Sclerorhynchoidei

{{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Barremian-Maastrichtian {{Fossil range|129.4|66.0|}} | image = Saw-snout_cartilagous_fish.jpg | image_caption = Comparison between a longnose sawshark (top and left), ''Sclerorhynchus'' (middle), and a largetooth sawfish (bottom and right) | taxon = Sclerorhynchoidei | authority = Cappetta, 1980<ref name="Cappetta 1980">{{cite journal |last=Cappetta |first=H. |date=1980 |title=Les Sélaciens du Crétacé supérieur du Liban. II. Batoïdes. |journal=Palaeontographica, Abteilung A |volume=168 |issue=5–6 |pages=149–229}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * †Ganopristidae * †Ischyrhizidae * †Onchopristidae * †Ptychotrygonidae * †Schizorhizidae | synonyms = *Ganopristinidea Case, 1978<ref name="Case 1978">{{cite journal |last=Case |first=G.R. |date=1978 |title= A new selachian fauna from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Montana |journal=Palaeontographica, Abteilung A |volume=160 |issue=1–6 |pages=176–205 }}</ref> *Sclerorhynchiformes Kriwet, 2004<ref name="Kriwet 2004">{{cite book |last=Kriwet |first=J. |date=2004 |editor-last1=Arratia |editor-first1=G. |editor-last2=Tintori |editor-first2=A. |title=Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. Proceedings of the International Meeting Serpiano, 2001 |publisher=Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil |pages=57–73 |chapter=The systematic position of the Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Pristiorajea) |isbn=3-89937-053-8}}</ref> *Ganopristiformes Herman & Van Waes, 2012a<ref name="Herman & Van Waes 2012a">{{cite journal |last1=Herman |first1=J. |last2=Van Waes |first2=H. |date=2012a |title= Observations diverses et déductions concernant l'evolution et la systématique de quelques Euselachii, Neoselachii et Batoidei (Pisces - Elasmobranchii), actuels et fossiles. |journal=Géominpal Belgica |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–89 |url=http://geominpal.be/Geominpal%20Belgica%202/Geominpal%20Belgica%202.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217061123/http://geominpal.be/Geominpal%20Belgica%202/Geominpal%20Belgica%202.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-17 }}</ref> *Ptychotrygoniformes Herman & Van Waes, 2012b<ref name="Herman & Van Waes 2012b">{{cite journal |last1=Herman |first1=J. |last2=Van Waes |first2=H. |date=2012b |title=Observations diverses et déductions concernant l'evolution et la systématique de quelques Euselachii, Neoselachii et Batoidei (Pisces - Elasmobranchii), actuels et fossiles. Données complémentaires |journal=Géominpal Belgica |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–12 |url=http://geominpal.be/Geominpal%20Belgica%202/Geominpal%20Belgica%202%20Supplement.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150217031642/http://geominpal.be/Geominpal%20Belgica%202/Geominpal%20Belgica%202%20Supplement.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-17 }}</ref> *Ganopristomorphii Herman & Van Waes, 2014<ref name="Herman & Van Waes 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Herman |first1=J. |last2=Van Waes |first2=H. |date=2014 |title=Observations concerning the evolution and the parasystematics of all the living and fossil Chlamydoselachiformes, Squatiniformes, Orectolobiformes, and Pristiophoriformes, based on both biological and odontological data. Suggestion of a possible origin of the order Pristiophoriformes, of the order Ganopristiformes and a global synthesis of the previous systematics proposals. |journal=Géominpal Belgica |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–347 |url=http://geominpal.be/Geominpal%20Belgica%206/Geominpal%20Belgica%206.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150217062026/http://geominpal.be/Geominpal%20Belgica%206/Geominpal%20Belgica%206.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-17 }}</ref> }}

