Varisulca

{{Short description|Proposed subphylum of protists}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Ancyromonas.png | image_alt = "Ancyromonas" sp. | image_caption = ''Ancyromonas'' sp. | taxon = Varisulca | authority = Cavalier-Smith, 2002 | display_parents = 3 | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Classes | subdivision = * Hilomonadea * Diphyllatea * Glissodiscea }}

'''Varisulca''' is a proposed basal podiate taxon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Snell|first3=Elizabeth A.|last4=Berney|first4=Cédric|last5=Fiore-Donno|first5=Anna Maria|last6=Lewis|first6=Rhodri|date=2014-12-01|title=Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=81|pages=71–85|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012|pmid=25152275|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014MolPE..81...71C }}</ref> It encompassed several lineages of heterotrophic protists, most notably the ancyromonads (planomonads), collodictyonids (diphylleids), rigifilids (''Rigifila'', ''Micronuclearia'') and mantamonads. Recent evidence suggests that the latter three are closely related to each other, forming a clade called CRuMs, but that this is unlikely to be specifically related to ancyromonads.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Matthew W|last2=Heiss|first2=Aaron A|last3=Kamikawa|first3=Ryoma|last4=Inagaki|first4=Yuji|last5=Yabuki|first5=Akinori|last6=Tice|first6=Alexander K|last7=Shiratori|first7=Takashi|last8=Ishida|first8=Ken-Ichiro|last9=Hashimoto|first9=Tetsuo|date=2018-01-19|title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=427–433|doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014|issn=1759-6653|pmc=5793813|pmid=29360967}}</ref>

Cavalier-Smith had proposed the new subphylum Varisulca which consists of the classes Hilomonadea, Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea.<ref name=Cavalier-Smith2013>{{cite journal | author = Cavalier-Smith T | year = 2013 | title = Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa | journal = Eur J Protistol | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 115–78 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001 | pmid=23085100}}</ref> The validity of this proposed taxonomy has yet to ruled upon by the Society of Protistologists. It is unlikely to be widely accepted, since Varisulca appears to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic (ancyromonads are not inferred to be the sister group to CRuMs). Glissodiscea and Multirhiza (a taxon encompassing Diphyllatea and Glissodiscea) also appear paraphyletic or polyphyletic, since ''Mantamonas'' belongs to CRuMs but ancyromonads do not.

Varisulca appear to be paraphyletic stem Podiata. So the other basal Podiata such as Malawimonas, Metamonada and/or Amoebozoa and Amorphea may have emerged in the Varisulca.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith|first=Thomas|date=2017-02-05|title=Origin of animal multicellularity: precursors, causes, consequences—the choanoflagellate/sponge transition, neurogenesis and the Cambrian explosion|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B|language=en|volume=372|issue=1713|article-number=20150476|doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0476|issn=0962-8436|pmid=27994119|pmc=5182410 |bibcode=2017PTRSB.37250476C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavalier-Smith|first1=Thomas|last2=Chao|first2=Ema E.|last3=Lewis|first3=Rhodri|title=187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=99|pages=275–296|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023|pmid=27001604|year=2016|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016MolPE..99..275C }}</ref> Some groups of Apusozoa are now considered Varisulca. The Apusomonadida (e.g. ''Thecamonas'') now not directly associated with Varisulca but are considered sister of the opisthokonts. Sulcozoa (originally only Varisulca and Apusozoa)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ruggiero|first1=Michael A.|last2=Gordon|first2=Dennis P.|last3=Orrell|first3=Thomas M.|last4=Bailly|first4=Nicolas|last5=Bourgoin|first5=Thierry|last6=Brusca|first6=Richard C.|last7=Cavalier-Smith|first7=Thomas|last8=Guiry|first8=Michael D.|last9=Kirk|first9=Paul M.|date=2015-04-29|title=A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|article-number=e0119248|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248|pmid=25923521|pmc=4418965|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019248R|doi-access=free}}</ref> now encompasses the Unikonta/Amorphea and becomes equivalent to (stem) Podiata and Sarcomastigota.{{fact|date=January 2021}}

