{{short description|Geologic formation in Lebanon}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Sannine Formation | image = Sannine Formation outcrops.png | caption = Outcrops of the Sannine Formation: (a) Haqel; (b) Nammoura; (c) Hjoula | type = Geological formation | age = Late Cenomanian<br />~{{fossil range|95|93.5}} | period = Cenomanian | prilithology = Chalk, limestone | otherlithology = Marl | namedfor = Mount Sannine | namedby = | region = Jabal Lubnan | country = Lebanon | coordinates = {{coord|34.1|N|35.7|E|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates = {{coord|12.9|N|30.4|E|display=inline}} | unitof = | subunits = | underlies = Maameltain Formation | overlies = Hammana Formation | thickness = Coastal: >{{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />Mountains: {{convert|500|-|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} | extent = | area = | map = {{Location map+ | Lebanon | relief = 1 | width = 250 | float = center | places = {{Location map~ | Lebanon | lat_deg = 34.1 | lon_deg = 35.7 | mark = Green pog.svg | marksize = 12 }} }} | map_caption = }}
The '''Sannine Formation''', also called the '''Sannine Limestone''', is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Lebanon. It is a Konservat-Lagerstätte that contains a high diversity of well-preserved fish, reptiles, and invertebrates from the Tethys Ocean within its three main localities: '''Haqel''' (alternatively Hakel or Haqil), '''Hjoula''' (alternatively Hadjoula, Hajoula, or Hgula), and '''Nammoura''' (alternatively Namoura).<ref name=":20" />
It is one of three major Cretaceous lagerstätte in Lebanon, alongside the older (Barremian-aged) Lebanese amber and the younger (Santonian-aged) Sahel Aalma site. The Sannine Formation localities, combined with Sahel Alma, are together referred to as the "Fish Beds" of Lebanon.<ref name=":20" />
== Description == It is primarily Cenomanian in age, with Haqel and Hjoula being late Cenomanian, while the slightly older Nammoura site is middle Cenomanian.<ref name=":20" /> Although Lebanon is now a part of Asia, the depositional environment for both formations would have been located off the coast of northern Africa during the Cretaceous, which would technically make their biota African rather than Asian.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=López-Arbarello |first=Adriana |title=The record of Mesozoic fishes from Gondwana (excluding India and Madagascar) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258317087 |journal=Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
[[File:Lebanon Lagerstätten Map.png|left|thumb|Map of Lebanon showing the locations of the 4 famous Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten]] The Cretaceous formations of Lebanon laterally vary from east to west; the western lowland "coastal" sequence (containing Sahel Aalma) is over 2000 metres thick and primarily consists of deep water limestone and chalk, while the eastern "mountain" sequence (containing the Sannine Formation) is 500–700 metres thick and consists of shallow water limestone.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walley|first=Christopher D.|url=http://svt-aaoi.com/IMG/pdf/lithostrat_of_Lebanon_cle4975d6.pdf|title=The Lithostratigraphy of Lebanon: A Review|year=1997|pages=1–20|archive-date=2019-07-13|access-date=2023-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713190033/http://svt-aaoi.com/IMG/pdf/lithostrat_of_Lebanon_cle4975d6.pdf}}</ref> Two different shallow-water environments are preserved by the formation: Nammoura preserves a nearshore inner continental shelf environment with significant terrestrial input, while Haqel & Hjoula preserve an outer continental shelf environment. The neritic nature of these habitats contrasts with the other major marine lagerstätte of the region, Sahel Aalma, which is thought to have been deposited in a deepwater continental slope environment.<ref name=":20" />
Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, including those of ''Mimodactylus''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kellner|first1=Alexander W. A.|last2=Caldwell|first2=Michael W.|last3=Holgado|first3=Borja|last4=Vecchia|first4=Fabio M. Dalla|last5=Nohra|first5=Roy|last6=Sayão|first6=Juliana M.|last7=Currie|first7=Philip J.|date=2019-11-29|title=First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|page=17875|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6884559|pmid=31784545|bibcode=2019NatSR...917875K}}</ref> and ''Microtuban''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Elgin|first1=Ross A.|last2=Frey|first2=Eberhard|date=December 2011|title=A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Lebanon|journal=Swiss Journal of Geosciences|volume=104|issue=S1|pages=21–33|doi=10.1007/s00015-011-0081-1|s2cid=128405107|issn=1661-8726|doi-access=free}}</ref> The pythonomorphs ''Pontosaurus, Eupodophis'' and probably ''Aphanizocnemus'' are known from the formation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Campbell Mekarski|first1=Michelle|last2=Pierce|first2=Stephanie E.|last3=Caldwell|first3=Michael W.|date=2019-09-24|title=Spatiotemporal Distributions of Non-ophidian Ophidiomorphs, With Implications for Their Origin, Radiation, and Extinction|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|volume=7|page=245|doi=10.3389/feart.2019.00245|bibcode=2019FrEaS...7..245M|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}}</ref> Insects are also known from compression fossils, including those of a dragonfly,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Azar|first1=Dany|last2=Maksoud|first2=Sibelle|last3=Huang|first3=Diying|last4=Nel|first4=André|date=January 2019|title=First Lebanese dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata, Aeshnoptera, Cavilabiata) from the Arabo-African mid-Cretaceous paleocontinent|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=93|pages=78–89|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.025|bibcode=2019CrRes..93...78A |s2cid=134308438 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01974283/file/azar_et_al_2019.pdf}}</ref> enigmatic pond-skater like insect ''Chresmoda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nel|first1=Andre|last2=Azar|first2=Dany|last3=Martinez-Delclos|first3=Xavier|last4=Makhoul|first4=Edouard|date=2004-03-25|title=A new Upper Cretaceous species of Chresmoda from Lebanon - a latest representative of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Polyneoptera inc. sed.): first record of homeotic mutations in the fossil record of insects|journal=European Journal of Entomology|volume=101|issue=1|pages=145–151|doi=10.14411/eje.2004.019|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' and a mesoblattinid cockroach.<ref name=":7">P. Vršanský and E. Makhoul. 2013. [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mieroblattina-pacis-gen.-et-sp.-nov.-%E2%80%93-Upper-from-Vr%C5%A1ansk%C3%BD-Makhoul/38f11da9d3b2a64ccf9131f2eec0a62cf1669aa2 Mieroblattina pacis gen. et sp. n. - Upper Cretaceous cockroach (Blattida: Mesoblattinidae) from Nammoura limestone of Lebanon]. ''Insect Evolution in an Ambiferous and Stone Alphabet'' 167-172</ref> Compression fossils of angiosperm ''Sapindopsis'' are also known''.''<ref>D. L. Dilcher and P. W. Basson. 1990. Mid-Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from a new fossil locality in Lebanon. ''Botanical Gazette'' '''151(4)''':538-547</ref> Numerous species of fossil fish are known,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Forey|first1=Peter L.|last2=Yi|first2=Lu|last3=Patterson|first3=Colin|last4=Davies|first4=Cliff E.|date=January 2003|title=Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=1|issue=4|pages=227–330|doi=10.1017/S147720190300107X|bibcode=2003JSPal...1..227F |s2cid=85606708|issn=1477-2019}}</ref> including the ionoscopid ''Spathiurus dorsalis''<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=El Hossny|first1=Tamara|last2=Maksoud|first2=Sibelle|last3=Azar|first3=Dany|last4=Saad|first4=Pierre Abi|last5=Cavin|first5=Lionel|date= August 2020|title=Spathiurus dorsalis Davis, 1887, from the Upper Cretaceous of Haqel, Lebanon, and the evolutionary history of Ionoscopiformes|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667120303050|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=116|article-number=104619|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104619|bibcode=2020CrRes.11604619E |s2cid=224978290|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and pycnodontid ''Flagellipinna rhomboides.''