Baeomycetales

{{Short description|Order of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Baeomyces rufus 280208a.jpg | image_caption = ''Baeomyces rufus'' | taxon = Baeomycetales | authority = Lumbsch, Huhndorf & Lutzoni (2007) | type_genus = ''Baeomyces'' | type_genus_authority = Pers. (1794) | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = Arctomiaceae<br /> Arthrorhaphidaceae<br /> Baeomycetaceae<br /> Cameroniaceae<br /> Hymeneliaceae<br /> Protothelenellaceae<br /> Trapeliaceae<br /> Xylographaceae | synonyms_ref =<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> | synonyms = *Arctomiales {{small|S.Stenroos, Miądl. & Lutzoni (2014)}} *Hymeneliales {{small|S.Stenroos, Miądl. & Lutzoni (2014)}} *Trapeliales {{small|B.P.Hodk. & Lendemer (2011)}} }}

The '''Baeomycetales''' are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

==Taxonomy==

The family Baeomycetaceae was originally proposed by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1829 (under the spelling ''Baeomyceae''); he included two genera, ''Baeomyces'' and ''Calicium''.<ref name="Dumortier 1829"/> Baeomycetaceae was initially classified in the Lecanorales,<ref name="Ahmadjian & Hale 1973"/><ref name="Henssen & Jahns 1973"/> and Baeomycetaceae and Cladoniaceae were thought to be closely related, sharing a phylogenetic origin in Lecideaceae.<ref name="Ahti 1982"/> It was transferred to the order Helotiales based on the structure of its ascus, which is similar to those in genus ''Leotia''.<ref name="Tehler 1996"/> However, the Helotiales consists of mostly non-lichenised fungi. The first DNA studies conducted with ''Baeomyces'' species did not suggest any phylogenetic relatedness with ''Leotia''.<ref name="Stenroos & DePriest 1998"/><ref name="Platt & Spatafora 1999"/> Later studies demonstrated a sister group relationship between ''Baeomyces'' and the order Ostropales, and Baeomycetales was informally suggested as a suitable name for this lineage.<ref name="Kauff & Lutzoni 2002"/>

After additional molecular studies confirmed the placement of the Baeomycetaceae in the subclass Ostropomycetidae,<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2006"/><ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2007b"/> the order Baeomycetales was formally circumscribed in 2007 by H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Sabine Huhndorf, and Francois Lutzoni. They suggested that ''Ainoa'', ''Baeomyces'', and ''Phyllobaeis'' were exemplar genera in the order.<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2007"/> The composition of the Baeomycetales has been amended several times since its original circumscription, as molecular phylogenetic analyses have helped to resolve the phylogenetic relationships amongst its members. In 2011, the order was considered to contain two families, Baeomycetaceae and Anamylopsoraceae.<ref name="Hodkinson & Lendemer 2011"/> The latter family, proposed by Lumbsch and Thomas Lunke in 1995,<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 1995"/> was later shown with molecular phylogenetics to nest within the Baeomycetaceae,<ref name="Resl et al. 2015"/> and is now placed in synonymy with that family.<ref name="MycoBank: Anamylopsoraceae"/>

In 2018, the class Lecanoromycetes was revised using a temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to define temporal bands for comparable ranks for orders and families. In this work, the orders Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales were synonymized with Baeomycetales.<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/> In a later review of the use of this method for biological classification of lichens, Robert Lücking considered this merge justified.<ref name="Lücking 2019"/> This synonymy was also accepted in a 2020 review of fungal classification.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

==Classification==

According to a 2020 review on fungal classification, the Baeomycetales contain 8 families and 33 genera. The following list give the families, their taxon authority and year of publication, a brief synopsis of some major characteristics of the family, the genera in each family, and estimated number of species in each genus.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

;Arctomiaceae {{small|Th.Fr. (1861)}}<ref name="Fries 1861"/> :Thallus crustose or fruticose, gelatinized, and with rhizoids. Arctic and subarctic distribution, usually associated with bryophytes. Photobiont partner is cyanobacterial,{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=17}} from genus ''Nostoc''. No secondary chemicals produced.{{sfn|Jaklitsch|Baral|Lücking|Lumbsch|2016|pages=138–139}}

:*''Arctomia'' – 14 spp. :*''Gregorella'' – 1 sp. :*''Steinera'' – 14 spp.{{#tag:ref|''Steinera'' was previously classified in family Koerberiaceae but the genus and many of its species were transferred to the Arctomiaceae in 2017, and a new genus ''Henssenia'' was proposed to contain the remaining species.<ref name="Ertz et al. 2017"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>|group=note}} :*''Wawea'' – 1 sp.

;Arthrorhaphidaceae {{small|Poelt & Hafellner (1976)}}<ref name="Poelt & Hafellner 1976"/> :Thallus either crustose, or immersed within the host. Widespread in temperate and montane regions, growth on soil, with green algal photobiont partner;{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=20}} some species are lichenicolous. Secondary chemicals are depsides and pulvinic acid derivatives.{{sfn|Jaklitsch|Baral|Lücking|Lumbsch|2016|page=129}}

:*''Arthrorhaphis'' – 13 spp.

