{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Calicium viride 861877.jpg | image_caption =''Calicium viride'' | taxon = Calicium | authority = Pers. (1794) | type_species = ''Calicium viride'' | type_species_authority = Pers. (1794) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivisions = }}
'''''Calicium''''' is a genus of leprose lichens.<ref name=SSFGCL/>{{rp|234}} It is in the family Caliciaceae, and has 40 species.<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum"/>
The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a dressmaker's pin (called a mazaedium), hence the common name '''pin lichen'''.<ref name=SSFGCL>Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-0-300-19500-2}}</ref>{{rp|15}} They are also commonly called '''stubble lichens'''.<ref name=SSFGCL/>{{rp|234}}
They have been used as indicator species for old growth redwood forests.<ref name=SSFGCL/>{{rp|234}}
==Taxonomy== The genus was circumscribed in 1794 by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. He included three species in his initial circumscription of the genus: ''C. viride'', ''C. salicinum'', and ''C. pallidum''.<ref name="Persoon 1794"/> The genus name, derived from the Latin ''calix'' or ''calicis'' ("cup") with the diminutive suffix ''-ium'', refers to the shape of the ascocarps.<ref name="Ulloa & Aguirre-Acosta 2020"/>
==Description== The genus ''Calicium'' features crustose lichens, which can be {{lichengloss|verrucose}} to {{lichengloss|granular}} in texture, or immersed in the substrate, and display a range of colours from grey to green-grey, pale yellow, or dark green. Its {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, a symbiotic green alga, is of the {{lichengloss|trebouxioid}} type. The ascomata (fruiting bodies) are apothecial in nature, usually elevated on a long, distinct stalk with a spherical to lens-shaped head, though some may be directly attached ({{lichengloss|sessile}}). These stalks consist of thickened hyphae that are brown to greenish-black and irregularly interwoven. The cup-shaped {{lichengloss|excipulum}}, a supportive structure around the ascomata, is well developed and envelops the dry spore mass.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/>
The asci (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to {{lichengloss|clavate}} (club-shaped) and develop individually from {{lichengloss|ascogenous}} hyphae with croziers, typically dissolving early in their lifespan. {{lichengloss|Ascospores}} within the genus contain a single septum and form a distinctive black, dry-spore mass known as a {{lichengloss|mazaedium}}. These spores have a thick, dark brown wall, often adorned with unique ornamentation.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/> They are generally in the size range 7–19 by 4–8 μm.<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
In terms of asexual reproduction, ''Calicium'' possesses pycnidia, which are sessile or slightly immersed structures producing conidia (asexual spores). These pycnidia are simple and spherical with a {{lichengloss|punctiform}} (point-like) ostiole. The conidiophores within are branched, with somewhat cylindrical, enteroblastic conidigenous cells. The conidia themselves are broadly ellipsoid to short-cylindrical, colourless, and lack septa.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/>
Chemically, the genus contains an array of compounds including orcinol and ß-orcinol depsides, along with depsidones, dibenzofurans, anthraquinones, xanthones, and chemical derivatives of pulvinic acid. These chemicals vary across different species within the genus.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/>
==Habitat, distribution, and ecology== ''Calicium'' has a global presence, primarily found in cool to temperate regions, with only a few species known to occur in tropical areas. These species typically grow on bark and wood, with rare occurrences on rocks and one species specifically adapted to siliceous rocks. ''Calicium'' prefers environments with low light, high humidity, and shelter, often thriving in old-growth forests, although some species can adapt to more open, sun-exposed locations.<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
Two species of ''Calicium'' are lichenicolous, meaning they grow on other lichens. These are ''Calicium episcalare'',<ref name="Tibell 2016"/> which is parasitic on ''Hypocenomyce scalaris'', and ''Calicium ramboldiicola'', which grows on ''Ramboldia elabens''.<ref name="Tibell et al. 2024"/>
