Paofu

{{Short description|Long Chinese robes}} {{Infobox Chinese | c = 袍服 | p = Páofú | l = Gown or robe | pic = Han Tomb Mural, Luoyang.jpg | piccap = Men and women dressed in jiaolingpao (cross-collar robe), Han Tomb Mural, Luoyang | pic2 = 1a Zhao Mengfu Man Riding a Horse, dated 1296 (31.5 x 620 cm) Palace Museum, Beijing.jpg | piccap2 = Zhao Mengfu wearing a yuanlingpao (round collar robe), dated 1296. | hangul = 포 | hanja = 袍 | lang1 = English | lang1_content = Robe/ Chinese robe | altname = Pao | c2 = 袍 | p2 = Páo | j2 = pou4 | rr = Po }}

'''{{tlit|zh|Paofu}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=袍服|p=páofú|l=robe}}), also known as {{zhp|c=袍|p='''páo'''|l=robe}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Bonds|first=Alexandra B.|title=Beijing opera costumes : the visual communication of character and culture|date=2008|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=978-1-4356-6584-2|location=Honolulu|pages=52–54|oclc=256864936}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Burkus |first=Anne Gail |title=Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou |date=2010 |others=Yuan, active Liu |isbn=978-1-68417-050-0 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=956711877}}</ref>{{Rp|page=90}} for short, is a form of a long, one-piece robe in {{tlit|zh|Hanfu}}, which is characterized by the natural integration of the upper and lower part of the robe which is cut from a single fabric.<ref name=":10" /> The term is often used to refer to the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} and the {{tlit|zh|yuanlingpao}}.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=90}} The {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} was worn since the Zhou dynasty<ref name=":3" /> and became prominent in the Han dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hua |first1=Mei |title=Chinese clothing |last2=华梅 |date=2004 |publisher=China International Press |others=于红. |isbn=7-5085-0612-X |location=Beijing |pages= |oclc=61214922}}</ref>''{{Rp|page=13}}'' The {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} was a unisex, one-piece robe;<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Heather |first=Langford |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2440/64723 |title=The textiles of the Han Dynasty & their relationship with society |publisher=The University of Adelaide |year=2009 |location=Australia |pages= |hdl=2440/64723 |oclc=749107460|type=Thesis }}</ref>{{Rp|page=234|pages=}} while it was worn mainly by men, women could also wear it.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=12}} It initially looked similar to the ancient {{tlit|zh|shenyi}}; however, these two robes are structurally different from each other.''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=10–13}}'' With time, the ancient {{tlit|zh|shenyi}} disappeared while the {{tlit|zh|paofu}} evolved gaining different features in each succeeding dynasties; the {{tlit|zh|paofu}} continues to be worn even in present day.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}} The term {{tlit|zh|paofu}} refers to the "long robe" worn by ancient Chinese,<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=15}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |title=World Clothing and Fashion An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=9781317451679 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=217|pages=}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Fang |date=2019 |title=On the Differences between the "Paofu" and "Ruqun" Types of Men's Costumes in the Cave Murals of Dunhuang--《Dunhuang Research》 |url=https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DHYJ201905016.htm |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=en.cnki.com.cn}}</ref> and can include several form of Chinese robes of various origins and cuts, including {{tlit|zh|Changshan}}, {{tlit|zh|Qipao}}, {{tlit|zh|Shenyi}}, {{tlit|zh|Tieli}}, {{tlit|zh|Zhisun}}, {{tlit|zh|Yesa}}.

== Terminology == {{See also|Ru (upper garment)}} The term {{zhp|p=paofu|c=袍服}} is composed of the Chinese characters {{zhp|p=pao|c={{Linktext|袍}}}}, which literally means "robe", and {{zhp|p=fu|c={{Linktext|服}}}} which literally means "clothing". The character {{zhp|p=pao|c=袍}} is the same character which is used as an abbreviated synonym of {{tlit|zh|paofu}}.

