{{Short description|Order of protists}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Ancyromonads | image = Nutomonas limna BrazJBiol 2020.png | image_caption = ''Nutomonas limna'' schematic drawing (A) and micrograph (B), where the arrow indicates the rostrum. Scale bar: 5 μm. | taxon = Ancyromonadida | authority = Cavalier-Smith 1997 em. Atkins 2000 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * Ancyromonadidae * Planomonadidae | diversity = 39 species and 4 subspecies | synonyms = *Planomonadida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small> }}
'''Ancyromonadida''' or '''Planomonadida''' is a small group of biflagellated eukaryotes found in the soil and in aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria.<ref name="Cavalier-Smith2013">Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0932473912000508 Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa]. European journal of protistology, 49(2), 115-178.</ref><ref name="pmid18723395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S|title=Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov |journal=Protist |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=535–62 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18723395 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2008.06.002 }}</ref> They are freshwater or marine organisms, benthic, dorsoventrally compressed and with two unequal flagellae, each emerging from a separate pocket. The apical anterior flagellum can be very thin or end in the cell membrane, while the posterior flagellum is long and is inserted ventrally or laterally. The cell membrane is supported by a thin single-layered theca and the mitochondrial crests are discoidal/flat.<ref name="adl2012">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x| pmid=23020233| pmc=3483872|title = The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes| journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology| volume=59| issue=5| pages=429–514|year = 2012|last1 = Adl|first1 = Sina M.| last2=Simpson| first2=Alastair G. B.| last3=Lane| first3=Christopher E.| last4=Lukeš| first4=Julius| last5=Bass| first5=David| last6=Bowser| first6=Samuel S.| last7=Brown| first7=Matthew W.| last8=Burki| first8=Fabien| last9=Dunthorn| first9=Micah| last10=Hampl| first10=Vladimir| last11=Heiss| first11=Aaron| last12=Hoppenrath| first12=Mona| last13=Lara| first13=Enrique| last14=Le Gall| first14=Line| last15=Lynn| first15=Denis H.| last16=McManus| first16=Hilary| last17=Mitchell| first17=Edward A. D.| last18=Mozley-Stanridge| first18=Sharon E.| last19=Parfrey| first19=Laura W.| last20=Pawlowski| first20=Jan| last21=Rueckert| first21=Sonja| last22=Shadwick| first22=Laura| last23=Schoch| first23=Conrad L.| last24=Smirnov| first24=Alexey| last25=Spiegel| first25=Frederick W.}}</ref>
The group's placement is doubtful, as it seems to fall outside the five supergroups of eukaryotes.<ref name="burki2014">{{cite journal|author = Burki, F.|year = 2014|title = The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective|journal = Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology|pages = 1–17|doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a016147|pmid = 24789819|volume = 6|issue = 5|pmc = 3996474}}</ref> Cavalier-Smith considers that they constitute a basal group to Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta and places it together with other related groups in Sulcozoa.<ref name="Ruggiero2015">Ruggiero, M. A., Gordon, D. P., Orrell, T. M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R. C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. y Kirk, P. M. (2015). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms.]</ref> However, they appear more basal than ''Malawimonas'', placing them in Loukozoa, possibly as stem podiates, and depending on the placement of the root position of the eukaryotes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Matthew W.|last2=Heiss|first2=Aaron|last3=Kamikawa|first3=Ryoma|last4=Inagaki|first4=Yuji|last5=Yabuki|first5=Akinori|last6=Tice|first6=Alexander K.|last7=Shiratori|first7=Takashi|last8=Ishida|first8=Ken|last9=Hashimoto|first9=Tetsuo|date=2017-12-03|title=Phylogenomics places orphan protistan lineages in a novel eukaryotic super-group|journal=Genome Biol Evol|volume=10|issue=2|language=en|pages=427–433|doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014|pmid=29360967|pmc=5793813}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Torruella|first=Guifré|last2=Mendoza|first2=Alex de|last3=Grau-Bové|first3=Xavier|last4=Antó|first4=Meritxell|last5=Chaplin|first5=Mark A.|last6=Campo|first6=Javier del|last7=Eme|first7=Laura|last8=Pérez-Cordón|first8=Gregorio|last9=Whipps|first9=Christopher M.