'''Sclerorhynchoidei''' is an extinct suborder of rajiform rays that had long rostra with large denticles similar to sawfishes and sawsharks. This feature was convergently evolved, recently proposed as 'pristification',<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Greenfield|first1=T.|year=2024|title=Pristification: Defining the convergent evolution of saws in sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)|journal=Mesozoic|volume=1|issue=2|pages=121–124|doi=10.11646/MESOZOIC.1.2.3 |doi-access=free |url=http://paleorxiv.org/rtw9u/download}}</ref> and their closest living relatives are actually skates.<ref name="Villalobos-Segura et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Villalobos-Segura |first1=E. |last2=Underwood |first2=C.J. |last3=Ward |first3=D.J. |last4=Claeson |first4=K.M. |date=2019 |title=The first three-dimensional fossils of Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfish: ''Asflapristis cristadentis'' gen. et sp. nov., and implications for the phylogenetic relations of the Sclerorhynchoidei (Chondrichthyes) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=17 |issue=21 |pages=1847–1870 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2019.1578832|bibcode=2019JSPal..17.1847V |s2cid=145940997 |url=https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/27155/3/27155.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Villalobos-Segura et al. 2021a">{{cite journal |last1=Villalobos-Segura |first1=E. |last2=Underwood |first2=C.J. |last3=Ward |first3=D.J. |date=2021a |title=The first skeletal record of the enigmatic Cretaceous sawfish genus ''Ptychotrygon'' (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) from the Turonian of Morocco |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=353–376 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1287|bibcode=2021PPal....7..353V |s2cid=210302939 |url=https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/27927/3/27927.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Villalobos-Segura et al. 2021b">{{cite journal |last1=Villalobos-Segura |first1=E. |last2=Kriwet |first2=J. |last3=Vullo |first3=R. |last4=Stumpf |first4=S. |last5=Ward |first5=D.J. |last6=Underwood |first6=C.J. |date=2021b |title=The skeletal remains of the euryhaline sclerorhynchoid †''Onchopristis'' (Elasmobranchii) from the 'Mid'-Cretaceous and their palaeontological implications |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=746–771 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa166 |issn=0024-4082 |url=https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40913/1/Onchopristis%20ver%201.pdf }}</ref> While they are often called "sawfishes", '''sawskates''' is a more accurate common name proposed in 2021 for sclerorhynchoids,<ref name="Greenfield 2021"/> which has been subsequently used by other researchers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mulcahy|first1=Kevin D.|year=2023|title=Relative abundance of vertebrate fossil taxa in the Upper Cretaceous exposures of Monmouth County brooks & a test of species richness extrapolators|journal=The Mosasaur|volume=13|pages=1–14|doi=10.5281/zenodo.7905373}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Roy E.|last1=Smith|first2=David M.|last2=Martill|first3=N.|last3=Longrich|first4=David M.|last4=Unwin|first5=N.|last5=Ibrahim|first6=S.|last6=Zouhri|year=2023|title=Comparative taphonomy of Kem Kem Group (Cretaceous) pterosaurs of southeast Morocco|journal=Evolving Earth|volume=1|at=100006|doi=10.1016/j.eve.2023.100006|bibcode=2023EvEar...100006S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=H.|last1=George|first2=M.|last2=Bazzi|first3=T.|last3=El Hossny|first4=N.|last4=Ashraf|first5=Pierre A.|last5=Saad|first6=T.|last6=Clements|year=2024|title=The famous fish beds of Lebanon: the Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura, and Sahel Aalma|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=181 |issue=5 |doi=10.1144/jgs2023-210|issn=0016-7649|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The suborder contains five named families: Ganopristidae, Ischyrhizidae, Onchopristidae, Ptychotrygonidae, and Schizorhizidae.<ref name="Greenfield 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Greenfield |first1=T. |date=2021 |title= Corrections to the nomenclature of sawskates (Rajiformes, Sclerorhynchoidei) |journal=Bionomina |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=39–41 |doi=10.11646/bionomina.22.1.3|s2cid=239067365 }}</ref> Several genera (see below) are not currently placed in any of these families. Sclerorhynchoids first appeared in the Barremian and went extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, with former Paleocene occurrences being misidentifications or reworked specimens.<ref name="Kriwet & Kussius 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Kriwet |first1=J. |last2=Kussius |first2=K. |date=2001 |title=Paleobiology and paleobiogeography of sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Chondrichthyes, Batomorphii) |journal=Revista Española de Paleontología |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=35–46 |url=https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/sjpalaeontology/article/view/21614/19199}}</ref><ref name="Cappetta 2012" >{{cite book |last=Cappetta |first=H. |date=2012 |title=Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Volume 3E. Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. |location=Munich |publisher=Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil |isbn=978-3-89937-148-2}}</ref> One female specimen of ''Libanopristis'' with nine embryos preserved ''in situ'' represents one of the first fossil evidence of batoid ovoviviparity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Capasso, L.|year=2003|title=Embryos and trophonems in Cenomanian rays from Lebanon (Batomorphii, Pisces)|journal=Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste|volume=50|pages=23–39|issn=0365-1576}}</ref>

==Phylogeny== Below is a cladogram of Sclerorhynchoidei, with the topology based on Villalobos-Segura ''et al.'' (2021b) and the family taxonomy based on Greenfield (2021).<ref name="Villalobos-Segura et al. 2021b"/><ref name="Greenfield 2021"/> {{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:120% |label1=Rajiformes |1={{clade |1=Rajidae |label2=Sclerorhynchoidei |2={{clade |label1=Schizorhizidae |1=''Schizorhiza'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Ischyrhizidae |1=''Ischyrhiza'' |label2=Onchopristidae |2=''Onchopristis'' }} |2={{clade |label1=Ptychotrygonidae |1={{clade |1=''Asflapristis'' |2=''Ptychotrygon''}} |label2=Ganopristidae |2={{clade |1=''Libanopristis'' |2=''Micropristis'' |3=''Sclerorhynchus'' }} }} }} }} }} }}

== Other genera == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} *†''Agaleorhynchus'' *†''Ankistrorhynchus'' *†''Atlanticopristis'' *†''Australopristis'' *†''Baharipristis'' *†''Biropristis'' *†''Borodinopristis'' *†''Celtipristis'' *†''Columbusia'' *†''Ctenopristis'' *†''Dalpiazia'' *†''Iberotrygon'' *†''Kiestus'' *†''Marckgrafia'' *†''Onchosaurus'' *†''Plicatopristis'' *†''Pucapristis'' *†''Renpetia'' {{Div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Sclerorhynchoidei Category:Fish suborders