The Chinese character {{lang|zh|袍}} can be found in ancient texts dating prior to the Qin and Han dynasties, such as in the {{zhp|p=Lun Yu|c={{Linktext|論語}}}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Analects : 《子罕 - Zi Han》 |url=https://ctext.org/analects/zi-han |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=ctext.org |language=}}</ref> According to the {{Tlit|zh|Guangyun}}, the character {{lang|zh|袍}} can also refer to the {{zhp|l=long jacket|p=chángrú|s=长襦|t=長襦}}.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:廣韻 : 下平聲 : 豪 : 袍 - Chinese Text Project |url=https://ctext.org/text.pl?node=295087&if=en |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=ctext.org |language=en}}</ref> The term {{tlit|zh|changru}} which appear in the ancient texts has been described as the precursor of the {{tlit|zh|chang ao}} by scholars.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Finnane |first=Antonia |title=Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14350-9 |location=New York |oclc=84903948}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=48–50}}

=== Naming based on design === There are different types of {{tlit|zh|paofu}}, which can be referred by different names and terms based on its style, cut, length, and specific features.

The term {{tlit|zh|changpao}} is a generic term which refers to robes which are long in length and can include different forms of long robes, such as the ancient {{tlit|zh|shenyi}}, the {{tlit|zh|yuanlingpao}}.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}}

There are also specific terms which is used to described {{tlit|zh|pao}} with or without lining or padding: for example, {{tlit|zh|jiapao}} and {{tlit|zh|mianpao}},<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=12}} {{zhp|p=yunpao|c=縕袍|l=hemp robe}} which is robe quilted with hemp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhuangzi : Miscellaneous Chapters :《讓王 - Kings who have wished to resign the Throne》 |url=https://ctext.org/zhuangzi/kings-who-have-wished-to-resign |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=ctext.org |language=zh-TW}}</ref>

There are specific types of {{tlit|zh|paofu}}, which can be named based on their specific cut, construction, accessories, and wearing styles, are the:

* {{tlit|zh|Baoyi bodai}} – a simple, loose-fitting robes with long, open sleeves, a style worn by men which provided a carefree look to its wearer.''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}}'' * {{tlit|zh|Daopao}} * {{tlit|zh|Guipao}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}} * {{tlit|zh|Jiaolingpao}} – long robe with a cross-collar closing which closes to the right; worn since the Zhou dynasty.<ref name=":3" /> * {{tlit|zh|Panling lanshan}} vs {{tlit|zh|Yuanlingpao}} vs {{tlit|zh|Fanlingpao}} * {{zhp|p=Longpao|c=龙袍}} – dragon robe. * {{zhp|p=Xi|c=|t=襲}} – an ancient term used to refer to the {{tlit|zh|paofu}} which closed on the left side in a style called {{zhp|p=zuoren|c=左衽袍|t=}} as defined by the {{tlit|zh|Shuowen jiezi}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuo Wen Jie Zi : 卷九 : 衣部 - Chinese Text Project |url=https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/yi-bu3 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=ctext.org |language=zh-TW}}</ref> It was typically worn by a deceased person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Education |date=2021 |title=Dictionary review [襲 : ㄒㄧˊ] Ministry of Education 《Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary》 |url=https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=6841&la=1&powerMode=0 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=dict.revised.moe.edu.tw}}</ref> * {{tlit|zh|Zhiduo}} vs {{tlit|zh|Zhishen}}

== Construction and design == {{Main|Garment collars in Hanfu}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 300 | image1 = | alt1 = | alt2 = | align = left | perrow = 2 | image3 = Daopao (Ming dynasty style).jpg | caption3 = A daopao, a form of paofu with a youren closure, Ming dynasty | image2 = | caption1 = Front view of a zhijupao (a form of shenyi) with a youren closure | caption2 = Inner construction of a zhijupao, the upper and lower garment are sewn together }} The {{tlit|zh|paofu}} and the {{tlit|zh|shenyi}} are both one-piece robes as an result.''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}}'' However, the difference between those two is the cut and construction of the garment.