==Evolutionary history== The discovery of a ''Calicium''-like fossil in Baltic amber dating back 55–35 million years ago myr indicates that the main distinguishing characteristics of this genus have persisted for at least tens of millions of years.<ref name="Rikkinen 2003"/> A fossil-calibrated phylogeny that includes this fossil suggests that the family Caliciaceae diversified from its most recent common ancestor 103–156 myr ago in the early Cretaceous.<ref name="Prieto & Wedin 2016"/> This fossil lichen has since been formally named as ''Calicium succini''.<ref name="Kettunen et al. 2019"/>
==Species== [[File:Calicium abietinum 60390365.jpg|thumb|right|''Calicium abietinum'']] [[File:Calicium hyperelloides 95821218.jpg|thumb|right|''Calicium hyperelloides'']] [[File:Calicium glaucellum 206835030.jpg|thumb|right|''Calicium glaucellum'']] [[File:Yellow-Collar Stubble Lichen (2276164423).jpg|thumb|right|''Calicium trabinellum'']] {{As of|2023|December}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 40 species in ''Calicium'':<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum"/> {{div col}} * ''Calicium abietinum'' {{small|Pers. (1797)}}<ref name="Persoon 1797"/> * ''Calicium adspersum'' {{small|Pers. (1798)}}<ref name="Persoon 1800"/> * ''Calicium atronitescens'' {{small|F.Wilson (1891)}}<ref name="Bailey 1891"/> * ''Calicium brachysporum'' {{small|(Nádv.) K.Knudsen, Kocourk. & Lendemer (2020)}}<ref name="Knudsen et al. 2019"/> – California * ''Calicium carolinianum'' {{small|(Tuck.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}} * ''Calicium chlorosporum'' {{small|F.Wilson (1891)}}<ref name="Bailey 1891"/> * ''Calicium contortum'' {{small|F.Wilson (1889)}}<ref name="Wilson 1889"/> * ''Calicium corynellum'' {{small|(Ach.) Ach. (1803)}} * ''Calicium diploellum'' {{small|Nyl. (1868)}}<ref name="Nylander 1868"/> * ''Calicium episcalare'' {{small|L.Tibell & T.Knutsson (2016)}}<ref name="Tibell 2016"/> – Sweden * ''Calicium glebosum'' {{small|Müll.Arg. (1887)}}<ref name="Müller 1887"/> * ''Calicium hyperelloides'' {{small|Nyl. (1860)}}<ref name="Nylander 1860"/> * ''Calicium indicum'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/> * ''Calicium laevigatum'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/> * ''Calicium lecideinum'' {{small|(Nyl.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}} * ''Calicium lenticulare'' {{small|Ach. (1816)}} * ''Calicium lucidum'' {{small|(Th.Fr.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}} * ''Calicium lutescens'' {{small|Tibell (2001)}}<ref name="Tibell 2001"/> – Africa * ''Calicium martinii'' {{small|Js.Murray (1960)}}<ref name="Murray 1960"/> * ''Calicium muriformis'' {{small|Tibell (2003)}}<ref name="Tibell & Thor 2003"/> * ''Calicium nobile'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/> * ''Calicium notarisii'' {{small|(Tul.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}} * ''Calicium parvum'' {{small|Tibell (1975)}}<ref name="Tibell 1975"/> * ''Calicium pinicola'' {{small|(Tibell) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}} * ''Calicium pleuriseptatum'' {{small|Tibell & Frisch (2010)}}<ref name="Tibell & Frisch 2010"/> * ''Calicium poculatum'' {{small|G.Thor, McMullin & Gockman (2024)}}<ref name="Thor et al. 2024"/> * ''Calicium pyriforme'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/> * ''Calicium quercinum'' {{small|Pers. (1797)}} * ''Calicium ramboldiicola'' {{small|Tibell, S.R.Clayden & Wedin (2024)}}<ref name="Tibell et al. 2024"/> * ''Calicium robustellum'' {{small|Nyl. (1861)}}<ref name="Nylander 1861"/> * ''Calicium salicinum'' {{small|Pers. (1794)}} * ''Calicium sequoiae'' {{small|C.B.Williams & Tibell (2008)}}<ref name="Williams & Tibell 2008"/> – California * ''Calicium sperlingiae'' {{small|Selva & Tibell (2023)}}<ref name="Selva et al. 2023"/> – Oregon, USA * ''Calicium succini'' {{small|(Casp.) Rikkinen & A.R.Schmidt (2018)}}<ref name="Kettunen et al. 2019"/> * ''Calicium tenuisporum'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/> * ''Calicium tigillare'' {{small|(Ach.) Pers. (1810)}} * ''Calicium trabinellum'' {{small|(Ach.) Ach. (1810)}} * ''Calicium trachylioides'' {{small|(Nyl. ex Branth & Rostr.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}} * ''Calicium tricolor'' {{small|F.Wilson (1889)}}<ref name="Wilson 1889"/> * ''Calicium verrucosum'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/> * ''Calicium victorianum'' {{small|(F.Wilson) Tibell (1987)}} * ''Calicium viride'' {{small|Pers. (1794)}} {{div col end}} The species ''Calicium adaequatum'', first described by William Nylander in 1869, was moved to the monotypic genus ''allocalicium'' in 2016 based on molecular phylogenetics analysis.