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Cawley|first1=John Joseph|last2=Kriwet|first2=Jürgen|date=2019-03-04|title=A new genus and species of pycnodontid fish Flagellipinna rhomboides, gen. et sp. nov. (Neopterygii, Pycnodontiformes), from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon, with notes on juvenile form and ecology|url= |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|issue=2|article-number=e1614012|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1614012|issn=0272-4634|pmc=6817322|pmid=31709027|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E4012C}}</ref> An incredible diversity of fossil pycnodonts of various, highly unusual body plans is known, in addition to the earliest representatives of modern fish groups such as acanthomorphs, African butterflyfish and eels.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=George |first1=Hady |last2=Bazzi |first2=Mohamad |last3=Hossny |first3=Tamara El |last4=Ashraf |first4=Nida |last5=Saad |first5=Pierre Abi |last6=Clements |first6=Thomas |date=2024-04-29 |title=The famous fish beds of Lebanon: the Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura, and Sahel Aalma |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=181 |issue=5 |doi=10.1144/jgs2023-210 |issn=0016-7649|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Sannine Formation flora and fauna.png|right|thumb|Diagram of the depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous Sannine Formation Lagerstätten with a selection of iconic flora and fauna]] The Sannine Formation and its fossil fishes have been known of since Roman Phoenicia. The earliest mention of them is in the ''Chronicon'' by Eusebius around 314 CE (references to earlier mentions by Herodotus are thought to be apocryphal), who mentions fossil fishes commonly being found during quarrying operations in the mountains, and cites them as evidence of the Biblical Flood. The site that these fish were recovered from is thought to correspond to the modern Haqel site. Around 1250, fossil fishes were presented to Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade and documented by Jean de Joinville, although it remains uncertain whether these originated from Haqel or the younger Sahel Alma site.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Capasso |first=Luigi |date=2017 |title=The history and the situation of the world famous fossil fish quarries in Lebanon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330841435 |journal=Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona |volume=41 |pages=53–76}}</ref>
The first European to visit a Lebanese fossil fish locality in person was Cornelis de Bruijn in 1698, who illustrated a fossil fish that corresponds with the species ''Prionolepis cataphractus'' from Haqel. The first scientific presentation on the fossil fishes of Haqel was in 1703 at the French Academy of Sciences, and the first scientific studies were conducted by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1818. Lady Hester Stanhope collected and circulated fossil fishes from Haqel and Sahel Alma during the early 19th century, contributing to the study of these specimens by scientists such as Louis Agassiz. The Hadjoula site was only discovered in the late 19th century, and the Nammoura site in the early 20th century.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" />
== Paleobiota ==
=== Vertebrates ===
==== Jawless fish ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" ! colspan="5" |'''Agnathans reported from the Sannine Formation''' |- !Genus !Species !Presence !Notes !Images |- |''Tethymyxine'' |''T. tapirostrum'' |Hjoula |One of the earliest known definitive fossil hagfish.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Miyashita |first1=Tetsuto |last2=Coates |first2=Michael I. |last3=Farrar |first3=Robert |last4=Larson |first4=Peter |last5=Manning |first5=Phillip L. |last6=Wogelius |first6=Roy A. |last7=Edwards |first7=Nicholas P. |last8=Anné |first8=Jennifer |last9=Bergmann |first9=Uwe |last10=Palmer |first10=A. Richard |last11=Currie |first11=Philip J. |date=2019-02-05 |title=Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=2146–2151 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1814794116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6369785 |pmid=30670644 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.2146M}}</ref> |frameless|210x210px |}
==== Cartilaginous fish ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Chondrichthyans reported from the Sannine Formation<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Ancient fishes and their living relatives: a tribute to John G. Maisey |date=2021 |publisher=Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil |isbn=978-3-89937-269-4 |editor-last=Pradel |editor-first=Alan |location=München |editor-last2=Denton |editor-first2=John S. S. |editor-last3=Janvier |editor-first3=Philippe |editor-last4=Maisey |editor-first4=John G.}}</ref>''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- | rowspan="2" |''Cantioscyllium'' |''C. decipiens'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A nurse shark. | |- |''C.'' sp. |Hjoula | |- |''Crassescyliorhinus'' |''C.'' cf. ''germanicus'' |Hjoula |A catshark. | |- |''Cretalamna'' |''C''. sp. |Hjoula |An otodontid shark, formerly identified as ''C. appendiculata''.<ref name="Greenfield 2022">{{cite journal |last=Greenfield |first=T. |date=2022 | title=Additions to "List of skeletal material from megatooth sharks", with a response to Shimada (2022) |journal=Paleoichthys |volume=6 |pages=6–11 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365652670}}</ref> |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |''Cretodus'' |''C.'' "''longiplicatus''" |Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A pseudoscapanorhynchid shark. | |- |''C. semiplicatus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |frameless |- |''Cretoxyrhina'' |''C. mantelli'' |Hjoula |A Cretoxyrhinid. |frameless |- | rowspan="3" |''Cyclobatis'' |''C. major'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A cyclobatid ray.<ref>Egerton, Philip Grey (1845). "[https://zenodo.org/record/2255207#.YtrNNKQo80E Description of a Fossil Ray from Mount Lebanon (Cyclobatis oligodactylus)]". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1 (1): 225–229. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.60. S2CID 128842555.</ref><ref name=":15" /> |frameless |- |''C. oligodactylus'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-29 |title=A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii) (project) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328602609 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=MorphoBank datasets}}</ref> |frameless |- |''C. tuberculatus'' |Haqel | |- |''Deania'' |''D.'' sp. |Haqel |A gulper shark. |left|frameless |- |Ginglymostomatidae indet. | |Hjoula |A nurse shark. | |- |''Haimirichia'' |''H. amonensis'' |Haqel & Nammoura |A haimirichiid mackerel shark. | |- |Hemiscylliidae indet. | |Haqel & Hjoula |A bamboo shark. | |- |''Heterodontus'' |''H.'' sp. |Hjoula |A bullhead shark. |frameless |- |''Libanopristis'' |''L. hiram'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A sawskate. |frameless |- |''Mesiteia'' |''M. emiliae'' |Haqel |A mesiteiid carpet shark. | |- |''Micropristis'' |''M. solomonis'' |Hjoula |A sawskate. |frameless|221x221px |- |Odontaspididae indet. | |Hjoula |A sand shark. |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |''Odontaspis'' |''O. aculeatus'' | rowspan="2" |Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A sand shark. | rowspan="2" |frameless |- |''O.'' sp. |- |''Paranomotodon'' |''P.'' sp. |Hjoula |A thresher shark. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Pararhincodon'' |''P. lehmani'' |Haqel | rowspan="2" |A collared carpet shark.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dearden |first=Richard P. |last2=Johanson |first2=Zerina |last3=O'Neill |first3=Helen L. |last4=Miles |first4=Kieran |last5=Bernard |first5=Emma L. |last6=Clark |first6=Brett |last7=Underwood |first7=Charlie J. |last8=Rücklin |first8=Martin |date=2025-04-30 |title=Three-dimensional fossils of a Cretaceous collared carpet shark (Parascylliidae, Orectolobiformes) shed light on skeletal evolution in galeomorphs |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.242011 |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=12 |issue=4 |article-number=242011 |doi=10.1098/rsos.242011 |doi-access=free|pmc=12040461 |pmid=40309188}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |frameless |- |''P.'' sp. |Haqel & Hjoula |- |''Protoscyliorhinus'' |''P.'' sp. |Haqel |A catshark. | |- |''Pseudocorax'' |''P. kindlimmani'' |Haqel |A false crow shark.