The {{tlit|zh|shenyi}} is composed of two parts: an upper garment called {{tlit|zh|yi}} and a lower garment called {{tlit|zh|chang}}, which are then sewn together into a one-piece robe;<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=10}} and therefore, there is the presence of a middle seam where the two parts were connected together. The {{tlit|zh|paofu}}, on the other hand, has its upper and lower part made out of a single fabric leading to the absence of middle seam between the upper and lower part.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-04 |title=Hanfu History {{!}} The Development of Chinese Robe System - 2022 |url=https://www.newhanfu.com/2235.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.newhanfu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Typically the {{tlit|zh|paofu}} closes on the right side in a style called {{tlit|zh|youren}} and was a very important symbol of cultural identity for the Han Chinese.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Ma |first=Xiaofang |title=Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018) |url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iccessh-18/25898038 |date=2018 |publisher=Atlantis Press |isbn=978-94-6252-528-3 |pages=639–643 |language=en |chapter=Study on the Aesthetics of Han Chinese Clothing Culture in the TV Play q ''Nirvana'' in Fireq |doi=10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.143}}</ref> The {{tlit|zh|paofu}} could also be found closing on the left style called {{tlit|zh|zuoren}}. The {{tlit|zh|paofu}} with a {{tlit|zh|zuoren}} closure was generally associated with the dress of ethnic minorities and the Hufu;<ref name=":72" /> however, they could also be the funeral dress of the Han Chinese.<ref name=":72" /> It was also a possible for some living Han Chinese to adopt {{tlit|zh|paofu}} with a {{tlit|zh|zuoren}} closure in geographical areas which were ruled by foreign nationalities.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUvrAAAAMAAJ&q=damao&pg=PA208 |title=The Museum of Far East Antique Bulletin 70 |publisher=Östasiatiska museet |year=1998 |pages=208}}</ref>{{Clear}}

== History ==

=== Zhou dynasty === [[File:Changshadragon.jpg|thumb|Eastern Zhou silk painting featuring a man wearing {{tlit|zh|shenyi}} and a {{tlit|zh|guan}} with a dragon.]] In the Zhou dynasty, {{tlit|zh|paofu}} was one of the basic clothing worn by the Han Chinese people, along with the Chinese trousers, called {{tlit|zh|ku}}.<ref name=":3" /> The style of {{tlit|zh|paofu}} which was widely worn in this period is the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}}, which was a long robe with an overlapping front closing on the right side, a style called {{tlit|zh|jiaoling youren}}.<ref name=":3" /> The {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} was made with 2-length of fabric which started from the back hem and continued down to the front hem without discontinuity over the shoulders; they were then sewed at the central region of the back and under the arms which often allowed for side vents on the lower side seams to be formed.<ref name=":3" /> To form the sleeves, 2 additional pieces of fabrics were sewed together at the shoulder regions of the garment.<ref name=":3" /> It was left open in the front, and it could be closed at the waist with a tie or with a belt.<ref name=":3" /> Other pieces of fabric could be added to make the width at the sides bigger or to create the overlapping front of the robe.<ref name=":3" />

=== Han dynasty === {{See also|Shenyi}} thumb|284x284px|Woman wearing a floor-length {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} revealing her undergarments, Han dynasty. left|thumb|270x270px|A male servant wearing a mid-calf length {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}}, Han dynasty. left|thumb|270x270px|Reconstruction of Han dynasty shenyi. The {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} became a prominent form of attire in the Han dynasty; it was mainly worn by men, although it was sometimes worn by women. Even with the rising popularity of {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}}, women continued to wear {{tlit|zh|shenyi}}.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=12}} In the Han dynasty, {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} was typically worn by the members of royalty and by the aristocrats as an outerwear.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Po |script-title=ko:(袍)|url=https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/7237|website=Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture}}</ref> It was also the uniform of government officials.<ref name=":6" /> Around the 206 BC, the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} worn by elders had large sweeping sleeves which would be tied tightly to the wrist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |title=World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-45167-9 |location=Hoboken |pages= |oclc=910448387}}</ref>{{Rp|page=529}} The {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} could be found in different length; the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}}, which could reach down to the ankles, were usually worn by scholars or elderlies whereas knee-length {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} were worn by warriors and heavy labourers.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=13}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=217|pages=}} Elderlies started to wear the ankle-length {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} after 206 BC.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=217|pages=}}

