..708M | s2cid = 20392462 | url-access = subscription }} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Snijman|first2=Deirdre A.|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Amaryllideae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences and Morphology|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=December 2001|volume=88|issue=12|pages=2321–2330|doi=10.2307/3558392|jstor=3558392|pmid=21669663|bibcode=2001AmJB...88.2321M }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Clayton|first2=Jason R.|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|date=1 February 2004|volume=244|issue=3–4|pages=141–155|doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z|bibcode=2004PSyEv.244..141M |s2cid=10245220|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=2422&content=PDF|url-access=subscription}}{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Guy|first2=Charles L.|last3=Li|first3=Qin-Bao|last4=Clayton|first4=Jason R.|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=Phylogeny of the Tribe Hymenocallideae (Amaryllidaceae) Based on Morphology and Molecular Characters|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|date=2002|volume=89|issue=3|pages=400–413|doi=10.2307/3298600|jstor=3298600|bibcode=2002AnMBG..89..400M |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/16386|url-access=}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=van der Werff|first2=Henk|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=''Pucara'' (Amaryllidaceae) Reduced to Synonymy with ''Stenomesson'' on the Basis of Nuclear and Plastid DNA Spacer Sequences, and a New Related Species of ''Stenomesson''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266271150|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 July 2004|volume=29|issue=3|pages=511–517|doi=10.1600/0363644041744400|bibcode=2004SysBo..29..511M |s2cid=85742067|ref={{harvid|Meerow et al|2004}}}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=AW|last2=Francisco-Ortega|first2=J|last3=Schnell|first3=RJ|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography within the Eurasian clade of Amaryllidaceae based on plastid ndhF and nrDNA ITS sequences: lineage sorting in a reticulate area?|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2006|volume=31|pages=42–60|doi=10.1600/036364406775971787|jstor=25064128|issue=1|bibcode=2006SysBo..31...42M |s2cid=85953035|ref={{harvid|Meerow et al|2006a}}}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160215232834/http://www.bulbsociety.org/meerow/Meerow%20et%20al.%20Eurasian%20clade.pdf Full text ] * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan W.|last2=Snijman|first2=Deirdre A.|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=The never-ending story: multigene approaches to the phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae|journal=Aliso|date=2006|volume=22|pages=355–366|url=https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/29|doi=10.5642/aliso.20062201.29|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * {{cite journal|last1=Meerow|first1=Alan|last2=Jost|first2=Lou|last3=Oleas|first3=Nora|author-link1=Alan Meerow|title=Two new species of endemic Ecuadorean Amaryllidaceae (Asparagales, Amaryllidaceae, Amarylloideae, Eucharideae)|url=https://archive.org/details/twonewspeciesen48meer|journal=PhytoKeys|date=2 April 2015|issue=48|pages=1–9|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.48.4399|pmid=25931969|pmc=4408727 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015PhytK..48....1M }} * {{cite journal |last1=Meerow |first1=Alan W. |last2=Gardner |first2=Elliot M. |last3=Nakamura |first3=Kyoko |author-link1=Alan Meerow|author-mask1=1|title=Phylogenomics of the Andean Tetraploid Clade of the American Amaryllidaceae (Subfamily Amaryllidoideae): Unlocking a Polyploid Generic Radiation Abetted by Continental Geodynamics |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=5 November 2020 |volume=11 |article-number=582422 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2020.582422|pmid=33250911 |pmc=7674842 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020FrPS...1182422M }} * {{cite journal|last1=Müller-Doblies|first1=U.|last2=Müller-Doblies|first2=D.|author-link2=Dietrich Müller-Doblies|author-link1=Ute Müller-Doblies|title=Tribes and subtribes and some species combinations in Amaryllidaceae J St Hil R Dahlgren & al. 1985|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=1996|volume=107|issue=5–6|pages=S.c.1–S.c.9}} * {{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=V.|title=Floral morphology of the Amaryllidaceae. I. Subfamily Amaryllidioideae|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|date=July 1972|volume=50|issue=7|pages=1555–1565|doi=10.1139/b72-192|bibcode=1972CaJB...50.1555S }} * {{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Odile|last2=Wilkin|first2=Paul|title=588. ''Stenomesson pearcei''|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|date=May 2007|volume=24|issue=2|pages=114–120|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00572.x}} * {{cite book|last1=Strydom|first1=Aéle|title=Phylogenetic relationships in the family Amaryllidaceae|url=http://etd.uovs.ac.za/ETD-db//theses/available/etd-09122006-103922/unrestricted/StrydomA.pdf|date=2005|publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State|format=PhD thesis|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430003520/http://etd.uovs.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-09122006-103922/unrestricted/StrydomA.pdf|archive-date=30 April 2011}} * {{cite journal|last1=Traub|first1=Hamilton P.|author-link=Hamilton Traub|title=Biosystematic Experiments Involving ''Zephyranthes'', ''Habranthus'' and ''Amaryllis''|journal=Taxon|date=November 1952|volume=1|issue=8|pages=121–123|doi=10.2307/1216549|jstor=1216549|bibcode=1952Taxon...1..121T }}