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Jambura; Stumpf; Kriwet |first=Patrick L.; Sebastian; Jürgen |date=September 2021 |title=Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |article-number=104842 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842 |pmc=7611798 |pmid=34642522|bibcode=2021CrRes.12504842J}}</ref> |frameless |- |''Rajorhina'' |''R. expansa'' |Hjoula |A skate. |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |'''Rhinobatos''<nowiki/>' (gen. nov. 1) |''R. grandis'' | rowspan="2" |Haqel | rowspan="2" |A potential relative of wedgefishes. Likely its own genus.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last=Georges Kachacha |first=Gilles Cuny |date=2017 |title=Revision of the fossil batomorphs from the Cretaceous of Lebanon, and their impact on our understanding of the early step of the evolution of the clade |url=http://doi.nrct.go.th/?page=resolve_doi&resolve_doi=10.14456/randk.2017.22 |journal=Research & Knowledge |volume=3 |page=2 |doi=10.14456/RANDK.2017.22}}</ref> | |- |''R. maronita'' |frameless |- | rowspan="2" |'''Rhinobatos''<nowiki/>' (gen. nov. 3) |''R. hakelensis'' |Haqel | rowspan="2" |A guitarfish-like ray. Likely its own genus, and its status as a guitarfish is disputed.<ref name=":110" /> |frameless |- |''R. whitfieldi'' |Hjoula |frameless |- |''Rhombopterygia'' |''R. rajoides'' |Hjoula |A guitarfish. |frameless |- |Scyliorhinidae indet. | |Haqel |A catshark. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Scyliorhinus'' |''S. arambourgi'' |Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A catshark. | rowspan="3" |frameless |- |''S. bloti'' | rowspan="2" |Haqel |- |''S.'' sp. |- | rowspan="2" |''Squalicorax'' |''S. falcatus'' |Nammoura | rowspan="2" |A crow shark. |frameless |- |''S.'' sp. |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura | |- |''Squatina'' |''S.'' sp. |Haqel |An angelshark. |frameless |- |Triakidae indet. | |Haqel |A houndshark. | |}
==== Ray-finned fish ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Actinopterygians reported from the Sannine Formation<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=Amalfitano |first1=Jacopo |last2=Giusberti |first2=Luca |last3=Fornaciari |first3=Eliana |last4=Carnevale |first4=Giorgio |date=2020-04-03 |title=UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/13224 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |volume=126 |issue=2 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/13224 |issn=2039-4942}}</ref>''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Abisaadia'' |''A. hakelensis'' |Haqel |An eel. |frameless|151x151px | |- |''Abisaadichthys'' |''A. libanicus'' |Hjoula |A protobramid tselfatiiform. | |- |''Acrognathus'' |''A. dodgei'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A greeneye. |frameless|151x151px | |- |''Acrorhinichthys'' |''A. poyatoi'' |Haqel & Nammoura |A pycnodont of uncertain affinities. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Aipichthys'' |''A. minor'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A lamprimorph. |frameless|150x150px |- |''A. oblongus'' |Haqel | |- |''A. velifer'' |Haqel |frameless|151x151px |- | rowspan="2" |''Anguillavus'' |''A. mazeni'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="2" |An eel. |frameless|151x151px |- |''A. quadripinnis'' |Hjoula | |- |Apateopholidae indet. |nov. gen. nov. sp. |Haqel |An apateopholid aulopiform. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Apateopholis'' |''A. laniatus'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura | rowspan="2" |An apateopholid aulopiform. | |- |''A.'' nov. sp. |Nammoura | |- |''Aphanepygus'' |''A. dorsalis'' |Haqel |An aphanepygid. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Akromystax'' |''A. tilmachiton'' |Haqel & Nammoura |A pycnodont of uncertain affinities. |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="3" | ''Armigatus'' |''A. alticorpus'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12">1945-, Forey, Peter L. (Peter Lawrence), (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231903474_Fossil_fishes_from_the_Cenomanian_Upper_Cretaceous_of_Namoura_Lebanon Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 66582935].<nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</ref> and Haqel<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last1=Than-Marchese |first1=Bruno Andrés |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |date=2022-10-01 |title=Armigatus felixi sp. nov. An Albian double armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Tlayúa lagerstätte, Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981122001948 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=118 |article-number=103905 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103905 |bibcode=2022JSAES.11803905T |issn=0895-9811|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |A clupeomorph<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":12" /> | |- |''A. brevissimus'' |Haqel and Hjoula<ref name=":17" /> |An armigatid clupeomorph<ref name=":17" /> |150px|center |- |''A.'' ''namourensis'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> |A clupeomorph<ref name=":17" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''Belonostomus'' |''B.'' "sp. 1" | rowspan="2" |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> | rowspan="2" |An aspidorhynchid. 2 unnamed species awaiting better material<ref name=":12" /> | rowspan="2" |frameless|151x151px |- |''B.'' "sp. 2" |- |''Benthesikyme'' |''B. serpentina'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A dercetid aulopiform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alvarado-Ortega |first1=Jesús |last2=Díaz-Cruz |first2=Jesús Alberto |date=2021-01-01 |title=Hastichthys totonacus sp. nov., a North American Turonian dercetid fish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Huehuetla quarry, Puebla, Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981120304430 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=105 |article-number=102900 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102900 |bibcode=2021JSAES.10502900A |issn=0895-9811|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |frameless|152x152px |- |''Berycopsis'' |''B. pulcher'' |Hjoula |A beardfish. |frameless|152x152px |- |''Capassopiscis'' |''C. pankowskii'' |Haqel |A pantodontid.<ref name="Capassopiscis">{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |date=2022 |title=The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 4°. ''Capassopiscis pankowskii'' gen. and sp. nov. |url=http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_461_10.pdf |journal=Geo-Eco-Trop. |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=149–158}}</ref> | |- |''Charitopsis'' |''C. spinosus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A gonorynchid. |frameless|149x149px |- |''Chirocentrites'' |''C.'' sp. |Nammoura |A cladocyclid ichthyodectiform. |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="2" |''Coccodus'' |''C. armatus'' |Haqel | rowspan="2" |A coccodontid pycnodont. | |- |''C. insignis'' |Hjoula |frameless|149x149px |- |''Corusichthys'' |''C. megacephalus'' |Haqel |A coccodontid pycnodont. |frameless|149x149px |- |''Cretapantodon'' |''C. polli'' |Haqel |A pantodontid.<ref name="Cretapantodon">{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |date=2022 |title=The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 6°. ''Cretapantodon polli'' gen. and sp. nov. |url=http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_463_07.pdf |journal=Geo-Eco-Trop. |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=149–158}}</ref> | |- |''Cryptoberyx'' |''C. minimus'' |Hjoula |An indeterminate acanthopterygian. | |- |''Ctenodentelops'' |''C. striatus'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> |An elopid.