The {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} in the Han dynasty had linings; and it could be called {{tlit|zh|jiapao}} or {{tlit|zh|mianpao}} based on whether it was padded.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=12}}<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=234}} It was padded or quilted for warmth.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=217|pages=}} The sleeves were typically very wide and would become cinched at the wrists.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=12–13}} The collar was {{tlit|zh|jiaoling youren}}, and it was cut lower than the {{tlit|zh|shenyi}}, and it was also low enough to expose the undergarments of its wearer.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=13}}<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=234|pages=}} It was also typically decorated with an embroidered dark-coloured band at the collar, front hem, and at the wrists.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=13}}{{Clear}}

=== Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties === {{Main|Yuanlingshan|Panling Lanshan|Swallow-tailed Hems and Flying Ribbons clothing|l1 = Yuanlingpao}} By the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties, the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} of the Han dynasty evolved into the {{zhp|s=褒衣博带|t=褒衣博帶|p=bāoyī bódài|l=loose clothing long belt}} and into the more complex and elaborate women's {{tlit|zh|paofu}}, {{tlit|zh|guipao}}.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}}

==== {{tlit|zh|Baoyi bodai}} ==== [[File:Seven_Sages_of_the_Bomboo_Grove.Rubbing1.Xishanqiao.jpg|thumb|339x339px|{{tlit|zh|Baoyi bodai}}-style {{tlit|zh|paofu}} from the ''Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove,'' a tomb of the capital region of the Southern dynasties (5th-6th. c.).]] The {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}} was a type of loose {{Tlit|zh|paofu}} with long ribbons for men.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}} The {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}} gave its wearer a casual and simple appearance.''<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=14}}'' Loose type of clothing was often worn during leisure times as found in the depictions of the ''Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove'' where men had their upper clothing open, allowed their inner garment to be exposed, a knotted belt or sash which would tied to the upper garment at the chest level, and their skirts and lower garment would be held by a belt made of clothing which would be knotted at the front of the lower garment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dien |first=Albert E. |title=Six dynasties civilization |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07404-8 |location=New Haven, Conn. |pages= |oclc=72868060}}</ref>{{Rp|page=315}} [[File:Gu Kaizhi 345.jpg|left|thumb|Men wearing loose {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} depicted in the ''Nymph of the Luo River'' by Gu Kaizhi]] thumb|222x222px|Loose {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} with large sleeves, by Gu Kaizhi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=5000 years of Chinese costumes |date=1987 |publisher=China Books & Periodicals |author1=Xun Zhou周汛 |author2=Chunming Gao |author3=Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu |isbn=0-8351-1822-3 |location=San Francisco, CA |oclc=19814728}}</ref>{{Rp|page=58}} The {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}}-style appears to have been a Northern Chinese style instead of a Southern Chinese style.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=315}} The {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}}-style eventually became fashionable in the South.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Tsiang|first=Katherine R.|date=2002|title=Changing Patterns of Divinity and Reform in the Late Northern Wei|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3177267|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=84|issue=2|pages=222–245|doi=10.2307/3177267|jstor=3177267 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Loose {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} with flowing, loose sleeves was a popular style among men from diverse social strata in the Eastern Jin and in the Southern dynasties period; a {{tlit|zh|bixi}} was sometimes attached to the waist of the {{tlit|zh|paofu}}.<ref name=":8" />{{Rp|page=56}}

The {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}} style also appeared on the images of Buddha which dates from the late 5th century AD.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=315}} The {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}} style appears to have been a direct consequence of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization reforms in 486 AD.<ref name=":5" /> The popularity of the {{tlit|zh|baoyi bodai}} style was very high, and it eventually replaced the Indian-style clothing (i.e. ''sanghati'') which used to be depicted on the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Early medieval China : a sourcebook |date=2014 |others=Wendy Swartz, Robert Ford Campany, Yang Lu, Jessey Jiun-Chyi Choo |isbn=978-0-231-53100-9 |location=New York |pages= |oclc=873986732}}</ref>{{Rp|page=435}}<ref name=":5" />{{Clear}}