{{clade |style=font-size:80%;line-height:80% |label1=Eukaryotes |1={{Clade |label1=Scotokaryotes/|sublabel1=Opimoda/Neozoa |1={{Clade |state1=dashed |1='''Metamonada''' |2={{Clade |state1=dashed |1='''''Malawimonas''''' |label2=Podiata |2={{Clade |state1=double |1='''Varisulca''' |label2=Amorphea/|sublabel2=Unikont |2={{Clade |1=Amoebozoa |label2=Obazoa |2={{Clade |1=Breviata |2={{Clade |1=Apusomonadida |2=Opisthokonta }} }} }} }} }} }} |2=Corticata/Diphoda/Diaphoretickes/Bikont }} }} Mantamonadida appear to be sister to Apusomonadida in the Apusozoa in some findings.<ref name="pmid20884290">{{cite journal|date=September 2010|title=The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa)|journal=Protist|volume=162|issue=2|pages=207–221|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2010.06.004|pmid=20884290|vauthors=Glücksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Orr|first1=Russell J. S.|last2=Zhao|first2=Sen|last3=Klaveness|first3=Dag|last4=Yabuki|first4=Akinori|last5=Ikeda|first5=Keiji|last6=Makoto|first6=Watanabe M.|last7=Shalchian-Tabrizi|first7=Kamran|title=Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes: Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=115 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1224-z |doi-access=free |pmid=30021531 |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..115O |biorxiv=10.1101/199125|pmc=6052632}}</ref>

== Taxonomy == [Warning: Varisulca, Multirhiza and Glissodiscea lack molecular phylogenetic support and are strongly non-monophyletic in recent studies]

Subphylum '''Varisulca''' Cavalier-Smith 2012 * Superclass Hilomonadia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Class Hilomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2008 em. 2012 *** Order Rigifilida Cavalier-Smith & Yabuki 2012 **** Family Rigifilidae Cavalier-Smith & Yabuki 2012 ***** Genus ''Rigifila'' Cavalier-Smith & Yabuki 2012 **** Family Micronucleariidae Cavalier-Smith 2008 ***** Genus ''Micronuclearia'' Mikrjukov & Mylnikov 2001 * Superclass Multirhiza Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Class Diphyllatea Cavalier-Smith 2003 [Anisomonadea] *** Order Diphylleida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Collodictyonida] **** Family Sulcomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Genus ''Sulcomonas'' Brugerolle 2006 **** Family Diphylleidae Cavalier-Smith, 1993 [Collodictyonidae Brugerolle et al. 2002] ***** Genus ''Diphylleia'' Massart 1920 non Michaux 1803 ***** Genus ''Collodictyon'' Carter 1865 ** Class Glissodiscea Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Order Discocelida Cavalier-Smith 1997 **** Family Discoceliidae Cavalier-Smith 2012 ***** Genus ''Discocelia'' Cavalier-Smith 2013 [''Discocelis'' Vørs 1988 non Ehrenberg 1836] *** Order Mantamonadida Cavalier-Smith Glücksman et al. 2011 **** Family Mantamonadidae Cavalier-Smith Glücksman et al. 2011 ***** Genus ''Mantamonas'' Cavalier-Smith Glücksman et al. 2011 *** Order Planomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2008<ref name="Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith 2013">{{cite journal | author = Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith | year = 2013 | title = Phylogeny and evolution of Planomonadida (Sulcozoa): Eight new species and new genera Fabomonas and Nutomonas | journal = European Journal of Protistology| volume = 49 | issue =2 | pages = 179–200 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.08.007| pmid = 23369787 }}</ref> (Ancyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000) **** Family Ancyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 ***** Genus ''Ancyromonas'' Kent 1880 **** Family Planomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2008 ***** Genus ''Fabomonas'' Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013 ***** Genus ''Planomonas'' Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013 **** Family Nutomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2013 ***** Genus ''Nutomonas'' Cavalier-Smith 2013

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Eukaryote subphyla Category:Podiata