<ref name=":12" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Ctenothrissa'' |''C. protodorsalis'' |Haqel | rowspan="3" |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph. | |- |''C. signifer'' |Hjoula | |- |''C. vexillifer'' |Haqel |frameless|150x150px |- |?''Cylindracanthus'' |?''C. libanicus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An indeterminate ray-finned fish known only from rostral spines. | |- |''Davichthys'' |''D. gardnieri'' |Haqel |An elopid. |frameless|150x150px |- |Dercetidae indet. |nov. gen. nov. sp. |Hjoula |A dercetid aulopiform. | |- |''Diplomystus'' |''D. birdi'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An armigatid clupeomorph. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Ducrotayichthys'' |''D. cornutus'' |Haqel |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- |''Enchelion'' |''E. montium'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An eel. |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="4" |''Enchodus'' |''E. marchesetti'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="4" |An enchodontid aulopiform. | rowspan="2" |frameless|150x150px |- |''E. mecoanalis'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> |- |''E.'' "sp. 1." |Haqel | |- |''E.'' "sp. 2." |Nammoura | |- |''Eubiodectes'' |''E. libanicus'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura |A cladocyclid ichthyodectiform. |frameless|150x150px |- |Eurypholidae indet. |nov. gen. nov. sp. |Nammoura |An enchodontid aulopiform. | |- |''Eurypholis'' |''E. boissieri'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura |An enchodontid aulopiform. |frameless|151x151px |- | rowspan="3" |''Eusebichthys'' |''E. byblosi'' |Haqel | rowspan="3" |A protobramid tselfatiiform. | |- |''E.'' "sp. 1" |Haqel | |- |''E.'' "sp. 2" |Hjoula | |- |''Exocoetoides'' |''E. minor'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A cheirothricid. |frameless|149x149px |- |''Flagellipinna'' |''F. rhomboides'' |Haqel |A pycnodontid pycnodont.<ref name=":9" /> |frameless|150x150px |- |''Freigichthys'' |''F. elleipsis'' |Hjoula |A lamprimorph. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Gebrayelichthys'' |''G. uyenoi'' |Haqel | rowspan="2" |A gebrayelichthyid pycnodont. | rowspan="2" |frameless|249x249px |- |''G. vexillarius'' |Haqel |- |''Gaudryella'' |''G. gaudryi'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura |An indeterminate euteleost. |frameless|149x149px |- |''Gharbouria'' |''G. libanica'' |Nammoura |An indeterminate euteleost. | |- |''Gigapteryx'' |''G. tethyestris'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> |A lamprimorph.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delbarre |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Davesne |first2=Donald |last3=Friedman |first3=Matt |date=2016-07-02 |title=Anatomy and relationships of † Aipichthys pretiosus and †' Aipichthys ' nuchalis (Acanthomorpha: Lampridomorpha), with a review of Late Cretaceous relatives of oarfishes and their allies |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2015.1078538 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=545–567 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2015.1078538 |bibcode=2016JSPal..14..545D |issn=1477-2019|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |''Gladiopycnodus'' |''G. byrnei'' |Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.<ref>Marramà, Giuseppe; Villier, Boris; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016-06). "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667115301476 A new species of Gladiopycnodus (Coccodontoidea, Pycnodontomorpha) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon provides new insights about the morphological diversification of pycnodont fishes through time]". Cretaceous Research. 61: 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.022. ISSN 0195-6671.</ref> | |- |''G. karami'' |Haqel | |- |''Ginsburgia'' |''G. operta'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An indeterminate euteleost. | |- |''Hajulia'' |''H. multidens'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A bonefish. | |- |''Hakelia'' |''H. laticauda'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An indeterminate neoteleost. | |- |''Hakeliosomus'' |''H. hakelensis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A gonorynchid. |frameless|148x148px |- |''Haqelpycnodus'' |''H. picteti'' |Haqel |A pycnodontid pycnodont. |right|frameless|159x159px |- |''Hastichthys'' |''H. gracilis'' |Haqel & Nammoura |A dercetid aulopiform. | |- |''Hayenchelys'' |''H. germanus'' |Hjoula |An eel. |frameless|151x151px |- |''Hayolperichthys'' |''H. pectospinus'' |Haqel |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- |''Hemisaurida'' |''H. hakelensis'' |Haqel |A halecid aulopiform. |frameless|151x151px |- |''Hensodon'' |''H. spinosus'' |Haqel |A coccodontid pycnodont<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Kriwet |first=Jürgen |date=2004-09-10 |title=A new pycnodont fish genus (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Mount Lebanon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232686325 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=525–532 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0525:anpfgn]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=129294502 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> |frameless|206x206px |- |''Heterothrissa'' |''H. signeuxae'' |Haqel |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph. | |- |''Hgulichthys'' |''H. spinus'' |Hjoula |A trachichthyiform. | |- |''Humilichthys'' |''H. orientalis'' |Hjoula |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph. | |- |''Ichthyoceros'' |''I. spinosus'' |Haqel |A coccodontid pyncodont. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Ichthyotringa'' |''I. delicata'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An ichthyotringid aulopiform. |frameless|149x149px |- | rowspan="2" |''Joinvillichthys'' |''J. kriweti'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- |''J. lindstroemi'' |Haqel | |- | rowspan="2" |''Lebonichthys'' |''L. lewisi'' |Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A bonefish.<ref name=":12" /> | |- |''L. namourensis'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> | |- |''Lebrunichthys'' |''L. nammourensis'' |Nammoura |A pachyrhizodontid. | |- |''Libanoberyx'' |''L. spinosus'' | |A trachichthyiform. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Lissoberyx'' |''L. arambourgi'' | rowspan="3" |Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A trachichthyiform. | rowspan="3" |frameless|149x149px |- |''L. dayi'' |- |''L. denticulatus'' |- |''Luenchelys'' |''L. minimus'' |Nammoura |An eel. | |- |''Maraldichthys'' |''M. verticalis'' |Haqel |A gebrayelichthyid pycnodont. |frameless|216x216px |- |''Microcapros'' |''M. libanicus'' |Hjoula |A quaesitoberycid beryciform.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alison M. |date=2014 |title=Mid-Cretaceous acanthomorph fishes with the description of a new species from the Turonian of Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/25439 |journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology |volume=1 |pages=101–115 |doi=10.18435/B5CC78 |issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''Monocerichthys'' |''M. scheuchzeri'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Nematonotus'' |''N. bottae'' |Haqel & Nammoura | rowspan="2" |A flagfin. |frameless|150x150px |- |''N. longispinus'' |Hjoula |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="2" |''<nowiki/>'Nursallia''<nowiki/>' |'''N.''<nowiki/>' ''goedeli'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura | rowspan="2" |A pycnodontid pycnodont. |frameless|150x150px |- |'''N.''<nowiki/>' ''tethysensis'' |Nammoura and Hjoula | |- |''Omosoma'' |''O.'' sp''./''gen. nov. sp. nov. |Nammoura |Possibly an indeterminate beardfish,<ref name=":19" /> potentially a new genus. | |- |''Ornategulum'' |''O. sardinioides'' |Haqel & Nammoura |A clupeomorph. | |- |''Palaeopantodon'' |''P. vandersypeni'' |Haqel<ref name="Palaeopantodon">{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |date=2021 |title=The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 3°. ''Palaeopantodon vandersypeni'' gen. and sp. nov. |url=http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_454_14.pdf |journal=Geo-Eco-Trop. |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=699–708}}</ref> |A pantodontid. | |- |''Pankowskichthys'' |''P. libanicus'' |Haqel & Nammoura |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- |''Pankowskipiscis'' |''P. haqelensis'' |Haqel<ref name="Pankowskipiscis">{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |date=2021 |title=The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 1°. ''Pankowskipiscis haqelensis'' gen. and sp. nov. |url=http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_454_03.pdf |journal=Geo-Eco-Trop. |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=551–562}}</ref> |A pantodontid. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Paracentrus'' |''P. lebanonensis'' | rowspan="2" |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> | rowspan="2" |A holocentriform<ref name=":12" /> | |- |''P.'' sp. nov. | |- | rowspan="2" |Paraclupeidae indet. |nov. gen. 1 |Nammoura | rowspan="2" |A paraclupeid clupeomorph; two different genera. | |- |nov. gen. 2. |Hjoula | |- |''Paracoccodus'' |''P. woodwardi'' |Haqel |A coccodontid pyncodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Pateroperca'' |''P. libanica'' | rowspan="2" |Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph. | |- |''P. robusta'' | |- |''Pattersonichthys'' |''P. delicatus'' |Hjoula |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph. | |- |''Pattersonoberyx'' |''P. pharsus'' |Haqel |A potential holocentriform.<ref name=":19" /> | |- |''Petalopteryx'' |''P. syriacus'' |Haqel |An aphanepygid. | |- |''Petersichthys'' |''P. libanicus'' |Haqel |A pantodontid. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Pharmacichthys'' |''P. numismalis'' | rowspan="2" |Haqel | rowspan="2" |A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph. | |- |''P. venenifer'' |frameless|175x175px |- |''Phoenicolepis'' |''P. arcuatus'' |Hjoula |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph. | |- |''Phylactocephalus'' |''P. microlepis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A halecid aulopiform. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Plectocretacicus'' |''P. clarae'' |Haqel |A potential tetraodontiform. |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="2" |''Plesioberyx'' |''P. discoides'' | rowspan="2" |Haqel | rowspan="2" |An indeterminate acanthopterygian. | |- |''P. maximus'' | |- |''Prognathoglossum'' |''P. kalassyi'' |Haqel |A pantodontid. | |- |''Prionolepis'' |''P. cataphractus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A prionolepid aulopiform. |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="2" |''Protobrama'' |''P. avus'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A protobramid tselfatiiform. | rowspan="2" |frameless|150x150px |- |''P. woodwardi'' |Haqel |- |Protobramidae indet. |nov. gen. nov. sp. |Nammoura |A protobramid tselfatiiform. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Pseudoberyx'' |''P. bottae'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="3" |An indeterminate teleost. | |- |''P. grandis'' |Haqel | |- |''P. syriacus'' |Haqel & Hjoula | |- |''Pycnosteroides'' |''P. levispinus'' |Hjoula |A pycnosteroidid lamprimorph. | |- |''Quaesitoberyx'' |''Q. minutus'' |Hjoula |A quaesitoberycid beryciform.<ref name=":19" /> | |- |''Rhamphoichthys'' |''R. taxidiotis'' |Haqel<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=El Hossny |first1=Tamara |last2=Cavin |first2=Lionel |last3=Kaplan |first3=Ulrich |last4=Schwermann |first4=Achim H. |last5=Samankassou |first5=Elias |last6=Friedman |first6=Matt |title=The first articulated skeletons of enigmatic Late Cretaceous billfish-like actinopterygians |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=2023 |volume=10 |issue=12 |article-number=231296 |doi=10.1098/rsos.231296 |doi-access=free|issn=2054-5703 |pmc=10698480 |pmid=38077217|bibcode=2023RSOS...1031296E}}</ref> |A billfish-like plethodid tselfatiiform. |frameless|149x149px |- |''Rhinopycnodus'' |''R. gabriellae'' |Haqel |A pycnodontid pycnodont. | |- |''Rhynchodercetis'' |''R. hakelensis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A dercetid aulopiform. |frameless|153x153px |- |''Rostropycnodus'' |''R. gayeti'' |Haqel |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sardinioides'' |''S. attenuatus'' | rowspan="3" |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A sardinioidid myctophiform. | rowspan="3" |frameless|150x150px |- |''S. minimus'' |- |''S. pontivagus'' |- |''Saurorhamphus'' |''S. giorgiae'' |Nammoura |An enchodontid aulopiform. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Scombroclupea'' |''S. diminuta'' |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> | rowspan="2" |A clupeomorph.<ref name=":12" /> |frameless|150x150px |- |''S. macrophthalma'' |Haqel & Hjoula | |- |''Scutatoclupea'' |''S. bacchiai'' |Nammoura |A paraclupeid clupeomorph. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sedenhorstia'' |''S. dayi'' |Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A tarpon. |frameless|151x151px |- |''S. libanica'' |Haqel | |- |''S. orientalis'' |Hjoula | |- | rowspan="2" |''Serrilepis'' |''S. minor'' | rowspan="2" |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> | rowspan="2" |A halecid aulopiform.<ref name=":12" /> | |- |''S. prymnostrigos'' | |- |''Sigmapycnodus'' |''S. giganteus'' |Haqel |A pycnodontid pycnodont. | |- |''Sorbinichthys'' |''S. elusivo'' |Nammoura |A sorbinichthyid clupeomorph. |frameless|151x151px |- |''Spathiurus'' |''S. dorsalis'' |Haqel |An ionoscopiform.<ref name=":8" /> | |- |''Spinascutichthys'' |''S. pankowskiae'' |Nammoura |An enchodontoid aulopiform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=Alison M. |last2=Chida |first2=Mori |last3=Holmes |first3=Robert B. |date=2022-06-30 |title=New enchodontoid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2022.2101370 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=42 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2022.2101370 |bibcode=2022JVPal..42E1370M |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- |''Stanhopeichthys'' |''S. libanicus'' |Hjoula |A pachyrhizodontid. | |- |''Stenoprotome'' |''S. hamata'' |Haqel |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- | rowspan="4" |''Stichocentrus'' |''S. elegans'' | rowspan="4" |Hjoula | rowspan="4" |A holocentriform. | rowspan="4" |frameless|155x155px |- |''S. liratus'' |- |''S. spinulosus'' |- |''S.'' sp. |- |''Stichopteryx<ref name=":19" />'' |''S. lewisi'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A trachichthyiform. | |- |''Telepholis'' |''T. tenuis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A cheirothricid. | |- |''Trewavasia'' |''T. carinata'' |Haqel |A coccodontid pycnodont.<ref name=":16" /> |frameless|150x150px |- |''Tricerichthys'' |''T. wenzi'' |Haqel |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Triplomystus'' |''T. noorae'' | rowspan="2" |Nammoura<ref name=":12" /> | rowspan="2" |A paraclupeid clupeomorph.<ref name=":12" /> | |- |''T. oligoscutatus'' | |- |''Volcichthys'' |''V.'' sp. |Haqel |An indeterminate aulopiform or sardinioid myctophiform. | |- |''Ypsiloichthys'' |''Y. sibelleae'' |Haqel<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El Hossny |first1=Tamara |last2=Cavin |first2=Lionel |date=July 2023 |title=A New Enigmatic Teleost Fish from the Mid-Cretaceous of Lebanon |journal=Diversity |volume=15 |issue=7 |page=839 |doi=10.3390/d15070839 |issn=1424-2818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |A teleost of uncertain affinities. |frameless|150x150px |}
==== Lobe-finned fish ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | Sarcopterygians reported from the Sannine Formation |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Macropomoides'' |''M. orientalis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A latimeriid coelacanth. |frameless|150x150px |}
