{{Short description|Family of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Gabura fasciculare 11361947.jpg | image_caption = ''Gabura fascicularis'' in New Zealand | taxon = Arctomiaceae | authority = Th.Fr. (1861) | type_genus = ''Arctomia'' | type_genus_authority = Th.Fr. (1861) | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''Arctomia''<br /> ''Gabura''<br /> ''Gregorella''<br /> ''Steinera''<br /> ''Wawea'' }}
The '''Arctomiaceae''' are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with ''Arctomia'' as the type genus.<ref name="Fries 1861"/> Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Cannon PF, Kirk PM |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2007 |page=17 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}}</ref> In overall morphology, the Arctomiaceae combine features that are otherwise uncommon together within the Ostropomycetidae: a consistent association with cyanobacterial genus ''Nostoc'', gelatinous thalli, and fruiting bodies that develop openly rather than being enclosed.
==Classification== The order Arctomiales was proposed by Soili Stenroos, Jolanta Miadlikowska, and François Lutzoni in 2014 to contain this family.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/> In 2018, the class Lecanoromycetes was revised using a temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to define temporal bands for comparable ranks for orders and families. In this work, the orders Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales were synonymized with Baeomycetales.<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/> In a subsequent review of the use of this method for biological classification of lichens, Robert Lücking considered this merge justified.<ref name="Lücking 2019"/> This synonymy was also accepted in later compilations of fungal classification, and Arctomiaceae is classified in the order Baeomycetales.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/>
==Description==
Members of the Arctomiaceae are lichen-forming fungi that produce small to moderately developed thalli, which are typically crustose to weakly fruticose and often gelatinous when wet. The thallus is usually closely attached to the substrate and is most often bryophilous, growing directly on mosses or among bryophyte mats. In many species the thallus has a soft, somewhat translucent appearance when hydrated, reflecting its cyanobacterial symbiosis, while in dry conditions it becomes darker, firmer, and more compact. Unlike many other lichen families in the Ostropomycetidae, the Arctomiaceae consistently associate with cyanobacteria of the genus ''Nostoc'' as their primary {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, a feature that strongly influences both thallus texture and ecology.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/>
The reproductive structures are apothecia that develop in a gymnocarpous manner, meaning that the {{lichengloss|disc}} becomes exposed early in development rather than remaining enclosed. Apothecia are usually small, often dark, and may appear partially immersed or only weakly differentiated from the surrounding thallus. The {{lichengloss|exciple}} is frequently thin or poorly developed. Asci are cylindrical and contain eight ascospores; they show a well-developed apical cap and an amyloid reaction in the ascus wall, a {{lichengloss|character}} that aligns the family with other lichenized members of the Lecanoromycetes while still setting it apart by details of ascus structure. Ascospores are hyaline, elongated, and transversely septate, commonly tapering toward the ends, giving them a slightly needle-like outline under the microscope.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/>
==Genera== *''Arctomia'' {{au|Th.Fr. (1861)}}<ref name="Fries 1861"/> – 4 spp. *''Gabura'' {{au|Adans. (1763)}} – 3 spp. *''Gregorella'' {{au|Lumbsch (2005)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2005"/> – 1 sp. *''Steinera'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1906)}}<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1906"/> – 12 spp. *''Wawea'' {{au|Henssen & Kantvilas (1985)}}<ref name="Henssen & Kantvilas 1985"/> – 1 sp.
Genus ''Gabura'' was resurrected for use in 2020 and contains three species formerly placed in ''Arctomia''.<ref name="Magain et al. 2020"/>
==References== <references>
<ref name="Fries 1861">{{cite journal |last1=Fries |first1=T.M. |year=1861 |title=Lichenes arctoi Europae Groenlandiaeque hactenus cogniti |trans-title=Arctic lichens of Europe and Greenland known thus far |journal=Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis |volume=3 |series=3 |pages=103–398 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Henssen & Kantvilas 1985">{{cite journal |last1=Henssen |first1=Aino |last2=Kantvilas |first2=G. |title=''Wawea fruticulosa'', a new genus and species from the Southern Hemisphere |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1985 |doi=10.1017/S0024282985000093 |pages=85–97}}</ref>
<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Huang |first2=Jen-Pan |last3=Nelsen |first3=Matthew |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2018 |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=233–249 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy060}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |title=Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based Cclassifications in fungi (including lichens) and other organisms |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |year=2019 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=199–253 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517}}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |last2=del Prado |first2=Ruth |last3=Kantvilas |first3=Gintaras |title=''Gregorella'', a new genus to accommodate ''Moelleropsis humida'' and a molecular phylogeny of Arctomiaceae |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=37 |issue=4 |year=2005 |pages=291–302 |doi=10.1017/S002428290501532X}}</ref>
<ref name="Magain et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Magain |first1=Nicolas |last2=Spribille |first2=Toby |last3=DiMeglio |first3=Joseph |last4=Nelson |first4=Peter R. |last5=Miadlikowska |first5=Jolanta |last6=Sérusiaux |first6=Emmanuël |title=Phylogenetic evidence for an expanded circumscription of ''Gabura'' (Arctomiaceae) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=52 |issue=1 |year=2020 |doi=10.1017/s0024282919000471 |pages=3–15}}</ref>
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<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1906">{{cite journal |last1=Zahlbruckner |first1=A. |year=1906 |title=Die Flechten der Deutschen Südpolarexpedition 1901–1903 |journal=Deutsche Südpolarexpedition 1901–1903 |volume=8 |pages=19–55 [41] |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11177842}}</ref>
</references>
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4787626}}
Category:Baeomycetales Category:Lichen families Category:Lecanoromycetes families Category:Taxa described in 1861 Category:Taxa named by Theodor Magnus Fries