{{Short description|Subclass of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Graphis scripta 1.jpg | image_caption = The [[script lichen]] species ''[[Graphis scripta]]'' | image_alt = The lichen, Graphis scripta, Jones County, Georgia, USA | taxon = Ostropomycetidae | authority = Reeb, Lutzoni, & [[Claude Roux|Cl.Roux]] (2004) | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = *[[Baeomycetales]] *[[Graphidales]] *[[Gyalectales]] *[[Odontotrematales]] *[[Ostropales]] *[[Pertusariales]] *[[Sarrameanales]] *[[Schaereriales]] *[[Thelenellales]] }}
The '''Ostropomycetidae''' are a [[Subclass (biology)|subclass]] of mostly [[lichen]]-forming fungi in the class [[Lecanoromycetes]]. It contains nine [[order (biology)|orders]] and 37 [[Family (taxonomy)|families]].<ref name="2024 Outline"/>
[[Arctomiaceae]] is the only family in the Ostropomycetidae that associates with [[cyanobacteria]] of the order [[Nostocales]] as its main [[photobiont]] partner.<ref name="Miadlikowska et al. 2014"/>
==Taxonomy==
The subclass was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and [[Claude Roux]]. This classification was based on [[molecular phylogenetics]] studies combining nuclear [[ribosomal RNA]] genes (SSU and LSU) with the protein-coding gene ''[[RPB2]]''. In their study, adding ''RPB2'' to the ribosomal markers was intended to improve resolution and support for deeper relationships among major ascomycete [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]], including lichen-forming groups, and it was in this context that Ostropomycetidae was introduced as a new subclass.<ref name="Reeb et al. 2004"/>
The taxonomic framework is anchored by the type order [[Ostropales]], which includes the type family [[Stictidaceae]] (synonymous with Ostropaceae) and its type genus ''[[Stictis]]''. In the protologue, Ostropomycetidae was characterised broadly enough to include both lichen-forming and non-lichen-forming fungi; when lichenised, members typically have crustose, squamulose, or filamentous thalli, with a green-algal photobiont (either {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} or ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]''). The fruiting bodies are described as apothecia or, in some lineages, perithecia, and the [[ascus|asci]] bear eight or fewer colourless spores that may be simple, transversely septate, or {{lichengloss|muriform}} (divided into many small compartments). [[Phylogenetic]] analyses in the same study resolved two major evolutionary lineages within the subclass: the [[Pertusariales]]-[[Icmadophilaceae]] clade and a group consisting of the Ostropales, [[Baeomycetales]], and [[Hymeneliaceae]].<ref name="Reeb et al. 2004"/>
==Description==
The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of fungi that can exist either as non-lichenised forms or as lichens with a variety of body types, including [[crustose lichen|crust-like]], scaly ([[squamulose lichen|squamulose]]), or filamentous [[thallus|thalli]]. When lichens are present, their [[photosynthetic]] partners ({{lichengloss|photobionts}}) are usually [[green algae]] of a simple, rounded shape ({{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}}) or algae of the genus ''[[Trentepohlia (alga)|Trentepohlia]]'', known for their orangeish hue.<ref name="Reeb et al. 2004"/>
The reproductive structures ([[ascomata]]) of these fungi can be found embedded in the lichen's surface ({{lichengloss|immersed}}), sitting on top of it ({{lichengloss|sessile}}), or raised on a stalk ({{lichengloss|pedunculate}}). They take the form of open, disc-like [[fruiting bodies]] called [[apothecia]]—these can present in different styles, such as cryptolecanorine and {{lichengloss|lecanorine}} forms, and sometimes appear as {{lichengloss|lecideine}} when partially immersed. In some members, the reproductive structures may instead resemble flask-shaped [[perithecia]].<ref name="Reeb et al. 2004"/>