<ref name="Prieto & Wedin 2016"/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Bailey 1891">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=F.M. |year=1891 |title=Contributions to the Queensland Flora |journal=Botany Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture of Queensland |volume=7}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=''Calicium'' |author=Species Fungorum |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62J86 |work=Catalogue of Life |accessdate=28 December 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009">{{cite book |title=The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland |edition=2nd |editor-last1=Smith |editor-first1=C.W. |editor-last2=Aptroot |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Coppins |editor-first3=B.J. |editor-last4=Fletcher |editor-first4=F. |editor-last5=Gilbert |editor-first5=O.L. |editor-last6=James |editor-first6=P.W. |editor-last7=Wolselely |editor-first7=P.A. |year=2009 |chapter=''Calicium'' Pers. (1794) |last1=Giavarini |first1=V.J. |last2=Purvis |first2=O.W. |location=London |publisher=The Natural History Museum |isbn=978-0-9540418-8-5 |page=262}}</ref>
<ref name="Kettunen et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kettunen |first1=Elina |last2=Sadowski |first2=Eva Maria |last3=Seyfullah |first3=Leyla J. |last4=Dörfelt |first4=Heinrich |last5=Rikkinen |first5=Jouko |last6=Schmidt |first6=Alexander R. |title=Caspary's fungi from Baltic amber: historic specimens and new evidence |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2019 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1238 |pages=365–389 |bibcode=2019PPal....5..365K |hdl=10138/309518 }}</ref>
<ref name="Knudsen et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Knudsen |first1=K. |last2=Kocourková |first2=J. |last3=Lendemer |first3=J.C. |year=2019 |title=''Calicium brachysporum'', a rare California endemic |journal=Bulletin of the California Lichen Society |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=51–53}}</ref>
<ref name="Müller 1887">{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=J. |year=1887 |title=Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=70 |issue=18 |pages=283–288 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/70178}}</ref>
<ref name="Murray 1960">{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=J. |year=1960 |title=Studies of New Zealand lichens. I - The Coniocarpinae |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=88 |pages=177–195}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1860">{{cite book |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1860 |title=Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica |volume=1 |page=153 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1861">{{cite journal |last=Nylander |first=W. |year=1861 |title=Expositio Lichenum Novae Caledoniae |journal=Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique |series=4 |volume=15 |pages=37–54 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1868">{{cite journal |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1868 |title=Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. VII |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=51 |pages=161–165 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58131}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1794">{{cite journal |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1794 |title=Einige Bemerkungen über die Flechten |journal=Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) |volume=7 |pages=1–32 [20] |language=la |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11272/?offset=#page=27&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1797">{{cite book |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1797 |title=Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum |page=59 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1800">{{cite book |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1800 |title=Icones et Descriptiones Fungorum Minus Cognitorum |volume=2 |pages=27–60 [59, t. 14:6] |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Prieto & Wedin 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Prieto |first1=Maria |last2=Wedin |first2=Mats |title=Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae|journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=82 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=221–238 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0372-y |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Rikkinen 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Rikkinen |first1=Jouko |title=Calicioid lichens from European Tertiary amber |journal=Mycologia |volume=95 |issue=6 |year=2003 |pages=1032–1036 |doi=10.1080/15572536.2004.11833019 |pmid=21149012}}</ref>