|title=Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi|journal=Current Biology|volume=25|issue=18|pages=2404–2410|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053|pmid=26365255|year=2015|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Phylogeny== {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1=Scotokaryota/Opimoda |1={{Clade |1=Metamonada <small>Cavalier-Smith 1987 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003</small> |2={{Clade |1='''Ancyromonadida''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000</small> |2={{Clade |1=Malawimonadea <small>Cavalier-Smith 2003</small> |2={{Clade |label1=Podiata |1={{Clade |1=CRuMs<ref name="Brown_2018">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Matthew W |last2=Heiss |first2=Aaron A |last3=Kamikawa |first3=Ryoma |last4=Inagaki |first4=Yuji |last5=Yabuki |first5=Akinori |last6=Tice |first6=Alexander K |last7=Shiratori |first7=Takashi |last8=Ishida |first8=Ken-Ichiro |last9=Hashimoto |first9=Tetsuo |date=2018-01-19 |title=Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy014 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=5793813 |pmid=29360967}}</ref> |2={{Clade |label1=Amorphea |1={{Clade |1=Amoebozoa <small>Lühe 1913 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998</small> |2={{Clade |label1=Obazoa |1={{Clade |1=Breviatea <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004</small> |2={{Clade |1=Apusomonadida <small>Karpov & Mylnikov 1989</small> |2=Opisthokonta }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
==Taxonomy== {{cladogram |title=Cladogram of Ancyromonadida<ref name="Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith 2013" /> |{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:400px; |1={{Clade |label1=Planomonadidae |1={{Clade |1=''Fabomonas tropica'' |label2=''Planomonas'' |2={{Clade |1=''P. brevis'' |2={{Clade |1=''P. bulbosa'' |2={{Clade |1=''P. elongata'' |2=''P. micra'' }} }} }} }} |label2=Ancyromonadidae |2={{Clade |label1=''Ancyromonas'' |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=''A. atlantica'' |2=''A. indica'' }} |2={{Clade |1=''A. kenti'' |2=''A. sigmoides'' }} }} |label2=''Nutomonas'' |2={{Clade |label1=''Striomonas'' |1=''N. longa'' |label2=''Nutomonas'' |2={{Clade |1=''N. howeae'' |2=''N. limna'' }} }} }} }} }} }}
* Order '''Ancyromonadida''' <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Atkins 2000</small><ref name="Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith 2013">{{cite journal | author = Glücksman, Snell & Cavalier-Smith | year = 2013 | title = Phylogeny and evolution of Planomonadida (Sulcozoa): Eight new species and new genera Fabomonas and Nutomonas | journal = European Journal of Protistology| volume = 49 | issue =2 | pages = 179–200 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.08.007| pmid = 23369787 }}</ref> ** Family Planomonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small> (may be paraphyletic<ref name="Yubuki_2023">{{cite journal |last1=Yubuki |first1=Naoji |last2=Torruella |first2=Guifré |last3=Galindo |first3=Luis Javier |last4=Heiss |first4=Aaron A. |last5=Ciobanu |first5=Maria Cristina |last6=Shiratori |first6=Takashi |last7=Ishida |first7=Ken‐ichiro |last8=Blaz |first8=Jazmin |last9=Kim |first9=Eunsoo |last10=Moreira |first10=David |last11=López‐García |first11=Purificación |last12=Eme |first12=Laura |title=Molecular and morphological characterization of four new ancyromonad genera and proposal for an updated taxonomy of the Ancyromonadida |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |date=November 2023 |volume=70 |issue=6: e12997 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12997 |issn=1550-7408|hdl=2117/404022 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>) *** Genus ''Fabomonas'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''F. tropica'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''F. mesopelagica'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> *** Genus ''Planomonas'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''P. brevis'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''P. bulbosa'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''P. cephalopora'' <small>(Larsen & Patterson 1990) Cavalier-Smith 2008</small> [''Bodo cephalopora'' <small>Larsen & Patterson 1990</small>; ''Ancyromonas cephalopora'' <small>(Larsen & Patterson 1990) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010</small>] **** Species ''P. elongata'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''P. micra'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small> [''Ancyromonas micra'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010</small>] ** Family Ancyromonadidae <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small> [Phyllomonadidae <small>Hada 1968</small>] *** Genus ''Ancyromonas'' <small>Kent 1880</small> [''Phyllomonas'' <small>Klebs 1892</small>] **** Species ''A. abrupta'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. atlantica'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''A. contorta'' <small>(Klebs 1883) Lemmermann 1914</small> [''Phyllomonas contorta'' <small>Klebs 1883</small>] **** Species ''A. impluvium'' <small>Lee 2015</small> **** Species ''A. indica'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''A. kenti'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Species ''A. lata'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. magna'' <small>Zhang & Yang 1993</small> **** Species ''A. mediterranea'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''A. metabolica'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. minuta'' <small>Skvortzov 1958</small> **** Species ''A. nitzschiae'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. pacifica'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''A. parasitica'' <small>Massart</small> **** Species ''A. prima'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. rotundata'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. rugosa'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> **** Species ''A. sigmoides'' <small>Kent 1880 sensu Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010</small> [''Planomonas mylnikovi'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small>] **** Species ''A. sinistra'' <small>Al-Qassab et al. 2002</small> [''Planomonas sinistra'' <small>(Al-Qassab et al. 2002) Cavalier-Smith 2008</small>] **** Species ''A. socialis'' <small>Skvortzov 1957</small> *** Genus ''Caraotamonas'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''C. croatica'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> *** Genus ''Nutomonas'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> **** Subgenus ''Nutomonas'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> ***** Species ''N. howeae'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> [''Planomonas howeae'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small>; ''Ancyromonas howeae'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010</small>] ****** Subspecies ''N. h. howeae'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> ****** Subspecies ''N. h. lacustris'' <small>Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> ***** Species ''N. limna'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> [''Planomonas limna'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2008</small>; ''Ancyromonas limna'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Heiss, Walker & Simpson 2010</small>] ****** Subspecies ''N. l. limna'' <small>(Cavalier-Smith 2008) Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2013</small> ****** Subspecies ''N. l. terrestris'' <small>Cavalier-Smith & Glücksman 2013</small> *** Genus ''Nyramonas'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''N. glaciarum'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''N. silfraensis'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> *** Genus ''Olneymonas'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''O. thurstoni'' <small>Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> *** Genus ''Striomonas'' <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013 stat. nov. Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> **** Species ''S. longa'' <small>Cavalier-Smith & Glücksman 2013 stat. nov. Yubuki et al. 2023</small><ref name="Yubuki_2023"/> ** ''Incertae sedis'' Ancyromonadida<ref name="Barkhouse_2025"/> *** Genus ''Divimonas'' <small>Barkhouse, Eglit, Weston and Simpson 2025</small><ref name="Barkhouse_2025">{{cite journal |last1=Barkhouse |first1=Kate M. |last2=Eglit |first2=Yana |last3=Weston |first3=Elizabeth J. |last4=Jenkins |first4=Adriana B. A. |last5=Simpson |first5=Alastair G. B. |title=Cultivation of Ancyromonas melba, and Reclassification as the Type Species of Divimonas gen. nov., a Phylogenetically Important Ancyromonad Lineage |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |date=March 2025 |volume=72 |issue=2: e70005 |doi=10.1111/jeu.70005|pmc=11891473 }}</ref> **** Species ''D. melba'' <small>(Simpson & Patterson 1996) comb. n. Barkhouse, Eglit, Weston and Simpson 2025</small> [''Ancyromonas melba'' <small>Patterson & Simpson 1996</small>]<ref name="Barkhouse_2025"/>
== References == {{Reflist|2}}
== External links == * {{Wikispecies-inline}}
{{Life on Earth}} {{Eukaryota}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q9150820|from2=Q25360644}}
Category:Excavata Category:Scotokaryotes