==== Amniotes ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | Amniotes reported from the Sannine Formation |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Aphanizocnemus'' |''A. libanensis'' |Although the type locality is unknown, it is said to "almost certainly" originate from the Sannine Formation. |A marine lizard.<ref name=":5" /> |150px|center |- |''Enantiophoenix'' |''E. electrophyla '' |Nammoura |An enantiornithine bird.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Cau, A. |author2=Arduini, P. |year=2008 |title=Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships |journal=Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Ivico di Storia Naturale in Milano |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=293–324}}</ref> | |- |''Eupodophis'' |''E. descouensi'' |Nammoura |An early marine simoliophiid snake with hind limbs.<ref name=":5" /> |150px|center |- |''Microtuban'' |''M. altivolans'' |Hjoula |An azdarchoid pterosaur.<ref name=":4" /> |frameless|152x152px |- | ''Mimodactylus'' | ''M. libanensis'' |Hjoula |An istiodactyliform pterosaur.<ref name=":3" /> |150px|center |- |''Pontosaurus'' |''P. kornhuberi'' |Nammoura |A marine dolichosaurid lizard.<ref name=":5" /> |150px|center |- |''Rhinochelys'' |''R. nammourensis'' |Nammoura |A marine protostegid turtle. Adult and multiple hatchling remains known, suggesting a nesting site was nearby.<ref name=":13">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267979192_Rhinochelys_Chelonioidea_Protostegidae_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_Cenomanian_of_Nammoura_Lebanon Rhinochelys (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Nammoura, Lebanon]</ref> |150px|center |- |Theropoda indet. | |Nammoura |The partial arm of a theropod dinosaur, the only non-avialan dinosaur material known from the formation. Now lost.<ref name=":20" /> | |- |}
=== Invertebrates ===
==== Arthropods ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Arthropods reported from the Sannine Formation<ref name="Cretaxiopsis">{{cite book |author1=Sylvain Charbonnier |title=Fossil Crustacea of Lebanon |author2=Denis Audo |author3=Alessandro Garassino |author4=Matúš Hyžný |publisher=National Museum of Natural History |year=2017 |isbn=978-2-85653-785-5 |pages=1–252}}</ref>''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Acanthochirana'' |''A. smithwoodwardi'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An aegerid prawn. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Acanthophoenicides'' |''A. peterpani'' | |A slipper lobster. | |- |''Aeger'' |''A. libanensis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |An aegerid prawn. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Armacrangon'' |''A. edwardsi'' | |A glyphocrangonid shrimp. | |- |?''Bentheogennema'' |''B. phoenicia'' | |A benthesicymid crustacean. | |- |''Callianassa'' |''C.'' sp. |Hjoula |A callianassid crustacean.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Garassino |first=A. |date=2000 |title=New decapod crustaceans from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon |journal=Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano|s2cid=88896292}}</ref> | |- |''Calliaxina'' |''C. hadjoulaensis'' |Hjoula |A callianassid crustacean. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Carinacaris'' |''C. antennae'' | | rowspan="2" |A penaeid prawn. | |- |''C. teruzzi'' |Haqel & Hjoula | |- | rowspan="2" |''Carpopenaeus'' |''C. callirostris'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A carpopenaeid prawn. |frameless|153x153px |- |''C. septemspinatus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |frameless|150x150px |- |''Charbelicaris'' |''C. maronites'' |Hjoula |A slipper lobster.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last1=Haug |first1=Joachim T. |last2=Audo |first2=Denis |last3=Charbonnier |first3=Sylvain |last4=Palero |first4=Ferran |last5=Petit |first5=Gilles |last6=Abi Saad |first6=Pierre |last7=Haug |first7=Carolin |date=2016-03-01 |title=The evolution of a key character, or how to evolve a slipper lobster |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803915000663 |journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |series=Special Issue: Fossils as Living Beings |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.003 |pmid=26319267 |bibcode=2016ArtSD..45...97H |issn=1467-8039}}</ref> | |- |''Chresmoda'' |''C. libanica'' |Nammoura |A water strider-like chresmodid insect.<ref name=":0" /> |frameless|142x142px |- |''Corazzatocarcinus'' |''C. hadjoulae'' |Hjoula |A necrocarcinid crab.<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last=Larghi |first=Cristiano |date=2004 |title=Brachyuran decapod Crustacea from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/brachyuran-decapod-crustacea-from-the-upper-cretaceous-of-lebanon/06C7935C3CAE0BE800DB28B9F58B7440 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=528–541 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0528:BDCFTU>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2004JPal...78..528L |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |frameless|150x150px |- |''Cretaxiopsis'' |''C. libanotica'' | |An axiid crustacean. | |- |''Cretacalliax'' |''C. levantina'' |Hjoula |A callianopsid ghost shrimp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pasini |first1=Giovanni |last2=Poore |first2=Gary C. B. |last3=Garassino |first3=Alessandro |date=2020-08-28 |title=A new ghost shrimp (Axiidea, Callianopsidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hadjoula, Lebanon |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/297/94970/A_new_ghost_shrimp_Axiidea_Callianopsidae_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_Cenomanian_of_Hadjoula_Lebanon |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=297 |issue=2 |pages=217–225 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2020/0922|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- |''Epipenaeus'' |''E. abisaadorum'' | |An carpopenaeid shrimp. | |- |''Eryma'' |''E. oscari'' |Hjoula |An erymid "lobster". |frameless|150x150px |- |''Gladicrangon'' |''G. coriacea'' | |A glyphocrangonid shrimp. | |- |''Globulacaris'' |''G. garassinoi'' |Haqel |A protozoeid thylacocephalan. | |- |''Glyphea'' |''G. damesi'' |Hjoula |A glypheoid crustacean.<ref name=":22" /> |frameless|150x150px |- |''Hakelocaris'' |''H. vavassorii'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A penaeid prawn. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Homolopsis'' |''H.'' aff. ''edwardsii'' |Hjoula |A carrier crab.<ref name=":25" /> | |- |''Jasus'' |''J.'' sp. |Hjoula |A spiny lobster.<ref name=":22" /> |frameless|150x150px |- |''Joinvilleicaris'' |''J. longirostris'' | |A penaeid prawn. | |- |''Libanoaxius'' |''L. beatae'' | |An axiid crustacean. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Libanocaris'' |''L. curvirostra'' | | rowspan="2" |A penaeid prawn. | |- |''L. rogeri'' |Haqel & Hjoula | |- |''Lebanoaktassia'' |''L. curiosa'' |Hjoula |An aktassiid dragonfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=Dany |last2=Nel |first2=André |date=2024 |title=The youngest and first Gondwanan representative of the anisopteran family Aktassiidae from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon (Odonata, Petalurida) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=154 |article-number=105744 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105744 |bibcode=2024CrRes.15405744A |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> | |- |''Libanoaeshna'' |''L. mikhaeli'' |Haqel |A libanoaeshnid dragonfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azar |first=Dany |last2=Maksoud |first2=Sibelle |last3=Abi-Saad |first3=Pierre |last4=Nel |first4=Andre |date=2024-08-22 |title=A new, to date endemic, family of dragonfly in the mid-Cretaceous fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätte of Haqel, Lebanon (Odonata: Anisoptera) |url=https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5497.1.9 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=5497 |issue=1 |pages=142–150 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5497.1.9 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- |''Libanobelostoma'' |''L. calineae'' |Haqel |A giant water bug.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boderau |first=Mathieu |last2=Nel |first2=André |last3=Maksoud |first3=Sibelle |last4=Abi-Saad |first4=Pierre |last5=Azar |first5=Dany |date=2024-12-31 |title=The first aquatic insect fossil from the Cenomanian Konservat-Lagerstätte of Haqel (Lebanon) fills a gap in the fossil record of giant water bugs (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5562.1.4 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=5562 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5562.1.4 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- |''Libanocordulia'' |''L. debiei'' |Hjoula |A libanocorduliid dragonfly<ref name=":6" /> | |- |''Libanogomphus'' |''L. lionelcavini'' |Hjoula |A libanogomphid dragonfly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=Dany |last2=Nel |first2=André |date=2023-08-01 |title=Libanogomphidae, a new extraordinary dragonfly family from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon (Odonata, Anisoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123000290 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=148 |article-number=105501 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105501 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14805501A |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> | |- |''Libanoliupanshania'' |''L. mimi'' |Hjoula |A liupanshaniid dragonfly<ref name=":6" /> | |- |''Linuparus'' |''L. secretanae'' | |A spiny lobster. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Macropenaeus'' |''M. incertus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A penaeid prawn. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Magila'' |''M. cretacica'' | |An axiid crustacean. | |- |''Microchela'' |''M. rostrata'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A penaeid prawn. | |- |''Mieroblattina'' |''M. pacis'' |Nammoura |A mesoblattinid cockroach.<ref name=":7" /> | |- |''Notahomarus'' |''N. hakelensis'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A true lobster. |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="2" |''Odontochelion'' |''O. bicarinatum'' | | rowspan="2" |A crangonid shrimp. | |- |''O. cretaceum'' |Haqel & Hjoula | |- |''Palaeobenthonectes'' |''P. arambourgi'' | |A benthesicymid crustacean. | |- |''Palaeopalinurellus'' |''P. jbeilensis'' |Haqel |A slipper lobster.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=Alessandro |last2=Pasini |first2=Giovanni |date=2020-10-02 |title=A new furry lobster (Crustacea, Decapoda, Synaxidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon |journal=Palaeodiversity |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.18476/pale.v13.a10 |issn=1867-6294 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''Palaeopandalus'' |''P. komaii'' | |A pandalid shrimp. | |- |''Palibacus'' |''P. praecursor'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A slipper lobster. |frameless|169x169px |- |''Palinurus'' |''P. teruzzii'' | |A spiny lobster. |frameless|150x150px |- |''Paracancrinos'' |''P. libanensis'' |Hjoula |A slipper lobster.<ref name=":24" /> | |- |''Paradollocaris'' |''P. vannieri'' |Hjoula |A dollocaridid thylacocephalan. | |- |''Paranecrocarcinus'' |''P.'' cf. ''milbournei'' |Hjoula |A necrocarcinid crab. Specimen consumed by a catshark.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pasini |first1=Giovanni |last2=Garassino |first2=Alessandro |date=2011 |title=Predation on brachyuran (Crustacea, Decapoda): an{{sic |nolink=yes}} unique direct evidence from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hadjoula (Lebanon) |url=https://www.academia.edu/95813705 |journal=Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano |volume=152 |issue=II |pages=233–245}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |''Phalangiopsis'' |''P. antoinei'' | | rowspan="2" |A chirostylid squat lobster. | |- |''P. rogeri'' | | |- |''Phoenice'' |''P. pasinii'' |Haqel |A boxer shrimp.<ref name=":22" /> | |- |''Pseudastacus'' |''P. dubertreti'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A stenochirid "lobster". |frameless|150x150px |- |''Pustulina'' |''P. cretacea''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=Julien |last2=Charbonnier |first2=Sylvain |date=2022-03-03 |title=A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/geodiversitas/volume-44/issue-9/geodiversitas2022v44a9/A-synthesis-of-the-evolutionary-history-of-erymoid-lobsters-Crustacea/10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a9.full |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a9 |issn=1280-9659}}</ref> |Haqel & Hjoula |An erymid "lobster". |frameless|150x150px |- |''Striadiogenes'' |''S. frigerioi'' |Hjoula |A diogenid hermit crab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Angeli |first2=Antonio De |last3=Pasini |first3=Giovanni |date=2009 |title=A new hermit crab (Crustacea, Anomura, Paguroidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon |journal=Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano |volume=150 |issue=II |pages=215–228|s2cid=130639300}}</ref> | |- |''Tachypleus'' |''T. syriacus'' |Hjoula |A horseshoe crab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamsdell |first1=James C. |last2=McKenzie |first2=Scott C. |date=2015-12-01 |title=Tachypleus syriacus (Woodward)—a sexually dimorphic Cretaceous crown limulid reveals underestimated horseshoe crab divergence times |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=681–693 |doi=10.1007/s13127-015-0229-3 |bibcode=2015ODivE..15..681L |issn=1618-1077}}</ref> |frameless|150x150px |- |''Telamonocarcinus'' |''T. gambulatus'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A dorippid crab.<ref name=":25" /> | |- |''Thylacocaris'' |''T. schrami'' |Hjoula |A dollocaridid thylacocephalan. | |}
==== Molluscs ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Molluscs reported from the Sannine Formation''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Allocrioceras'' |''A.'' cf''. annulatum'' | |An anisoceratid ammonite.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Wippich |first1=Max G. E. |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |date=September 2004 |title=Allocrioceras from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites |journal=Palaeontology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=1093–1107 |doi=10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x |bibcode=2004Palgy..47.1093W |s2cid=129293243 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> |frameless|155x155px |- |''Boreopeltis'' |''B. smithi'' |Haqel or Hjoula |A plesioteuthid coleoid.<ref name=":11">Fuchs; Larson, Dirk; Neal L (March 2011). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230844745_Diversity_Morphology_and_Phylogeny_of_Coleoid_Cephalopods_from_the_Upper_Cretaceous_Plattenkalks_of_Lebanon-Part_I_Prototeuthidina Diversity, Morphology, and Phylogeny of Coleoid Cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon–Part I: Prototeuthidina]". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (2): 234–249.</ref> | |- |''Dorateuthis'' |''D. syriaca'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A plesioteuthid coleoid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jattiot |first1=Romain |last2=Brayard |first2=Arnaud |last3=Fara |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Charbonnier |first4=Sylvain |date=2015 |title=Gladius-bearing coleoids from the Upper Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten: diversity, morphology, and phylogenetic implications |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/gladiusbearing-coleoids-from-the-upper-cretaceous-lebanese-lagerstatten-diversity-morphology-and-phylogenetic-implications/9E86AA4D481DCE598030AD8697AAA897 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=148–167 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2014.13 |bibcode=2015JPal...89..148J |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> |frameless|251x251px |- |''Edmunditeuthis'' |''E. bacchiai'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A trachyteuthid coleoid.<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whalen |first1=Christopher D. |last2=Landman |first2=Neil H. |date=2022-03-08 |title=Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1107 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5 |pmid=35260548 |issn=2041-1723|pmc=8904582 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1107W}}</ref> | |- |''Glyphidopsis'' |''G. waagei'' |Haqel |A trachyteuthid coleoid.<ref name=":11" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Glyphiteuthis'' |''G. abisaadorum'' |Haqel & Hjoula | rowspan="3" |A trachyteuthid coleoid.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuchs |first1=D. |last2=Weis |first2=R. |date=2009-08-01 |title=A new Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) coleoid (Cephalopoda) from Hâdjoula, Lebanon |url=https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/12/175/2009/ |journal=Fossil Record |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=175–181 |doi=10.1002/mmng.200900005 |bibcode=2009FossR..12..175F |issn=2193-0066|doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''G. freijii'' |Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura | |- |''G. libanotica'' |Haqel & Hjoula | |- | rowspan="3" |''Keuppia'' |''K. levante'' | rowspan="3" |Hjoula | rowspan="3" |An early octopus. 