[[File:Phyllobaeis imbricata.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|''Phyllobaeis imbricata'' (Baeomycetaceae)]]

;Baeomycetaceae {{small|Dumort. (1829)}}<ref name="Dumortier 1829"/> :Thallus crustose or squamulose, apothecia either sessile or sometimes on pink or brown stipes that are special extensions of the thallus that are not lichenized. Widespread distribution with growth typically on rock or soil.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|pages=32–33}}

:*''Ainoa'' – 2 spp. :*''Anamylopsora'' – 3 spp. :*''Baeomyces'' – 10 spp. :*''Parainoa'' – 1 sp. :*''Phyllobaeis'' – 6 spp.

;Cameroniaceae {{small|Kantvilas & Lumbsch (2012)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2012"/> :Thallus crustose with chlorococcoid photobiont and perithecioid, immersed ascomata. Four spores per ascus. Secondary chemicals are dibenzofurans and triphenyls. Found in temperate Tasmania, growth on rocks.{{sfn|Jaklitsch|Baral|Lücking|Lumbsch|2016|page=139}}

:*''Cameronia'' – 2 spp.

[[File:Tremolecia atrata.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|''Tremolecia atrata'' (Hymeneliaceae)]]

;Hymeneliaceae {{small|Körb. (1855)}}<ref name="Körber 1855"/> :Thallus usually crustose, lacking rhizoids, sometimes evanescent. Widespread distribution with growth usually on rocks and green algal photobiont.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=167}} No secondary chemicals produced.{{sfn|Jaklitsch|Baral|Lücking|Lumbsch|2016|page=140}}

:*''Hymenelia'' – 26 spp. :*''Ionaspis'' – 7 spp. :*''Tremolecia'' – 6 spp.

;Protothelenellaceae {{small|Vězda, H.Mayrhofer & Poelt (1985)}}<ref name="Mayrhofer & Poelt 1985"/>{{#tag:ref|The name Thrombiaceae {{small|Poelt & Vězda ex J.C.David & D.Hawksw.}} has been placed in synonymy with Protothelenellaceae.<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>|group=note}}

:Thallus crustose, but sometimes poorly developed, or even absent. Ascomata intermediate in form between apothecial and perithecial, immersed, sometimes becoming erumpent, dark green to black, and opened by a broad pore. Widely distributed in northern temperate regions. Some species grow as saprobes on bark, while others are lichenised with green algae, rarely lichenicolous.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|pages=297–298}} Subcosmopolitan distribution; habitats include acidic rocks and soil, bryophytes and detritus, wood, or other lichens. No secondary chemicals are produced.{{sfn|Jaklitsch|Baral|Lücking|Lumbsch|2016|pages=144–145}}

:*''Mycowinteria'' – 3 spp. :*''Protothelenella'' – 11 spp. :*''Thrombium'' – 5 spp.

[[File:Placopsis lambii - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|''Placopsis lambii'' (Trapeliaceae)]]

;Trapeliaceae {{small|M.Choisy ex Hertel (1970)}}<ref name="Hertel 1970"/> :Thallus crustose to squamulose in form. Collectively, a cosmopolitan distribution, but mostly concentrated in temperate regions. Depsides, depsidones, and anthraquinones produced as secondary chemicals.{{sfn|Jaklitsch|Baral|Lücking|Lumbsch|2016|page=150}}

:*''Amylora'' – 1 sp. :*''Aspiciliopsis'' – 1 sp. :*''Coppinsia'' – 1 sp. :*''Ducatina'' – 1 sp. :*''Lignoscripta'' – 1 sp. :*''Orceolina'' – 2 spp. :*''Placopsis'' – ca. 60 spp. :*''Placynthiella'' – 7 spp. :*''Rimularia'' – 4 spp. :*''Sarea'' – 2 spp. :*''Trapelia'' – 24 spp. :*''Trapeliopsis'' 20 spp.

;Xylographaceae {{small|Tuck. (1888)}}<ref name="Tuckerman 1888"/> :Thallus immersed in the wood substrate with rounded to lirellate fruiting bodies that are pale to blackening. Family resurrected for use following molecular analysis published in 2015.<ref name="Resl et al. 2015"/>

:*''Lambiella'' – 12 spp. :*''Lithographa'' – 10 spp. :*''Ptychographa'' – 1 sp. :*''Xylographa'' – 2 spp.

==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}}

==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

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===Cited literature=== *{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Paul F. |last2=Kirk |first2=Paul M. |year=2007 |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}} *{{cite book |editor-last1=Frey |editor-first1=Wolfgang |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=Walter |last2=Baral |first2=Hans-Otto |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |author-link4=Helge Thorsten Lumbsch |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien |publisher=Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers |publication-place=Berlin Stuttgart |volume=1/2 |year=2016 |edition=13 |isbn=978-3-443-01089-8 |oclc=429208213}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q636577}}

Category:Baeomycetales Category:Ascomycota orders Category:Lichen orders Category:Taxa described in 2007 Category:Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch