Seljuk dynasty

{{Short description|Oghuz Turkic dynasty}} {{redirect|Seljuk Turks|the territory over which they ruled|Seljuk Empire}} {{Royal house | name = Seljuk dynasty | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|trk-x-oldanat|سلجك}}|{{native name|tk|Seljuklar}}|{{native name|tr|Selçuklular}}|{{native name|fa|سلجوقیان}}}} | coat of arms = Ince minare sculpture 1.jpg | caption = Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I. | parent_family = {{tree list}}Oghuz Turks ** Qiniq (tribe){{tree list/end}} | origin = Turkestan | titles = * '''Head of the Seljuk Dynasty'''{{efn|Held by Seljuk, Mikail ibn Seljuk, Arslan Isra'il and initially by Tughril I and Chaghri Bey together.}} * '''Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire''' * '''Sultan of Rum''' * '''Shah of Kermân (or Kirmân)''' * '''Emir of Damascus''' * '''Emir of Aleppo''' * '''Kubadoğulları Emir''' | styles = See '''§ Titles''' | founding year = 11th century CE | founder = '''Seljuk''' | country = '''Seljuk's Dominion at Cend.''' '''Great Seljuk Empire''' '''Kerman Seljuk Sultanate''' '''Sultanate of Rum''' '''Emirate of Aleppo''' '''Emirate of Damascus''' '''Kubadoğulları Emirate''' | historic_seat = {{collapsible list | title=Initial Dominion: | {{plainlist| * '''Cend''' (985-1037){{efn|Toghrul and Chaghri Bey had left Cend before 1016 with their tribe and were engaged in nomadic activities until they entered the service of the Qarakhanids. Since they did not officially undeclared their rule in Cend until 1037 (when Tughril occupied Nishapur), the article represents Cend as a seat of the Seljuks until 1037.}}}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title=Great Seljuk: | {{plainlist| * Nishapur (1037–1043) * Ray (1043–1051) * Isfahan (1051–1118) * Merv (1118–1153, east) * Hamadan (1118–1194, west)}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title=Kerman Seljuk: | {{plainlist| * Kerman / Bardasir (1041-1186) * Bam (1186-1187)}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title=Rum: | {{plainlist| * Nicaea (İznik) (1077–1097) * Iconium (Konya) (1097–1211, 1220-1308) * Sebastia (Sivas) (1211–1220)}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title=Aleppo: | {{plainlist| * Aleppo (1086-1117)}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title=Damascus: | {{plainlist| * Damascus (1076-1104)}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title=Kubadoğulları: | {{plainlist| * Samsun (1318-1422)}}}} | dissolution =1422{{efn|The last Kubadoğulları Emir (Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey) surrendered Samsun to the Ottomans.}} | deposition = {{center|'''Initial Dominion:''' 1016 - '''Tughril I''' abandoned Cend. 1037 - '''Tughril I''' declares Nishapur as capital.<hr />'''Emirate of Damascus''': 1104 – '''Baktāsh ''(Ertaş)''''', dethroned by Toghtekin<hr />'''Great Seljuk Empire''': 1194 – '''Toghrul III''' was killed in battle with Tekish <hr />'''Sultanate of Rum''': 1308 – '''Mesud II''' died. De facto power falls under Mongol and Ilkhanid Governers.<hr>'''Kerman Seljuk Sultanate:''' 1186 - '''Muhammad II''' overthrown by Malik Dinar.<hr>'''Emirate of Aleppo:''' 1118 - '''Sultan Shah''' hands over Aleppo to Ilghazi.<hr>'''Kubadoğulları Emirate:''' 1422 - '''Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey''' surrenders Samsun to the Ottomans.}} | nationality = | traditions = '''Religion:-''' {{bulleted list|'''Sunni Islam''' (Maturidi Hanafi)|'''Tengrism'''{{efn|Initially by Tuqaq and Seljuk}}|'''Eastern Orthodoxy'''{{efn|Some Sultans of Rum maintained a dual Christian-Muslim identity, especially Kaykhusraw I and his later rulers. They are alleged to be baptized by Byzantines during exile or secretly by Christian concubines.}}}}'''Culture:-''' {{bulleted list|'''Turco-Persian tradition'''}} | final_ruler = Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey }}

The '''Seljuk dynasty''', or '''Seljukids'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Neiberg|first1=Michael S.| author-link=Michael S. Neiberg|title=Warfare in World History|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-58342-3|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Jonathan|title=Byzantium and the Crusades|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78093-736-6|pages=39–45}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|dʒ|ʊ|k}} {{respell|SEL|juuk}}; {{langx|trk-x-oldanat|سلجك}} ''Sälcük''; {{langx|az|Səlcuqlular}} or {{lang|az|Səlcuqilər}}; {{langx|tk|Seljuklar}}; {{langx|ota|سلچوق}} ''Selçuk''; {{langx|tr|Selçuklular}}; {{langx|fa|سلجوقیان}} ''Saljuqian'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq|last=Rāvandī|first=Muḥammad|publisher=Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr|year=1385|isbn=978-964-331-366-1|location=Tihrān}}</ref>) alternatively spelled as '''Saljuqids'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Saljuqids |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ii2-islamic-period-page-3 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref> or '''Seljuk Turks''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tetley |first1=G.E |editor1-last=Hillenbrand |editor1-first=Carole |title=The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |pages=1–16 |isbn=978-0-415-43119-4}}</ref><ref name="manzikert">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=Kate |title=The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=1 |url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97805216/20932/excerpt/9780521620932_excerpt.pdf}}</ref> was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.<ref>Grousset, Rene, ''The Empire of the Steppes'', (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran…", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."</ref><ref>Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")</ref>

The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chief Tuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars,<ref>{{cite book |last=Peacock |first=A. C. S. |title=Early Seljūq history : a new interpretation |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-203-85695-6 |oclc=828533970 |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Özgüdenli |first=Osman Gazi |chapter=Selçukluların Kökeni |trans-chapter=Origin of the Seljuks |pages=19–37 |editor-last=Turan |editor-first=Refik |language=tr |title=Selçuklu Tarihi El Kitabı |trans-title=Seljuk History Handbook |publisher=Grafiker Yayınları |year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism |first=Peter |last=Golden |title=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. |editor-first1=Peter |editor-last1=Golden |editor-first2=Haggai |editor-last2=Ben-Shammai |editor-first3=András |editor-last3=Roná-Tas |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |page=159}}</ref> in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

==Early history== The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,<ref>Concise Britannica Online [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9378199/Seljuq-dynasty Seljuq Dynasty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114233201/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9378199/Seljuq-dynasty |date=2007-01-14 }} article</ref><ref>The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh ([https://books.google.com/books?id=jmMpaJZemk0C&pg=PA3 LINK])</ref><ref>Shaw, Stanford. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA7 LINK])</ref><ref>Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209</ref> who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State<ref>Wink, Andre, ''Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World'' Brill Academic Publishers, 1996, {{ISBN|978-90-04-09249-5}} p. 9</ref> in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.<ref>''Islam: An Illustrated History'', p. 51</ref> During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.<ref name = Adas/> When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.<ref name = Adas>Michael Adas, ''Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History'', (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.</ref>

In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of ''dehqan''.<ref>Bosworth, C.E. ''The Ghaznavids: 994–1040'', Edinburgh University Press, 1963, 242.</ref> At the Battle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,<ref>Tony Jaques, ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O'', (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.</ref> established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.<ref name="iranica" /><ref name="britannica" /><ref name="Ravandi" /><ref>M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311062248/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK]}}): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."</ref><ref>F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia'', Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."</ref>

==Later period== After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,<ref>Bosworth, C.E.; Hillenbrand, R.; Rogers, J.M.; Blois, F.C. de; Bosworth, C.E.; Darley-Doran, R.E., "Saldjukids," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009: "Culturally, the consisting of the Seljuq Empire marked a further step in the dethronement of Arabic from being the sole lingua franca of educated and polite society in the Middle East. Coming as they did through a Transoxania which was still substantially Iranian and into Persia proper, the Seljuqs with no high-level Turkish cultural or literary heritage of their own – took over that of Persia, so that the Persian language became the administration and culture in their land of Persia and Anatolia. The Persian culture of the Rum Seljuqs was particularly splendid, and it was only gradually that Turkish emerged there as a parallel language in the field of government and adab; the Persian imprint in Ottoman civilization was to remain strong until the 19th century.</ref><ref>Ehsan Yarshater, "Iran" in ''Encyclopedia Iranica'': "The ascent of the Saljuqids also put an end to a period which Minorsky has called "the Persian intermezzo" (see Minorsky, 1932, p. 21), when Iranian dynasties, consisting mainly of the Saffarids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids, the Kakuyids, and the Bavandids of Tabarestan and Gilan, ruled most of Iran. By all accounts, weary of the miseries and devastations of never-ending conflicts and wars, Persians seemed to have sighed with relief and to have welcomed the stability of the Saljuqid rule, all the more so since the Saljuqids mitigated the effect of their foreignness, quickly adopting the Persian culture and court customs and procedures and leaving the civil administration in the hand of Persian personnel, headed by such capable and learned viziers as ‘Amid-al-Molk Kondori and Nezam-al-Molk."</ref><ref>C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in ''UNESCO History of Humanity'', Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, 2000. p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose ''Mathnawī'', composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."</ref> and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".<ref>Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."</ref> Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.<ref name="iranica">O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', Online Edition, ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120122005207/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_pers_mss_ott_20050106.html LINK]}})</ref><ref name="britannica">''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Seljuq", Online Edition, ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 LINK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219231803/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066688 |date=2007-12-19 }}): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."</ref><ref name="Ravandi">M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in ''Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies)'', vol. 25–26 (2005), pp. 157–169</ref>

==Seljuk rulers==

===Rulers of the Seljuk Dynasty=== [[File:Male_royal_figure,_12-13th_century,_from_Iran.jpg|thumb|Head of Seljuk male royal figure, 12–13th century, from Iran. Carved and drilled stone with Iranian craftsmanship. Kept at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.]] [[File:Borj-toghrul.jpg|thumb|Toghrol Tower, a 12th-century monument south of Tehran commemorating Toğrül]] [[File:Kharaghan.jpg|thumb|The Kharāghān twin towers, built in Iran in 1053 to house the remains of Seljuk princes]] The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.

{| width=60% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Titular name(s) ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Personal name ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Reign |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |''Bey'' {{Nastaliq|بیگ}} |align="center"| Tughril I {{Nastaliq|طغرل}} |align="center"|1037–1063 |- |align="center"| Suleiman<ref name="Çağrı"/> {{Nastaliq|سلیمان شاہ}} |align="center"|1063<ref name="Selçuklular"/> |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} |align="center"| Alp Arslan (Arslan I) {{Nastaliq|الپ ارسلان}} |align="center"|1063–1072 |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} ''Jalāl al-Dawlah'' {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ }} |align="center"| Malik Shah I {{Nastaliq|ملک شاہ یکم }} |align="center"|1072–1092 |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din {{Nastaliq|ناصر الدنیا والدین}} |align="center"| Mahmud I {{Nastaliq|محمود یکم}} |align="center"|1092–1094 |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} ''Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din'' {{Nastaliq|أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین }} |align="center"| Barkiyaruq {{Nastaliq|برکیارق }} |align="center"|1094–1105 |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} ''Muizz al-Din'' {{Nastaliq|معز الدین }} |align="center"| Malik Shah II {{Nastaliq|ملک شاہ دوم }} |align="center"|1104–1105 |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} ''Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din'' {{Nastaliq|غیاث الدنیا والدین }} |align="center"| Muhammad I Tapar {{Nastaliq|محمد تاپار }} |align="center"|1105–1118 |- |align="center"|''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان}} ''Muizz al-Din'' {{Nastaliq|معز الدین }} |align="center"| *Ahmad Sanjar {{Nastaliq|احمد سنجر}} |align="center"|1118–1153 |- | colspan="4" align="center" | Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs. |} * ''Muhammad's son Mahmud II succeeded him in western Persia, but Ahmad Sanjar, who was the governor of Khurasan at the time being the senior member of the family, became the Great Seljuk Sultan.''

===Seljuk sultans of Hamadan=== [[File:Seljuk Empire locator map.svg|right|300px|thumb|The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I<ref>{{Cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|title=The Atlas of World History|publisher=Covent Garden Books|year=2005|location=American Edition, New York|pages=65, 228|isbn=978-0-7566-1861-2}} This map varies from other maps which are slightly different in scope, especially along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.</ref>]]

The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids. * Mahmud II 1118–1131 * 1131–1133 disputed between: ** Dawud 1131–1132 ** Mas'ud (in Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan) 1132 ** Toghrul II, 1132–1133 * Mas'ud 1133–1152 * Malik Shah III 1152–1153 * Muhammad II 1153–1159 * Suleiman-Shah 1159–1161 * Arslan-Shah 1161–1177 * Toghrul III 1177–1194

In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.

===Seljuk rulers of Kerman=== {{Main|Kerman Seljuk Sultanate}}

Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman. * Qavurt 1041–1073 (great-grandson of Seljuq, brother of Alp Arslan) * Kerman Shah 1073–1074 * Sultan Shah 1074–1075 or 1074–1085 * Hussain Omar 1075–1084 or 1074 (before Sultan Shah) * Turan Shah I 1084–1096 or 1085–1097 * Iranshah ibn Turanshah 1096–1101 or 1097–1101 * Arslan Shah I 1101–1142 * Muhammad I 1142–1156 * Tuğrul Shah 1156–1169 or 1156–1170 * Bahram-Shah 1169–1174 or 1170–1175 * Arslan Shah II 1174–1176 or 1175–1176 * Turan Shah II 1176–1183 * Muhammad II Shah 1183–1187 or 1183–1186 Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1196.

===Seljuk rulers in Syria=== '''Sultans/Emirs of Aleppo''': ''After the Battle of Ain Salm in 1086, Tutush I besieged and captured Aleppo from its chief Hassan ibn Hibat Allah al-Hutayti, declaring himself the Emir of Aleppo.'' * '''Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I''' 1085–1086 ''However, with the intervention of Malik Shah I, Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, a Non-Seljuqid, was installed as the governor of Aleppo. Aq Sunqur al-Hajib continuously switched alliegances, after finally being beheaded by Tutush I in 1094.'' * '''Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I''' 1086–1086 ''(During occupation of Aleppo, abandoned by Tutush I)'' * '''Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I''' 1086–1092 ''(As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)'' * '''Nasir al-Din Mahmud I''' 1092-1093 ''(As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)'' * '''Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I''' (''second time'') 1093-1093 ''(As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)'' * '''Rukn al-Din Berkyaruq''' 1093-1094 ''(As overlord of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib)'' * '''Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I''' (''third time'') 1094–1095 * '''Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan''' 1095–1113 * '''Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras''' 1113–1114 (''Under the regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya'') * '''Sultan Shah ibn Radwan''' 1114–1117 (''Under the regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya'') * '''Sultan Shah ibn Radwan''' 1117-1118 (''independent'') ''Sultan Shah ibn Radwan hands over Aleppo to the Artuqids, but still acted as a claimant. He also participated in the Siege of Aleppo (1124–1125).'' * '''Sultan Shah ibn Radwan''' 1118-1125 (''claimant'')<hr>

'''Sultans/Emirs of Damascus''': * Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076–1079 * Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079–1095 * Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095–1104 * Tutush II 1104 * Muhi ad-Din Baktāsh ''(Ertaş)'' 1104 ''Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin''

===Seljuk sultans of Rum (Anatolia)=== {{Main|Sultanate of Rûm}}

[[File:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1190 Locator Map.svg|thumb|300px|The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1190, before the Third Crusade]] {{History of the Turks pre-14th century}} * Kutalmish 1060–1077 ''(Ancestor. Not Sultan)'' * Emir Mansur ''(Declared his rule in Anatolia. Not Sultan)'' * Suleyman I (Suleiman) 1077–1086 ''Two regents namely Abu'l-Qasim and Abu'l-Hasan Ghazi ruled between 1086 and 1092. They were Non-Seljuqids.'' * Dawud Kilij Arslan 1092–1107 * Malik Shah 1107–1116 * Rukn ad-Din Mesud I 1116–1156 * Melik Arab ''(claimant)'' * Melik Toğrul Arslan ''(regional claimant)'' * Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156–1192 * Malik Shah II ''(claimant)'' * Sons of Kilij Arslan II ''(regional claimants)'' * Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I 1192–1196 * Suleyman II (Suleiman) 1196–1204 ''Suleiman established his brother Tughril Shah as the de facto ruler of Erzurum. Tughril's son Jahan Shah also ruled in Erzurum. Their rule ended with the intervention of Kayqubad I.'' * Kilij Arslan III 1204–1205 * Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw I ''(second time)'' 1205–1211 * Izz ad-Din Kaykaus I 1211–1220 * Ala ad-Din Kayqubad I 1220–1237 * Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw II 1237–1246 * Izz ad-Din Kaykaus II 1246–1260 * Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248–1265 * Ala ad-Din Kayqubad II 1249–1257 * Ghiyath ad-Din Kaykhusraw III 1265–1282 * Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II 1282–1284 * Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III 1284 * Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II ''(second time)'' 1284–1293 * Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III ''(second time)'' 1293–1294 * Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II ''(third time)'' 1294–1301 * Ala ad-Din Kayqubad III ''(third time)'' 1301–1303 * Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud II ''(fourth time)'' 1303–1307 * Ghiyath ad-Din Mesud III 1307-1308 ''(possibly claimant)'' * Kilij Arslan V ''(claimant, declared rule in Konya)'' ''Seljuks of Rum effectively ended with the Karamanid conquests of Konya. Tâceddin Altunbaş, a son of Mesud II, established the Kubadoğulları Emirate in Samsun around 1318. His sons would continue to rule the emirate until 1422, before submitting to the Ottomans.'' ===Kubadoğulları Emirs=== * Tâcüddîn Altunbaş * Keykubad Bey * Kubadoğlu Ali Bey * Kubadoğlu Cüneyd Bey * Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey

==Titles== Members of the Seljuk Dynasty often used titles to signify claim and authority. They were also awarded some titles by their subjects and the ulema due to their efforts for public and religious welfare. Here is a list of titles used by/awarded to them. Common titles like Şehzade are not listed. {{collapsible list | title=Great Seljuk ''(Official/Non-official)'': | {{tree list}} ** '''Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mika'il''' *** Head of the Seljuk dynasty{{efn|Together with Chaghri Bey.}} *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** Bey *** Malik al-Mashriq wa'l-Maghrib<ref name=sümer>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=TUĞRUL BEY es-Sultânü'l-muazzam Şâhânşâh Rüknüddîn Ebû Tâlib Tuğrul Bey Muhammed b. Mîkâîl b. Selçuk (ö. 455/1063) Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin ilk hükümdarı (1040–1063).|author=Faruk Sümer|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tugrul-bey|volume=41|pages=344–346|year=2012|location=Istanbul|language=tr|isbn=978-97-53-89713-6}}</ref><ref name=davidmus>{{cite web|url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/seljuks/coins/c477?show=comment|title=THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 2 of 14|quote=Two years later he entered Baghdad a second time, and was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla (“Pillar of the State”) and the title malik al-mashriq wa’l-maghrib (“King of the East and the West”), which allowed him to be addressed as sultan.}}</ref>{{efn|King of the East and the West}} *** Al-sultan Al-mu'azzam{{sfn|Safi|2006|p=41}} *** Shahanshah<ref name=sümer /><ref name=davidmus />{{efn|King of Kings}} *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din'' **** ''Rukn al-Dawla''<ref name=sümer /><ref name=davidmus />{{efn|The Pillar of State}} ** '''Suleiman ibn Chaghri Beg'''<ref name="Çağrı"/><ref name="Selçuklular"/> *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** Shah ** '''Muhammad Alp Arslan bin Dawud Chaghri''' *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** King of Kings<ref name=davidmus2/> *** Exalted Sultan<ref name=davidmus2>{{cite web|url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/seljuks/coins/c504?show=design|title=THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 3 of 14|quote=This coin was struck at the mint of al-Ahwaz, the capital town of Khuzistan, which, together with al-Basra, was the main trading city at the head of the Persian Gulf. On it, Alp Arslan clearly states his power and prestige as "the Exalted Sultan, King of Kings, King of Islam." In the inscription on his coins his name appears as Alb because Arabic lacks the letter "p", but to Persian and Turkish speakers his name is pronounced "Alp".|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622210743/https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/seljuks/coins/c504?show=comment|archive-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> *** King of Islam<ref name=davidmus2/> *** Father of Conquests<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alparslan |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/Alparslan#:~:text=Zapt%C4%B1%20imk%C3%A2ns%C4%B1z%20san%C4%B1lan%20Ani%E2%80%99nin%20m%C3%BCsl%C3%BCmanlar%20taraf%C4%B1ndan%20fethedilmesi%20Do%C4%9Fu%E2%80%99da%20ve%20Bat%C4%B1%E2%80%99da%20b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%20yank%C4%B1lar%20uyand%C4%B1rm%C4%B1%C5%9F%2C%20Halife%20K%C4%81im%2DBiemrill%C3%A2h%20%C3%B6zel%20el%C3%A7isiyle%20g%C3%B6nderdi%C4%9Fi%20mektubunda%20takdir%20ve%20tebriklerini%20bildirerek%20Alparslan%E2%80%99a%20%E2%80%9CEb%C3%BC%E2%80%99l%2Dfeth%E2%80%9D%20lakab%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20vermi%C5%9Ftir |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref>{{efn|Turkish: ''Ebu'l Feth''}} *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Diya al-Din Adud al-Dawlah'' ** '''Hasan Malik-Shah''' *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** Amir al-Mu'minin<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Medieval History: The Eastern Roman empire (717-1453)|year=1923|page=307|author=Henry Melvill Gwatkin|quote=Malik Shāh was recognised by the Caliph as his successor, and invested with the title of 'Amir-al-Mu'minin}}</ref> *** Father of Conquests<ref>{{Cite web |title=MELİKŞAH |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/meliksah--buyuk-selcuklu#:~:text=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-,Eb%C3%BC%E2%80%99l%2DFeth,-Cel%C3%A2l%C3%BC%E2%80%99d%2Ddevle%20ve%E2%80%99d |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref>{{efn|Turkish: ''Ebu'l Feth''}} *** Sultan of the East and the West<ref>{{Cite web |title=MELİKŞAH |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/meliksah--buyuk-selcuklu#:~:text=ayr%C4%B1ca%20ona%20do%C4%9Funun%20ve%20bat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20h%C3%BCk%C3%BCmdar%C4%B1%20oldu%C4%9Funu%20g%C3%B6stermek%20%C3%BCzere%20iki%20k%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7%20ku%C5%9Fatt%C4%B1%20(B%C3%BCnd%C3%A2r%C3%AE%2C%20s.%2081%2D82) |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref>{{efn|Turkish: Malik al-Mashriq wa'l-Maghrib}} *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Muizz al-Din Jalāl al-Dawlah'' ** '''Mahmud I''' *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din'' ** '''Abuʿl-Moẓaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malik-Šāh''' *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** Shahanshah{{efn|King of Kings}} *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Dīn'' ** '''Malik Shah II''' *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Mu'izz ad-Din'' **** ''Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din Jalal al-Dawlah'' ** '''Muhammad I Tapar''' *** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire *** Shahanshah{{efn|King of Kings}} *** Mujahid{{efn|Muhammad Tapar's religious policies were deeply rooted in his personal piety and his strong support for Sunni Islam. He actively worked to strengthen religion and suppress perceived innovations and heresy, particularly those associated with the Ismailis. This commitment earned him the title of a ''mujahid'', or holy warrior, in the strengthening of religion. His reign was characterized by a concerted effort to repel heretical groups who had become "very strong" during his time. The historical memory of Muhammad Tapar is of a just ruler who was a friend to religious clerics.}} *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din'' {{tree list/end}}}}<hr>{{collapsible list | title =Great Seljuks under Dyarchy''(Official/Non-official)'': | {{tree list}} ** '''Seljuks of Khorasan and Transoxiana''' *** '''Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** Great Sultan<ref>{{Cite web |title=SENCER |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sencer#:~:text=%C5%9E%C3%A2ban%20513%E2%80%99te%20(Kas%C4%B1m%201119)%20yap%C4%B1lan%20anla%C5%9Fmaya%20g%C3%B6re%20Sencer%20%E2%80%9Ces%2Dsult%C3%A2n%C3%BC%E2%80%99l%2Da%E2%80%98zam%E2%80%9D%20ve%20%E2%80%9Csult%C3%A2n%C3%BC%E2%80%99s%2Dsel%C3%A2t%C3%AEn%E2%80%9D%2C%20Mahmud%20%E2%80%9Ces%2Dsult%C3%A2n%C3%BC%E2%80%99l%2Dmuazzam%E2%80%9D%20ve%20%E2%80%9Cseyyid%C3%BC%E2%80%99s%2Dsel%C3%A2t%C3%AEn%E2%80%9D%20unvanlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20kullanacakt%C4%B1 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> **** Sultan of Sultans<ref>{{Cite web |title=SENCER |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sencer#:~:text=%C5%9E%C3%A2ban%20513%E2%80%99te%20(Kas%C4%B1m%201119)%20yap%C4%B1lan%20anla%C5%9Fmaya%20g%C3%B6re%20Sencer%20%E2%80%9Ces%2Dsult%C3%A2n%C3%BC%E2%80%99l%2Da%E2%80%98zam%E2%80%9D%20ve%20%E2%80%9Csult%C3%A2n%C3%BC%E2%80%99s%2Dsel%C3%A2t%C3%AEn%E2%80%9D%2C%20Mahmud%20%E2%80%9Ces%2Dsult%C3%A2n%C3%BC%E2%80%99l%2Dmuazzam%E2%80%9D%20ve%20%E2%80%9Cseyyid%C3%BC%E2%80%99s%2Dsel%C3%A2t%C3%AEn%E2%80%9D%20unvanlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20kullanacakt%C4%B1 |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> **** The Majesty of the Khosrows and the Glory of the Kayanids<ref name="SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> **** King of Right Opinion, Sound Belief, and Truthful Promise<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RHsAQAAQBAJ&q=the+seljuqs+politics+society+and+culture |title=Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture |date=2012-10-03 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-7572-2 |language=en}}</ref> **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah'' ** '''Seljuks of Iraq and Hamadan''' *** '''Mahmud II bin Muhammad Tapar''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Mughith al-Dunya wa'l-Din Jalal ad-Dawlah'' *** '''Dawud bin Mahmud''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa ad-Din'' ***** ''Mughith al-Dunya wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fath'' *** '''Abu Talib Tughril II bin Muhammad''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Rukn al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' *** '''Mas'ud bin Muhammad''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** Friend of the 'Alim and a Giver to the Religious Poor<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Christian |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Seljuqs/7RHsAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+seljuqs+politics+society+and+culture&printsec=frontcover |title=Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture |date=2012-10-03 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-7572-2 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Mas'ud was a ruler who held a positive religious reputation among his contemporaries. He was described as a '''"friend of the 'alim and a giver to the religious poor"'''. His affection for the religious community was a defining feature of his character. The Shaykhs of Baghdad reportedly said that Mas'ud loved to visit the Ulama and the righteous, and to seek knowledge from the shaykhs. He was also noted for bearing "love toward the insane and the lunatic".}} **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fath'' *** '''Malik-Shah III bin Mahmud''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Mughith al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' ***** ''Muin al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' *** '''Muhammad II ibn Mahmud''' **** Co-Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire{{efn|After the death of Ahmad Sanjar.}} **** Shah **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Rukn al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' *** '''Abu'l-Harith Suleiman-Shah bin Muhammad''' **** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** Shah **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Mu'izz al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' ***** ''Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' *** '''Abu al-Muzaffar Arslan Shah Ibn Tughril II''' **** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** Shah **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Rukn al-Din'' ***** ''Muizz al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' *** '''Tughril III ibn Arslan-Shah''' **** Sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire **** King who Ruled with Justice and Good Policy<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Christian |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Seljuqs/CjerBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR3&printsec=frontcover |title=Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture |date=2011-07-31 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-4757-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|As per Al-Husaynī's and Abū Hamid's chronicles.}} **** Friend of the 'Alim and Protector of the Darvish Without Limit<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Christian |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Seljuqs/CjerBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR3&printsec=frontcover |title=Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture |date=2011-07-31 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-4757-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|As per Al-Husaynī's and Abū Hamid's chronicles.}} **** '''Laqab:''' ***** ''Rukn al-Dunya wa'l-Din'' {{tree list/end}}}}''End of Great Seljuk Imperial Authority.''<hr><hr>{{collapsible list | title =Kirman Seljuks''(Official/Non-official)'': | {{tree list}} ** '''Kara Arslan Ahmad Qavurt''' *** Shah of Kerman *** Bey *** Melik *** '''Laqab:''' **** ''Imad al-Din/Emadeddin'' {{tree list/end}}}}

