{{short description|Taxonomic system of plant classification, by John Lindley (1799–1865)}} An early system of plant taxonomy, the '''Lindley system''', was first published by John Lindley as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830).{{sfn|Lindley|1830}} This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813).{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/46/mode/1up 1830 Lindley ''An Introduction &c'']}} He developed this further over a number of publications, including the ''Nixus plantarum'' (1833){{sfn|Lindley|1833}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/47/mode/1up 1833 Lindley ''Nixus'']}} and a second edition of ''Natural History'' (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families).{{sfn|Lindley|1836}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/52/mode/1up 1836 Lindley ''A Natural System &c'']}} He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838).{{sfn|Lindley|1838}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/54/mode/1up 1838 Lindley ''Exogens'']}} In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register.{{sfn|Lindley|1839}}{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/55/mode/1up 1839 Lindley ''Botanical Register'']}} Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846, 1847, 1853).{{sfn|Lindley|1846}}{{sfn|Lindley|1847}}{{sfn|Lindley|1853}}
The schema of the ''Natural History'' is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii.{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/57/mode/1up Summary tables p. xxxvii ]}} In the ''Vegetable Kingdom'',{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853,{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} with the schema on p. ''lv''.{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/61/mode/1up p. ''lv'']}} Cross references from ''Natural History'' to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' in [Square brackets].
== Summary ==
=== ''An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany'' (1830) === :Schema p. xxxv,{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/55/mode/1up General view ]}} :Outline p. xxxvii :Index p. 345 :Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English) * Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1 ** Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) p. 1 *** Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2 *** Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245 ** Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) p. 251 *** Tribe I Petaloideae p. 252 *** Tribe II Glumaceae * Class II: Cellulares (Flowerless plants) ** 1. Filicoideae ** 2. Muscoideae ** 3. Aphyllae * Index to ''Introduction to Natural History'' p. 345{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/413/mode/1up p. 345]}}
=== ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846–1853)=== :Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes) :Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/61/mode/1up p. ''lv'']}} :Genera organised into Alliances and Orders Flowerless plants (Asexual) * Class I: Thallogens * Class II: Acrogens Flowering plants (Sexual) * Class III: Rhizogens * Class IV: Endogens * Class V: Dictyogens * Class VI: Gymnogens * Class VII: Exogens *Index to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' p. 833{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/975/mode/1up p. 833]}}
== Natural History orders (1830–1836) ==
165 orders (list p. 3)
=== Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants === p. 1
==== Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) ==== * Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2 ** Polypetale 165 orders p. 2 *** Thalamiflorae **** Apocarpae ***** 23. Menispermeae p. 31 ***** ... ***** 117. Coriarieae p. 135 **** Syncarpae ***** 5. Nymphaeaceae ***** ... ***** 130. Violaceae (Violets) p. 146 ***** ... ***** 107. Humiriaceae *** Calyciflorae **** Apocarpae **** 38. Saxifrageae **** ... **** 147. Crassulaceae **** Syncarpae ***** 132. Malesherbiaceae ***** ... ***** 1. Araliaceae (Aralia) p. 4 ***** ... ***** 58. Alangieae ** Apetale *** Aristolochiae *** ... *** Empetreae ** Achlamydeae *** Podostemeae *** .... *** Piperaceae ** Monopetale *** Gesnereae *** ... *** Orobancheae * Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245 ** Coniferae ** Cycadeae
==== Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) ==== Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up xlvi]}} * Tribe I Petaloideae 32 orders p. 252{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/320/mode/1up Petaloideae p. 252]}} (May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Petaloideae p. xlvi]}} ** Tripetaloideae 8 orders{{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Tripetaloideae]}} *** 230 Butomeae (p. 253) [Alismales 208] *** 229 Alismaceae (p. 253) [Alismales 209] *** 232 Commelineae (p. 255) [Xyridales 188] *** 233 Xyrideae (p. 255) [Xyridales 187] *** 231 Hydrocharideae (p. 254) [Hydrales 141] *** 234 Bromeliaceae (p. 256) [Narcissales 147] *** 241 Scitamineae (p. 265) *** 242 Marantaceae (p. 267) [Amomales 168] ** Hexapetaloideae(17 orders){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/66/mode/1up Hexapetaloideae]}} *** 235: Hypoxideae *** 236: Burmannieae (p. 257) *** 237: Haemodoraceae (Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260 *** 238: Amaryllideae (Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae *** 239: Irideae (p. 260) [Narcissales 159] *** 240 Orchideae (p. 262) [Orchidales 173] ..... *** 243 Musaceae (p. 269) *** 235 Hypoxideae (p. 257) [Narcissales 154] *** 238 Amaryllideae (p. 259) [Narcissales 155] *** 237 Haemadoraceae (p. 258) [Narcissales 155] *** ............ *** ............ *** 244 Junceae (p. 270) [Juncales 191] *** 247 Asphodeleae (p. 273) [Liliaceae 200] *** 248 Gilliesieae (p. 275) [Liliales 196] *** 251 Liliaceae (p. 279) [Liliales 200] *** 249 Smilaceae (p. 277) *** 253 Restiaceae (p. 283) ''[Glumales 121]'' - Glumaceae ** Spadiceae (7 orders){{sfn|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/67/mode/1up Spadiceae]}} *** 254 Pandaneae p. 284 *** 255 Typhaceae p. 285 *** 256 Aroideae p. 286 *** 257 Balanophoreae p. 288 *** 258 Fluviales p. 289 *** 259 Juncagineae p. 290 *** 259 Pistiaceae p. 291 [Arales 124] * Tribe II Glumaceae 2 orders p. 292 [Glumales 105] ** Cyperaceae [107] ** Gramineae p. 292 [Graminaceae 106]
=== Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants === p. 307 * 1. Filicoideae, or Fern-like plants ** Equisetaceae ** Filices ** Lycopodiaceae ** Marsileaceae * 2. Muscoideae, or Moss-like plants ** Musci ** Hepaticae ** Characeae * 3. Aphyllae ** Lichenes ** Fungi ** Algae
== Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853) == ''(pages refer to 1853 edition)'' === Flowerless plants === p. 5
==== Class I: Thallogens ==== 3 Alliances ** Algales p. 8 *** Diatomaceae *** ... *** Characeae ** Fungales, Fungi p. 29 *** Hymenomycetes *** ... *** Physomycetes ** Lichenales, Lichens p. 45 *** Graphidaceae *** Collemaceae *** Parmeliaceae
==== Class II: Acrogens ==== 3 Alliances p. 51 ** Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54 *** Hepaticae **** Ricciaceae **** ... **** Equisetaceae, Horsetails *** Musci **** Andraeaceae **** Bryaceae ** Lycopodales p. 68 *** Lycopodaceae *** Marsileaceae ** Filicales p. 74 *** Ophioglossaceae *** Polypodiaceae, Ferns *** Danaeaceae
=== Flowering plants ===
==== Class III: Rhizogens ==== 3 orders p. 83 * Balanophoraceae p. 88 * Cytinaceae p. 91 * Rafflesiaceae p. 93
==== Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons) ==== 11 Alliances p. 95 * Glumales 5 orders p. 105 ** Graminaceae, Grasses ** Cyperaceae, Sedges ** ... ** Eriocaulaceae, Pipeworts * Arales 4 orders p. 123 ** Pistiaceae ** Typhaceae ** Araceae ** Pandanaceae * Palmales, Palms 1 order p. 133 ** Palmaceae * Hydrales 4 orders p. 140 ** Hydrocharidaceae ** Naiadaceae ** Triuridaceae ** Zosteraceae * Narcissales 6 orders p. 146 ** Bromeliaceae p. 147 ** Taccaceae ** Haemodoraceae ** Hypoxidaceae p. 154 ** Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155<ref name=VGAmaryllidaceae/> *** Amarylleae *** Narcisseae *** Alstromerieae *** Agaveae ** Iridaceae p. 159 (53 Genera, 550 species) * Amomales 3 orders p. 162 ** Musaceae ** Zingiberaceae ** Marantaceae * Orchidales 3 orders p. 170 ** Burmanniaceae ** Orchidaceae, Orchids ** Apostasiaceae * Xyridales 4 orders p. 185 ** Philydraceae ** .... ** Mayaceae * Juncales 2 orders p. 190 ** Juncaceae, Rushes ** Orontiaceae * Liliales p. 195 4 orders ** Gilliesiaceae p. 196 ** Melanthaceae ** Liliaceae, Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200<ref name=VGLiliaceae/> *** I Tulipeae *** ... *** IV Scilleae *** ... *** IX Asparageae *** ... *** XI Ophiopogoneae ** Pontederaceae * Alismales 3 orders p. 207 ** Butomaceae ** Alismaceae ** Juncaginaceae
==== Class V: Dictyogens ==== 5 orders p. 211 * Dioscoreaceae, Yams p. 214 * ... * Roxburghiaceae
==== Class VI: Gymnogens ==== 4 orders p. 221 * Cycadaceae, Cycads * Pinaceae, Conifers p. 226 * Taxaceae * Gnetaceae
==== Class VII: Exogens ==== 4 subclasses * Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249 * Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325 ** Alliance 26: Violales p. 325 *** Family 116: Violaceae p. 338 * Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523 ** 48. Echiales p. 649 *** Family 258: Boraginaceae p. 655 * Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688
==Notes== His final schemata is illustrated in the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', his last work, on pages lv-lxvii.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/61/mode/1up p. lv]}} In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.
== References == {{Reflist|20em|refs=
<ref name=VGAmaryllidaceae>{{harvnb|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/261/mode/1up Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155]}}</ref>
<ref name=VGLiliaceae>{{harvnb|Lindley|1853|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/310/mode/1up Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200]}}</ref>
}}
== Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=Nixus plantarum|date=1833|publisher=Apud Ridgway et filios|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77192#/summary}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum|date=1838|publisher=Charles Knight|location=London|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ThePennyCyclopaediaOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge/ThePennyCyclopaediaOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledgeVolume10Ernesti-Frustum#page/n127/mode/2up|chapter=Exogens|pages=120–123}} * {{cite journal|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden|journal=Botanical Register|volume=xxv|pages=76–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA76|date=1839}}
;A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836) * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|edition=1st|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7551#/summary}} * {{cite book|last1=Lindley|first1=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy|date=1836|orig-year=1830|publisher=Longman|location=London|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/anaturalsystemb00lindgoog}}
;The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853) * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|edition=1st|year=1846| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1847|orig-year=1846|edition=2nd|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/109531}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1853|orig-year=1846|edition=3rd.|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary}} {{refend}}
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy}}
Category:Systems of plant taxonomy