Inside the ascomata are special sac-like cells ([[ascus|asci]]), each typically holding eight or fewer spores ([[ascospore]]s). These spores are colourless and can be {{lichengloss|simple}} (without internal divisions), divided by transverse walls, or arranged into more complex, brick-like partitions ({{lichengloss|muriform}}). Thin, thread-like supporting filaments called [[paraphyses]] may be simple or may branch and reconnect ({{lichengloss|anastomose}}), providing structural support.<ref name="Reeb et al. 2004"/>
The asci can have one or two layers ({{lichengloss|unitunicate}} or {{lichengloss|bitunicate}}) but function as if they have a single layer. They may or may not contain a {{lichengloss|tholus}} (a structure in the ascus tip), and this tholus can sometimes react with [[iodine]], making it appear bluish ([[amyloid (mycology)|amyloid]]). Additionally, some asci have an "ocular chamber"—a distinct region at the tip that helps release spores—while others do not.<ref name="Reeb et al. 2004"/> ==Chemistry==
As with many lichen-forming fungi, members of Ostropomycetidae produce a wide range of [[secondary metabolite]]s: small [[organic compound]]s that are not required for basic growth, but can help lichens cope with stresses and mediate interactions with other organisms. In lichenology these substances matter because their presence and distribution often track particular lineages, so chemical {{lichengloss|characters}} have long been used alongside [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and DNA evidence in [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and [[systematics]]. The lichen partnership also brings additional biosynthetic capacity: the photobiont (green alga or [[cyanobacterium]]) and associated microbes can contribute to, or influence, the overall chemical profile found in the thallus.<ref name="Wang et al. 2025"/>
Across the subclass, reported metabolites span several familiar lichen-chemical families. A recent synthesis of the literature summarised 202 structurally characterised compounds from Ostropomycetidae lichens (drawn from 14 studied families), with roughly half belonging to phenolic [[derivative (chemistry)|derivatives]] such as simple [[phenol]]s, [[depside]]s, [[tridepside]]s, and [[depsidone]]s. Much of the remaining diversity falls under [[polyketide]]-derived groups (including [[lactone]]s, [[phthalide]]s, [[dibenzofuran]]s, [[chromone]]s, and [[xanthone]]s), with additional records of [[fatty acid]]s, [[terpenoid]]s (including sesquiterpenes), [[sterol]]s, and a small number of non-ribosomal [[peptide]]s. Many of these compounds have been screened in laboratory assays for activities such as [[antibacterial]], [[antifungal]], [[antiviral]], [[antioxidant]], and [[anti-inflammatory]] effects. Because many lichens grow slowly, researchers often rely on cultured fungal partners (mycobionts) as an alternative way to obtain enough material for chemical study.<ref name="Wang et al. 2025"/>
==Taxa of uncertain classification==
The following taxa are of uncertain classification ([[incertae sedis]]) in the Ostropomycetidae:<ref name="2024 Outline"/>
Family incertae sedis: *[[Epigloeaceae]] {{au|Zahlbr. (1903)}}
Genera incertae sedis: *''[[Amphorothecium]]'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix (2001)}}<ref name="McCarthy et al. 2001"/> – 1 sp. *''[[Anzina]]'' {{au|Scheid. (1982)}}<ref name="Scheidegger 1985"/> – 1 sp. *''[[Aspilidea]]'' {{au|Hafellner (2001)}}<ref name="Hafellner & Türk 2001"/> – 1 sp. *''[[Bachmanniomyces]]'' {{au|D.Hawksw. (1981)}}<ref name="Hawksworth 1981"/> – 8 spp. *''[[Dictyocatenulata]]'' {{au|Finley & E.F.Morris (1967)}}<ref name="Morris & Finley 1967"/> – 1 sp. *''[[Malvinia]]'' {{au|Döbbeler (2003)}}<ref name="Döbbeler 2003"/> – 1 sp. *''[[Pleiopatella]]'' {{au|Rehm (1908)}}<ref name="Rehm 1908"/> – 1 sp.
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</references>
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2035955}} [[Category:Lecanoromycetes]] [[Category:Lichen subclasses]] [[Category:Fungus subclasses]] [[Category:Taxa described in 2004]] [[Category:Taxa named by Claude Roux]]