<ref name="Selva et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Selva |first1=Steven B. |last2=Tibell |first2=Leif |last3=Gordon |first3=Matthew |last4=McMullin |first4=R. Troy |title=''Calicium sperlingiae'', (Caliciaceae), a new species of calicioid lichen from Douglas County, Oregon, U.S.A. |journal=The Bryologist |volume=126 |issue=2 |year=2023 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-126.2.236 |pages=236–241 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371807976}}</ref>
<ref name="Thor et al. 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Thor |first1=Göran |last2=Gockman |first2=Otto |last3=McMullin |first3=R. Troy |last4=Selva |first4=Steve |last5=Goyette |first5=Spencer |last6=Huereca |first6=Alejandro |last7=Spribille |first7=Toby |title=A new lichen and lichenicolous fungus from ''Larix laricina'' in patterned fens of boreal North America |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=56 |issue=6 |year=2024 |doi=10.1017/S0024282924000367 |pages=379–392 |bibcode=2024ThLic..56..379T }}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 1975">{{cite book |last=Tibell |first=L. |year=1975 |title=The Caliciales of boreal North America |series=Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=84}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=L. |year=2001 |title=A synopsis of crustose calicioid lichens and fungi from mainland Africa and Madagascar |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=717–742|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb00759.x }}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell & Thor 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=L. |last2=Thor |first2=G. |year=2003 |title=Calicioid lichens and fungi of Japan |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=94 |pages=205–260}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 2006">{{citation |last=Tibell |first=Leif |title=''Calicium'' in the Indian Himalayas |year=2006 |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=100 |doi=10.18968/jhbl.100.0_809 |pages=809–851}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell & Frisch 2010">{{cite book |last1=Tibell |first1=L. |last2=Frisch |first2=A. |year=2010 |chapter=New data on crustose mazaediate lichens from tropical Africa |editor-first1=J. |editor-last1=Hafellner |editor-first2=I. |editor-last2=Kärnefelt |editor-first3=V. |editor-last3=Wirth |title=Diversity and Ecology of Lichens in Polar and Mountain Ecosystems |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=104 |publisher=J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung |location=Stuttgart |pages= 323–332 |isbn=978-3-443-58083-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=Leif |last2=Knutsson |first2=Tommy |title=''Calicium episcalaris'', (Caliciaceae), a new lichen species from Sweden |year=2016 |journal=Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis |volume=38 |pages=49–52 |url=https://www.iob.uu.se/digitalAssets/780/c_780540-l_1-k_tibell.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-07 |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107141829/https://www.iob.uu.se/digitalAssets/780/c_780540-l_1-k_tibell.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell et al. 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=Leif |last2=Clayden |first2=Stephen R. |last3=Prieto |first3=Maria |last4=Wedin |first4=Mats |title=A new ''Calicium'' on ''Ramboldia'' |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=56 |issue=5 |year=2024 |doi=10.1017/S0024282924000343 |pages=301–307 |bibcode=2024ThLic..56..301T }}</ref>
<ref name="Ulloa & Aguirre-Acosta 2020">{{cite book |last1=Ulloa |first1=Miguel |last2=Aguirre-Acosta |first2=Elvira |title=Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi |publisher=APS press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-89054-618-5 |page=60}}</ref>
<ref name="Williams & Tibell 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cameron B. |last2=Tibell |first2=Leif |title=''Calicium sequoiae'', a new lichen species from north-western California, USA |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=40 |issue=3 |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/S0024282908007615 |pages=185–194 |bibcode=2008ThLic..40..185W }}</ref>
<ref name="Wilson 1889">{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=F.R.M. |year=1889 |title=A description of forty-one Victorian lichens new to science |journal=Victorian Naturalist |volume=6 |pages=61–69 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30015887}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5019850}}
Category:Calicium Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon Category:Caliciales genera Category:Taxa described in 1794