=== History === * {{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}} see also Species Plantarum * {{cite book|last=Adanson|first=Michel|author-link=Adans.|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=Vincent|location=Paris|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary|year=1763}} * {{cite web|title=Linnaeus Sexual System|url=http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system|website=CronkLab|publisher=Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus Sexual System|2015}}}} * {{cite book |last=Jussieu |first=Antoine Laurent de |author-link=Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|title=Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam |year=1789 |location=Paris |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284|publisher=apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois }} * {{cite book|last1=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|first1=Jean Henri|author-link=Jaume Saint-Hilaire|title=Exposition de familles naturales|date=1805|publisher=Treutel et Würtz|location=Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ}} * {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Robert|title=Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum|date=1810|publisher=Taylor|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3678#/summary|author1-link=Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)}} * {{cite book|last1 = Candolle|first1=A. P. de|year = 1813|author-link=A. P. de Candolle|title = Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Gray|first=Samuel Frederick|author-link=Samuel Frederick Gray|title=A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c. including those cultivated for use; with an introduction to botany, in which the terms newly introduced are explained|year=1821|publisher=Baldwin|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/43804#/summary}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary}} * {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2= Hooker|first2=J.D.| author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=Joseph Dalton Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita|format=3 vols. 1865–1883 |year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary|language=la}}

=== Websites === * {{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |author-link=Peter F Stevens|date=2016|orig-date= 2001 |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/|publisher=Missouri Botanical Gardens}} * {{cite web|last1=Vigneron|first1=Pascal|title=Amaryllidaceae|url=http://www.amaryllidaceae.org//index.htm|website=Amaryllidaceae.org|date=2008|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104114211/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/index.htm|archive-date=4 January 2015}} * {{cite web|title=Pacific Bulb Society|url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/|publisher=Pacific Bulb Society|date=2012|ref={{harvid|PBS|2012}}}} * {{cite web|title=Amaryllidaceae: A taxonomic tool for the Amaryllidaceae of the world|url=http://amaryllidaceae.e-monocot.org/|publisher=eMonocot|ref={{harvid|eMonocot|2016}}|access-date=14 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304161517/http://amaryllidaceae.e-monocot.org/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}

{{Refend}}

== External links == {{Wikispecies}} {{Commons category}} * [http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/amaryllidaceae.htm Images of Amaryllidaceae species in Topwalks] * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Amaryllidaceae links at CSDL, Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012062727/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Amaryllidaceae |date=12 October 2008 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004033711/http://bulbsociety.org/ International Bulb Society] * [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamAmaryllidaceae.html Family Amaryllidaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324205235/http://flowersinisrael.com/FamAmaryllidaceae.html |date=24 March 2008 }} Flowers in Israel * [http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Amaryllidaceae.php Images of Amarilids from Chile]

{{Amaryllidaceae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q150708}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Amaryllidoideae Category:Asparagales subfamilies