=== Sui and Tang dynasties === {{Expand section|date=June 2022}} thumb|291x291px|A woman wearing a {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}}, Tang dynasty In the Tang dynasty, the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} evolved into a {{tlit|zh|paofu}} with a round collar,<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=|pages=14}} referred as {{tlit|zh|yuanlingpao}} or {{tlit|zh|panling lanshan}}. However, Tang dynasty women also continued to wear long and loose {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} which was tied and knotted with a large sash at the hipline.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=4}}{{Clear}}

=== Song dynasty === {{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

=== Yuan dynasty === {{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

=== Ming dynasty === {{Expand section|date=June 2022}} In Ming dynasty, the {{tlit|zh|jiaolingpao}} continued to be worn by commoner men; it was worn with an undershirt, loose trousers ({{tlit|zh|ku}}), and a sash around the waist.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Sun |first=Ming-ju |title=Chinese fashions |date=2002 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-42053-1 |location=Mineola, N.Y. |pages= |oclc=55693573}}</ref>{{Rp|page=28}} Other specific forms of {{tlit|zh|paofu}} also coexisted such as: {{tlit|zh|daopao}}, {{tlit|zh|yuanlingpao}}, {{tlit|zh|zhiduo}}, {{tlit|zh|zhishen}}, and {{tlit|zh|panling lanshan}}, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Hanfu History {{!}} The Development of Chinese Robe System - 2021|url=https://www.newhanfu.com/2235.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.newhanfu.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Qing dynasty === {{Expand section|date=June 2022}}{{Main|Qizhuang}}

== Derivatives and influences ==

=== Japan === The kimono was based on a type of Chinese {{tlit|zh|pao}} which was popular in the 8th century AD Japanese court.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sun|first=Ming-Ju|title=Japanese kimono paper designs : coloring book|date=2007|publisher=Dover|isbn=978-0-486-46223-3|location=Mineola, N.Y.|oclc=271671537}}</ref>

=== Korea === Chinese-style {{tlit|ko|po}} ({{Korean|hangul=포|hanja=袍|rr=po|mr=p'o|labels=|links=|lit=}}) influenced by the Han dynasty coexisted together with the native Korean {{tlit|ko|po}} during the Three Kingdom period.<ref name=":6" /> The po influenced by the Han dynasty either had a straight collar crossing at the front, which is referred as {{tlit|ko|jingnyeong gyoim}} ({{Korean|hangul=직령교임|hanja=直領交衽|rr=Jiknyeonggyoim}}), or had a straight collar which does not overlap at the front, which is referred as {{tlit|ko|jingnyeong daeim}} ({{Korean|hangul=직령대임|hanja=|rr=jingnyeongdaeim}}); the sleeves of the Chinese-style {{tlit|ko|po}} were also long enough to cover the back of the hands; the robe could reach the ankle-level or longer, and could even trail on the ground.<ref name=":6" />

During the Goguryeo period, a form of {{tlit|zh|paofu}}, which was the precursor of the {{tlit|ko|durumagi}}, was adopted and worn by the upper class of Goguryeo in various forms for ceremonies and rituals.<ref name=":03">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Samuel Songhoon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-F01CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |title=Hanbok: Timeless Fashion Tradition |date=2013 |publisher=Seoul Selection |isbn=9781624120565 |pages=13–14 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

The {{tlit|ko|dallyeong}} ({{Korean|hangul=단령|hanja=團領|rr=dallyeong|mr=tallyŏng}}) originated from the Chinese's {{tlit|zh|yuanlingpao}}; it was introduced from the Tang dynasty was introduced during the Silla period.<ref name=":6" />

== See also ==

* Hanfu *List of Hanfu * {{tlit|zh|Shenyi}} * Swallow-tailed Hems and Flying Ribbons clothing * {{tlit|zh|Ru}} – Chinese upper garment

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Chinese traditional clothing Category:Robes and cloaks