==Comparative genealogy== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" style="width:77%; text-align:center;" !The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors in Central Asia |- | {{col-begin|width=125%}} {{col-break}} {{tree chart/start}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:PaleTurquoise;|boxstyle_DUQ=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:3px solid #0000FF;| | | | | | | | |DUQ| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MAM|MAM=Ma'munid rulers in Chorasmia (''r''. 995-1117) |DUQ='''Tuqaq Temur Beg''' ''Commander-in-chief of the Oghuz army''|boxstyle_MAM=background-color:Cyan;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:PaleTurquoise;| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:PaleTurquoise;| | | | | | | | |SEL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ALT | | | | | | | | | |SEL='''Seljuk Beg''' ''The founder of Seljuk dynasty''|ALT=Altun Tash (1017-1032)|boxstyle_ALT=background-color:Aquamarine;|boxstyle_SEL=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:4px solid #0000FF;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:PaleTurquoise;| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | | | | |ARS | | MIK |v|MOD |v| YUS | | YUN | | MUS | | |Ii| |Jj| YUN=Yûnus<ref name="Râvendî">Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali, ''Râhatü’s-sudûr,'' (Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.</ref><ref name="Müstevfî">Müstevfî, ''Târîḫ-i Güzîde,'' (Nevâî Publications), p. 426.</ref> | YUS=Yûsuf Inal<ref name="Zahîrüddîn">Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî, ''Selcûḳnâme,'' (Muhammed Ramazânî Publications), Tahran 1332, p. 10.</ref><ref name="Reşîdüddin">Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, ''Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ,'' (Ahmed Ateş Publications), Ankara 1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.</ref>| MUS=Mûsâ<ref name="İnanç1">{{cite book|author=Osman Gazi Özgüdenli| title=MÛSÂ YABGU|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/musa-yabgu|volume=EK-2|date=2016|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|pages=324–325}}</ref>''(İnanç)''Yabgu | MOD=The mother of Toghrul I, Chaghri, Ibrahim & Artash | MIK=Mikail ibn Seljuk|Ii=Harun (''r''. 1032-1035)|Jj=Ismail Khandan (''r''. 1035-1041)| ARS='''Arslan Yabgu''' ''Chief of Seljuk dynasty''|boxstyle_MOD= background-color:LightCyan;border:3px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_Ii= background-color:Aquamarine;|boxstyle_Jj=background-color:Aquamarine;|boxstyle_ARS=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |:| |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:LightCyan;| | | | |RSG | |QBA | |TOG | |CHG |.|IBR | |ERD | |HAS | |MUS | | |Ii|Ii=Shah Malik (''r''. 1041-1042)|MUS=Yûsuf,<ref>Beyhakī, ''Târîḫ,'' (Behmenyâr), p. 71.</ref> Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah| TOG=Toghrul Beg ''First sultan of the Seljuks'' (r. 1037–1063)| CHG=Chaghri Beg ''Co-ruler of the Seljuk dynasty'' | IBR=Ibrahim Inal<ref name="Kutalmış1"/> |HAS=Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu<ref name="İnanç">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Osman Gazi Özgüdenli| title=MÛSÂ YABGU|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/musa-yabgu|volume=Supplement 2|pages=324–325}}</ref><ref name="Kutalmış1"/>|RSG= Rasūl Tagīn<ref name="SÜLEYMAN_ŞAH_I"/>|QBA='''Qutalmish'''<ref name="Kutalmış1">{{cite book|author=Faruk Sümer| title=KUTALMIŞ|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/26/C26008628.pdf|volume=26|date=2002|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|isbn= 978-9-7538-9406-7|pages=480–481}}</ref> ''Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate''|ERD=Artash Inal<ref name="İnanç"/> |boxstyle_HAS= background-color:AliceBlue; |boxstyle_MUS= background-color:AliceBlue;|boxstyle_TOG= background-color:LightCyan;border:6px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_CHG= background-color:LightCyan;border:4px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_IBR= background-color:LightCyan;border:2px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_ERD= background-color:LightCyan;border:1px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Turquoise;|boxstyle_QBA=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_RSG=background-color:AliceBlue;border:1px solid #0000FF;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| |~|~|~|~|,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|~|~|~|,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|:| |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |MAN |F|AA| |AİL |MAN= Mānsūr<ref name="SÜLEYMAN_ŞAH_I"/>|AA=<ref name="SÜLEYMAN_ŞAH_I">{{cite book|author=Sevim, Ali|title=SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/38/C38012445.pdf|volume=38|date=2010|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|isbn= 978-9-7538-9590-3|pages=103–105}}</ref>'''Suleyman I Shah of Rûm'''<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları">{{cite book|author=Sümer, Faruk| title=ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015917.pdf|volume=36|date=2009|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|isbn= 978-9-7538-9566-8|pages=380–384}}</ref> (''r''. 1077–1086)| |AİL=Alp Ilig and Dawlat<ref name="SÜLEYMAN_ŞAH_I"/>|SUL |Bb=Alp Arslan (''r''. 1063–1072)| |Bb| | | | | |QAW | | | | | | |Ii|Ii=Seljuk rule in Khwarazm (''r''. 1042-1077)|QAW=Kavurt<ref name="Kavurd1">{{cite book|author=Özaydın, Abdülkerim|title=KAVURD BEY|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/25/C25008111.pdf|volume=25|date=2002|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|isbn= 978-9-7538-9403-6 |pages=73–74}}</ref> Beg (''r''. 1048–1073) ''Kirman Seljuks''|boxstyle_QAW= background-color:#E9FFDB;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:LightCyan;|boxstyle_AA=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:7px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Bb= background-color:LightCyan;border:7px solid DarkGreen;|SUL=Suleiman<ref name="Çağrı">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sevim, Ali|title=ÇAĞRI BEY|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/8/C08003025.pdf|volume=8|pages=183–186}}</ref> (''r''. 1063)<ref name="Selçuklular">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sümer, Faruk| title=SELÇUKLULAR|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015912.pdf|volume=36|pages=365–371}}</ref>|boxstyle_SUL= background-color:LightCyan;border:3px solid DarkGreen;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |F|~|J| |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | |:| |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |ABQ |~|~|t|~|~|ABG | | | | |,|MLK | |Cc| |Dd| |Ee| | |Ii|Ii=Anūsh Tekīn (''r''. 1077-1097)|ABQ=Abu'l-Qasim (İznik) (''r''. 1086-1092)|MLK=Malik-Shah I (''r''. 1072–1092)|ABG= Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey (Kayseri)|boxstyle_MLK= background-color:LightCyan;border:6px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_ABQ= background-color:Moccasin;|boxstyle_ABG= background-color:Moccasin;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Aqua;|Cc=Kīrmān<ref name="Kirmanşah1">{{cite book|author=Sümer, Faruk|title=Kirman Selçuks|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015915.pdf|volume=36|date=2009|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|isbn= 978-9-7538-9566-8 |pages=377–379}}</ref> Shah (''r''. 1073–1074)|boxstyle_Cc= background-color:#E9FFDB;|Dd=Sultan Shah<ref name="Kirmanşah1"/> (''r''. 1074–1085)|boxstyle_Dd= background-color:#E9FFDB;|Ee=Turan I Shah<ref name="Kirmanşah1"/> (''r''. 1085–1097)|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:#E9FFDB;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | | | | | |f|~|~|~|7| | | |,|-|+|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | |,|-|l3| | }} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Dd|v|AA| |Bb| |MAH |!