Parides

{{Short description|Genus of butterflies}} {{Automatic_taxobox | image = Parides aeneas didas MHNT dos.jpg | image_caption = ''Parides aeneas'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Parides | authority = Hübner, [1819] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = Numerous, see text | synonyms = * ''Hectorides'' Hübner, 1821 * ''Endopogon'' Lacordaire, 1833 * ''Ascanides'' Geyer, 1837 * ''Blakea'' Grote, 1875 }}

'''''Parides''''', commonly called '''cattlehearts''', is a genus of swallowtail butterflies in the family Papilionidae. They are found in the Americas (Neotropical realm). The host plants of their caterpillars are ''Aristolochia''. The genus includes medium-sized butterflies. The wings are predominantly silky black or dark brown, with bright green, red, or yellow spots (usually green on the forewings and red on the hindwings).Females have white and bright pink spots, the size and number of which vary greatly. Almost all species do not have tails on their hindwings, with the exception of ''Parides gundlachianus'' from Cuba. In some species, the inner edge of the hindwing is expanded like an extra, pale lobe.

Like those of many other swallowtails, the caterpillars live on the pipevine genus ''Aristolochia'',(the pipevine family). The caterpillars absorb toxins from these poisonous plants, ensuring that both the caterpillars and adult butterflies are well protected by the toxin. The characteristic colours signal this to birds. This has led to the species being somewhat very similar to each other (and to some other butterflies) in appearance and difficult or impossible to distinguish in the field.

==Species== Listed alphabetically within groups according to Möhn ''et al.'', with annotations according to Wilts ''et al.'' (2014):<ref>[http://193.166.3.2/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/papilionidae/papilioninae/parides/index.html ''Parides''], funet.fi</ref>

'''species group''': ''ascanius'' (disputed: basal/plesiomorphic?) :*''Parides agavus'' (Drury, 1782) :*''Parides alopius'' (Godman & Salvin, [1890]) – white-dotted cattleheart :*''Parides ascanius'' (Cramer, [1775]) – Fluminense swallowtail :*''Parides bunichus'' (Hübner, [1821]) :*''Parides gundlachianus'' (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Cuban cattleheart (''anchises'' group?) :*''Parides montezuma'' (Westwood, 1842) – Montezuma's cattleheart (possibly new ''panthonus'' group) :*''Parides phalaecus'' (Hewitson, 1869) :*''Parides photinus'' (Doubleday, 1844) – pink-spotted cattleheart (basal in ''anchises'' group?) :*''Parides proneus'' (Hübner, [1831])

'''species group''': ''klagesi'' (''incertae sedis'') :*''Parides klagesi'' (Ehrmann, 1904)

'''species group''': ''chabrias'' :*''Parides chabrias'' (Hewitson, 1852) :*''Parides hahneli'' (Staudinger, 1882) – Hahnel's Amazonian swallowtail :*''Parides mithras'' (Grose-Smith, 1902) :*''Parides pizarro'' (Staudinger, 1884) – formerly ''P. steinbachi'' (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*''Parides quadratus'' (Staudinger, 1890) :*''Parides vercingetorix'' (Oberthür, 1888) – formerly ''P. coelus'' (''ascanius'' group/''incertae sedis''?)

'''species group''': ''aeneas'' :*''Parides aeneas'' (Linnaeus, 1758) :*''Parides aglaope'' (Gray, [1853]) (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*''Parides burchellanus'' (Westwood, 1872) (possibly new ''panthonus'' group) :*''Parides echemon'' (Hübner, [1813]) :*''Parides eurimedes'' (Stoll, [1782]) – pink-checked cattleheart or mylotes cattleheart :*''Parides lysander'' (Cramer, [1775]) – Lysander cattleheart (possibly basalmost living species of group) :*''Parides neophilus'' (Geyer, 1837) – neophilus cattleheart :*''Parides orellana'' (Hewitson, 1852) (tentatively placed here) :*''Parides panthonus'' (Cramer, [1780]) – panthonus cattleheart (possibly new ''panthonus'' group) :*''Parides tros'' (Fabricius, 1793) :*''Parides zacynthus'' (Fabricius, 1793)

'''species group''': ''sesostris'' (sister to ''aeneas'' and/or ''anchises'' group/s?) :*''Parides childrenae'' (Gray, 1832) – green-celled cattleheart :*''Parides sesostris'' (Cramer, [1779]) – emerald-patched cattleheart

'''species group''': ''anchises'' :*''Parides anchises'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Anchises cattleheart :*''Parides cutorina'' (Staudinger, 1898) (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*''Parides erithalion'' (Boisduval, 1836) – variable cattleheart :*''Parides iphidamas'' (Fabricius, 1793) – Transandean cattleheart :*''Parides panares'' (Gray, [1853]) – wedge-spotted cattleheart :*''Parides phosphorus'' (H.W. Bates, 1861) (''ascanius'' group/incertae sedis?) :*''Parides vertumnus'' (Cramer, [1779])

==References== {{Reflist}} *Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004). ''Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea''. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL. {{ISBN|0-945417-28-4}} *Jeffrey Glassberg (2007). ''A Swift Guide to the Butterflies of Mexico and Central America''. Sunstreak Books Inc. {{ISBN|978-1-4243-0915-3}} *Tommaso Racheli, Luca Olmisani (1998). A cladistic analysis of the genus ''Parides'' Hubner, [1819], based on androconial structures (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). ''Neue Ent. Nachr''. (Marktleuthen),41:119-131.[http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/Neue-Entomologische-Nachrichten_41_0119-0131.pdf pdf] *Edwin Möhn, 2006 ''Schmetterlinge der Erde'', Butterflies of the world Part XXVI (26), Papilionidae XIII. ''Parides''. Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books. {{ISBN|978-3-937783-27-7}} (Supplement 13 in English - by Racheli) *Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1906). A revision of the American Papilios. ''Novitates Zoologicae'' 13: 411-752. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21926#page/8/mode/2up online] (and as pdf) (Facsimile edition ed. P.H. Arnaud, 1967).

==External links== {{Commons category|Parides}} {{Wikispecies|Parides}} *[http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/L/t/Parides_a.htm BOA] Photographs of type specimens. *[http://parides.genus.free.fr/home.html Parides MNH] *[http://www.pteron-world.com/topics/classfication/papilionidae/troidini1.html#parides Pteron] *{{inaturalist taxon|90845}}

Category:Parides Category:Swallowtail butterflies of South America Category:Butterfly genera Category:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Parides

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