2 or 3 species known from the same locality<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Fuchs; Bracchi; Weis |first=Dirk; Giacomo; Robert |date=31 December 2008 |title=NEW OCTOPODS (CEPHALOPODA: COLEOIDEA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (UPPER CENOMANIAN) OF HÂKEL AND HÂDJOULA, LEBANON |journal=Palaeontology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=65–81|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x |s2cid=129082916 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |150px|center |- |''K. hyperbolaris'' | |- |''K.'' sp''.'' | |- | ''Mantelliceras'' | ''M. mantelli'' | Haqel | align="center" | "the occurrence of ''Mantelliceras mantelli'' is regarded doubtful, as this species has been used for various taxa within the family Acanthoceratidae de Grossouvre, 1894, and specimens have never been figured"<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |frameless|150x150px |- | rowspan="2" |''Rachiteuthis'' |''R. acutali'' |Hjoula | rowspan="2" |A palaeololiginid coleoid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jattiot |first1=Romain |last2=Brayard |first2=Arnaud |last3=Fara |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Charbonnier |first4=Sylvain |date=January 2015 |title=Gladius-bearing coleoids from the Upper Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten: diversity, morphology, and phylogenetic implications |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/gladiusbearing-coleoids-from-the-upper-cretaceous-lebanese-lagerstatten-diversity-morphology-and-phylogenetic-implications/9E86AA4D481DCE598030AD8697AAA897 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=148–167 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2014.13 |bibcode=2015JPal...89..148J |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> | |- |''R. donovani'' |Hâqel | |- |''Styletoctopus'' |''S. annae'' |Hâqel |An early octopus.<ref name=":10" /> | |- |''Teudopsinia'' |''T. haasi'' |Haqel |A teudopsid coleoid.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Fuchs |first1=Dirk |last2=Larson |first2=Neal |date=2011 |title=Diversity, Morphology, and Phylogeny of Coleoid Cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon–Part II: Teudopseina |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/10-159.1 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=815–834 |doi=10.1666/10-159.1 |bibcode=2011JPal...85..815F |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- |''Syrionautilus'' |''S. libanoticus'' |Hjoula |A cymatoceratid nautiloid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klug |first1=Christian |last2=Pohle |first2=Alexander |last3=Roth |first3=Rosemarie |last4=Hoffmann |first4=René |last5=Wani |first5=Ryoji |last6=Tajika |first6=Amane |date=2021-07-23 |title=Preservation of nautilid soft parts inside and outside the conch interpreted as central nervous system, eyes, and renal concrements from the Lebanese Cenomanian |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=140 |issue=1 |page=15 |doi=10.1186/s13358-021-00229-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-2384 |pmc=8549922 |pmid=34721283|bibcode=2021SwJP..140...15K}}</ref> | |- |}
==== Echinoderms ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Echinoderms reported from the Sannine Formation'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanese Fossils |url=http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Lebanese-Lagerstatt/lebanese-lagerstatte.htm |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.fossilmuseum.net}}</ref> |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Antedon'' |''A. pinnulata'' |Haqel |A crinoid. |frameless|150x150px |- |Aspidochirotida indet. | |Hjoula |A sea cucumber.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reich |first=M. |date=2004-12-15 |editor-last=Nebelsick |editor-first=J |editor2-last=Heinzeller |editor2-first=T |title=Echinoderms: Munchen: Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, 6-10 October 2003, Munich, Germany |url=http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/book/10.1201/9780203970881 |journal=Echinoderms: Milnchen - Heinzeller & Nebelsick (Eds) |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1201/9780203970881 |isbn=978-0-415-36481-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | |- |''Geocoma'' |''G. libanotica'' |Haqel |A brittle star. |frameless|150x150px |}
==== Annelids ==== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Annelids reported from the Sannine Formation'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=70416 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Didone'' |''D. pulcherrima'' | |A didonid bristleworm. | |- | rowspan="4" |''Eunicites'' |''E. diopatroides'' | | rowspan="4" |A eunicid bristleworm. | |- |''E. falcatus'' | | |- |''E. joinvillei'' | | |- |''E. mariacristinae'' | | |- |''Ferragutia'' |''F. cenomaniana'' | |A bristleworm. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Lumbriconereites'' |''L. garassinoi'' | | rowspan="2" |A bristleworm. | |- |''L. hadjulae'' | | |- |''Palaeoaphrodite'' |''P. libanica'' | |An aphroditid bristleworm. | |- | rowspan="3" |''Phoeniciarabella'' |''P. caesaris'' | | rowspan="3" |A lumbrinerid bristleworm. | |- |''P. orensanzi'' | | |- |''P. pinnulata'' | | |- | rowspan="4" |''Teruzzia'' |''T. gryphoeides'' | | rowspan="4" |A lumbrinerid bristleworm. | |- |''T. pezzolii'' | | |- |''T. pusilla'' | | |- |''T. sagittifera'' | | |- |''Rollinschaeta'' |''R. myoplena'' |Haqel & Hjoula |A fireworm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parry |first1=Luke A. |last2=Wilson |first2=Paul |last3=Sykes |first3=Dan |last4=Edgecombe |first4=Gregory D. |last5=Vinther |first5=Jakob |date=2015-11-17 |title=A new fireworm (Amphinomidae) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon identified from three-dimensionally preserved myoanatomy |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=256 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0541-8 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4650273 |pmid=26577802|bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..256P}}</ref> | |}
===Plants=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Plants reported from the Sannine Formation''' |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !! Notes !! Images |- |''Aryskumia'' |cf. ''A. zelkovifolia'' | rowspan="12" |Nammoura |Dicot known from a poorly preserved leaf with ovate blade.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |''Nammouria'' |''N. gracilis'' |An aquatic fern of uncertain affinities.<ref name=":14">Krassilov, Valentin; Bacchia, Flavio (2000-12). "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667100902295?via%3Dihub Cenomanian florule of Nammoura, Lebanon]". Cretaceous Research. 21 (6): 785–799. doi:10.1006/cres.2000.0229. ISSN 0195-6671.</ref> | |- |''Nammourophyllum'' |''N. altingioides'' |A dicot known from leaves, a possible member of the Altingiaceae.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |''Nupharanthus'' |''N. cretacea'' |A dicot known by a preserved flower, possibly a member of the Nympheales.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |''Parvileguminophyllum'' |''P.'' sp. |Dicot known from a complete leaflet, possibly a member of the Fabaceae.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |''<nowiki/>'Phragmites''' |''P.'' sp. |A monocot of uncertain affinities, vaguely similar to the modern reed.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |Platycaryeae gen. et sp. indet. | |Infructescence of bracteate fruits resembling ''Platycarya americana''.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |''Pseudolarix'' |''P.'' sp. |A conifer related to the modern golden larch.<ref name=":14" /> |frameless|116x116px |- |''Pseudotorellia'' |''P.'' sp''.'' |A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.<ref name=":14" /> | |- |''Pteris'' |''P.'' sp''.'' |A pteridacean fern.<ref name=":14" /> |frameless|115x115px |- |rowspan=2| ''Sapindopsis'' | ''S. anhouryi'' | rowspan="2" | A platanacean, related to the modern plane trees.<ref name=":14" /> |frameless|142x142px |- |''S. libanensis'' | |- |}
== See also == * List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units * Paleontology in Lebanon
== References == {{reflist}}
Category:Geologic formations of Lebanon Category:Cretaceous System of Asia Category:Cenomanian Stage Category:Limestone formations Category:Marl formations Category:Lagoonal deposits Category:Lagerstätten Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia Category:Paleontology in Lebanon Category:Shallow marine deposits