|BAR | |Ee|-|Ff| |Cc| |!|Ii|Ii=Ekinchi (''r''. 1097)|AA='''Kilij Arslan I''' (''r.'' 1092–1107)| | |BAR=Barkiyaruq<ref name="Selçuklular1">{{cite book|author=Sümer, Faruk| title=SELÇUKLULAR|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015912.pdf|volume=36|date=2009|publisher=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|place=Istanbul|isbn= 978-9-7538-9566-8|pages=365–371}}</ref> (''r''. 1092–1104)|boxstyle_BAR= background-color:LightCyan;border:6px solid DarkGreen;|MAH=Mahmud I<ref name="TerkenHatun">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Bezer, Gülay Öğün|title=TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/40/C40013256.pdf|volume=40|page=510}} Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I).</ref><ref name="Melikşah">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Özaydın, Abdülkerim|title=MELİKŞAH|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/29/C29009379.pdf|volume=29|pages=54-57}}</ref><ref name="Berkyaruk">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Özaydın, Abdülkerim|title=BERKYARUK|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/5/C05002147.pdf|volume=5|pages=514-516}}</ref> (''r''. 1092–1094)|boxstyle_MAH= background-color:LightCyan;border:4px solid DarkGreen;|Dd=Ayisha<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/> Khātun (''r.'' in Malatya)|Bb=Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/>|Cc= Îrânshah (''r''. 1097–1101)|boxstyle_Cc= background-color:#E9FFDB;|boxstyle_Dd= background-color:Seashell;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Aqua;|boxstyle_AA=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|Ee= Arslan Shah I (''r''. 1101–1142)|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:#E9FFDB;|Ff=Muhammad I Mālīk Shah (''r''. 1142–1156)|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:#E9FFDB;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |,|-|'| |)|-|.| | | |,|-|v|-|'| |!| | | |,|-|-|-|'| | | | | | |`|-|.| | |boxstyle_Cc= background-color:#E9FFDB;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Aa|F|Bb|!| | | |!|TAP |.|MLK | |Cc|-|Gg|~|Jj| | |Ii|Ii=Qutbū'd-Dīn Muhammad (''r''. 1097-1127)|Aa=Toghrul Arslan<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/> (''r.'' 1107-1124)|Bb= '''Malīk Shah of Rûm''' (''r.'' 1110–1116)|MLK=Malik-Shah II (''r''. 1104-1105)|Cc=Toghrul Shah<ref name="Kirmanşah1"/> (''r''. 1156–1170)|boxstyle_Cc= background-color:#E9FFDB;|TAP=Muhammad I Tapar (''r''. 1105–1118)|boxstyle_TAP= background-color:LightCyan;border:6px solid DarkGreen;|boxstyle_Aa= background-color:Seashell;|boxstyle_Bb=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Aqua;|boxstyle_MLK= background-color:LightCyan;border:5px solid DarkGreen;|Gg=Bahrām Shah (''r''. 1170 - 1175)<ref name="Kirmanşah1"/> Arslan II Shah (''r''. 1170 - 1177)<ref name="Kirmanşah1"/>|boxstyle_Gg= background-color:#E9FFDB;|Jj=Turan II Shah (''r''. 1177–1183) Muhammad II (''r''. 1183–1187)|boxstyle_Jj= background-color:#E9FFDB;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |F|~|J| |,|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |GA | |Aa | |Dd | |SAN | |MAH| |Ff| |Jj|F|Gg| | |Ii|Ii=ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Ātsız (''r''. 1127-1156)|SAN=Ahmad Sanjar (''r''. 1118-1153) Last Sultan of The Great Seljuk|Aa='''Rukn ad-Dīn Mas'ūd I''' (''r''. 1116–1156)|boxstyle_SAN= background-color:#00CC99;border:7px solid DarkGreen;|GA=Gündüz Alp<ref name="Düstûrnâme">Enverî, ''Düstûrnâme-i Enverî,'' pp. 78-80, 1464.</ref>|boxstyle_GA= background-color:#F5FFFA;|Dd=Malīk Arab<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/> (''r.'' 1116-1127) in Ankara|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:7px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Aqua;|MAH=Mahmud II<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/><ref name="MahmudBinTapar">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Özaydın, Abdülkerim|title=MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/27/C27008916.pdf|volume=27|pages=371-372}}</ref> (''r''. 1118–1131) First sultan of The Iraqi Seljuks|boxstyle_MAH= background-color:LightCyan;border:5px solid DarkGreen;|Ff=Toghrul II<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/><ref name="TuğrulBinTapar">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sümer, Faruk|title=TUĞRUL I|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/41/C41013431.pdf|volume=41|pages=341-342}}</ref> (''r''. 1132–1134) Masud<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/><ref name="MesudBinTapar">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sümer, Faruk|title=MES‘ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/29/C29009546.pdf|volume=29|pages=349-351}}</ref> (''r''. 1134–1152)|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:LightCyan;border:5px solid DarkGreen;|Gg=Qizil Arslan (''r''. 1191) ''de facto ruler of Toghrul III'' Atabeg of the Eldiguzids|boxstyle_Gg= background-color:Moccasin;border:3px solid DarkGreen;|Jj=Suleiman-Shah<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/> (''r''. 1159–1160)|boxstyle_Jj= background-color:LightCyan;border:3px solid DarkGreen;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |F|~|~|~|t|~|~|~|7| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | |:| | | | | | |!| | | }} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Bb | |Aa | |Gg | |MAH | |QAW | |Ff|-|TOG|J| |Hh|v|Ii|Ii=Tāj ad-Dīn İl-Arslan (''r''. 1156-1172)|QAW=Malik-Shah III<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/> (''r''. 1152–1153) Muhammad II<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/> (''r''. 1153–1159)|boxstyle_QAW= background-color:LightCyan;border:3px solid DarkGreen;|MAL='''5.Malik-Shah III'''<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/> (''r''. 1152–1153)|Aa='''ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslan II''' (''r''. 1156–1192)|TOG=Toghrul III<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/><ref name="TuğrulTheThirdBinArslanşah">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sümer, Faruk|title=Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/41/C41013432.pdf|volume=41|pages=342-344}}</ref> (''r''. 1177–1191, 1192–1194) Last sultan|boxstyle_TOG= background-color:#ACE1AF;border:5px solid DarkGreen;|Bb=Danismendli Grooms Yağıbasan (Sivas) & ZūnNūn (Kayseri)|Gg=Malīk Shāhīn Shāh (Ankara, Çankırı, Kastamonu); Daulat|Hh=Terken Khatun|boxstyle_Bb= background-color:LavenderBlush;|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Aqua;|boxstyle_Hh=background-color:Aqua;|Ff=Arslan-Shah<ref name="IrakSelçuks"/><ref name="ArslanşahBinTuğrul">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sümer, Faruk|title=ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL |url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/3/C03001268.pdf|volume=3|pages=404-406}}</ref> (''r''. 1160–1177)|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:LightCyan;border:5px solid DarkGreen;|Jj=Turan II Shah (''r''. 1177–1183) Muhammad II (''r''. 1183–1187)|boxstyle_Jj= background-color:#E9FFDB;|MAH=Dawud<ref name="IrakSelçuks">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|author=Sümer, Faruk|title=IRAK SELÇUKLULARI|url=https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015921.pdf|volume=36|page=387}}</ref> (''r''. 1131–1132)|boxstyle_MAH= background-color:LightCyan;border:2px solid DarkGreen;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|V|~|V|~|7| | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Aa| |Dd|v|Bb|v|Cc| |Ee|:|Ff| | |Gg|v|Ii| |Hh| |Bb='''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw I''' (''r.'' 1192–1196) & (''r.'' 1205–1211)|Aa='''Rukn ad-Dīn Suleyman II Shah of Rûm''' (''r.'' 1196–1204)|Cc= Dawlat Raziya Khatun|Dd=The mothers of ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus I and Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn|Ff=Qutbū'd-Dīn Malīk Shāh (Sivas, Aksaray) Arslan Shāh (Niğde)|Ee=Malīka İsmetū'd-DīnGevher Nesibe Sultan|Gg=Terken Khatun ''de facto ruler of Muhammad''|Hh=Jalāl ad-Dīn Sultān Shāh (''r''. 1172-1193)|Ii=ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Takish (''r''. 1172-1200)|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Bb=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Hh=background-color:Aqua;|boxstyle_Ii=background-color:Aqua;|boxstyle_Gg=background-color:Aqua;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |!| |F|~|v|-|'| | | |`|-|.| | | | | |L|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|7|`|-|.| |}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Cc|:|Aa| |Hh|v|Bb|j|Gg| |Ii| |Kk|:| |Ll|-|Mm| | |Aa='''ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus I''' (''r.'' 1211–1220)|Bb='''ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kay Qubād I''' (''r.'' 1220–1237)|Cc='''Kilij Arslan III''' (''r.'' 1204–1205)|Hh=Hunad-Māh Pari Khātun of Kir Fard of Alanya Castle|Gg=Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun of Ayyubids|boxstyle_Gg= background-color:PeachPuff;|Ii=Muhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh (Ankara, Çankırı, Eskişehir)|Kk=Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh (Kayseri)|Ll=ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Muhammad (''r''. 1200-1220)|Mm=Jalāl al-Dīn Mangubardī (''r''. 1220-1231)|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Bb=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:7px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Cc=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Ll=background-color:Aqua;|boxstyle_Mm=background-color:Aqua;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |F|~|J| | | | | | | |`|-|.| |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7| |D|~|7| | | | |:|}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Hh| |Ff|j|Cc|v|Aa|v|Bb|-|Ee| |Dd|:|Gg| | |Mm||Mm=Ögedei established the Mongol rule in Khwarezmia (''r''. 1229–1241)|Aa='''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw II''' (''r.'' 1237–1246)|Bb=Gurju Khatun ''(Bagrationi dynasty of Georgians)''|Cc=Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia)|Ff=Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)<ref group="Note">Grand Vizier Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II between 1246 and 1249</ref>|Hh=Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn (Koyulhisar)|Dd=ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslan, Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters|Ee=Mu‘in ad-Dīn Suleyman<ref group="Note">Grand Vizier Parwāna Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw III between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1 Rabi' al-awwal 676)</ref> ('''Parwāna''')|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:MistyRose;|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:#FAE7B5;|boxstyle_Dd= background-color:PeachPuff;|Gg=Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh (Elbistan) Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh (Malatya)|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:6px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Mm= background-color:Coral;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | | | | | |F|~|J| |,|-|'| |!| |`|-|.| | | |!| | | |F|~|A|~|7| | | | |:|}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Ff| |Dd| |Bb| |Aa|.|Cc| |Ee| |Nn| |Mm| |,|Hh|Hh=Möngke appointed Hulagu, the son of Tolui, as Il khan of the Mongol Empire in 1253|Ff=Karîm ad-Dīn Karaman Bey (''r''. 1256–1263) (Karamanoğulları Anatolian Beylik)||Aa='''Rukn ad-Dīn Kilij Arslan IV''' (''r.'' 1249–1254) & (''r.'' 1257-1262) & (1262-1266)<ref group="Note">Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Dīn Kilij Arslan IV reigned alone</ref>|Bb='''ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II''' (1246–1249)<ref group="Note">Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II reigned alone</ref> (''r.'' 1249–1254) & (''r.'' 1254-1262)<ref group="Note">ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kay Kāwus II was defeated on October 14, 1256 in Sultanhanı (Sultan Han, Aksaray) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of Baiju Noyan from Anatolia</ref>|Cc='''ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kay Qubād II''' <ref group="Note">Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers</ref> (''r.'' 1249–1254)|Dd=Unknown son<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shukurov|first1=Rustam|title=The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461|date=2016|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004307759| pages = 108–109| url = https://www.academia.edu/25481924}}</ref>| boxstyle_Dd= background-color:#FFFFCC;|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Bb=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Cc=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|Mm=Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh (Niksar, Koyulhisar) |Nn=Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh (Amasya) Sanjar Shāh (Ereğli)|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:#F7E7CE;|boxstyle_Hh= background-color:LightPink;|Ee=Pervâneoğulları Anatolian Beylik (established in Sinop in 1277)|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:MistyRose;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | |,|-|v|-|^|-|.|}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | |Aa|~|Bb| |Jj| |Hh| |Cc| |Ee|,|Gg| |!|Dd| |Ff|Gg=Mū'hazzab ūd-Dīn Ali|boxstyle_Gg=background-color:#FAE7B5|Dd=Kubilai endorsed Abaqa, the son of Hulagu, as Il-Khan in 1270 (''r.'' 1265–1282)|Ff=Ahmad Tagüdar (''r.'' 1282–1284)|Cc='''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kay Khusraw III''' (''r.'' 1266–1282) & (''r.'' 1282–1284)|Bb=ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş (15 May 1277 - 20 June 1277) <ref group="Note">According to İbn Bîbî, ''el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye,'' p. 727. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 675 - 17 Muharram 676)</ref> ''or'' <ref group="Note">According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali, ''Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk,'' p. 62. (10 Dhu al-Hijjah 677 - 17 Muharram 678)</ref> (24 April 1279 - 30 May 1279)|Aa=Karamanoğlu Shams ad-Dīn Mehmed Bey (Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Sīyāvuş)|boxstyle_Aa= background-color:#F7E7CE;|Ee=Mu‘in ad-Dīn Mehmed (''r''. 1277-1297)|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:MistyRose;|boxstyle_Cc=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Jj=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:5px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Dd= background-color:LightPink;|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:LightPink;|Jj='''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Mas'ūd II''' (''r.'' 1282–1284) & (''r.'' 1284–1296)|Hh=Farāmurz|boxstyle_Hh=background-color:AliceBlue;border:2px solid #0000FF;|boxstyle_Bb=background-color:AliceBlue;border:2px solid #0000FF;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |:| |!| | | | |!| |)|-|-|-|.| }} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:4px solid #0000FF;|border_Cc=2| | | | |Ff|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|Aa| | | | | |Cc|'| |Gg|'|Dd| |Ee| | | |Dd=Arghun (''r.'' 1284–1291)|boxstyle_Dd= background-color:LightPink;|Ee= Gaykhatu (''r.'' 1291–1295)|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:LightPink;|Cc=Mū'hazzab ūd-Dīn Masūd (''r''. 1297-1300)|boxstyle_Cc= background-color:MistyRose;|Ff=Uç Beylik of Osman established |Aa='''ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Kay Qubād III''' (''r''. 1298-1302)<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/>|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:MediumSpringGreen;|Gg=Taraqay|boxstyle_Gg= background-color:LightYellow;}} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |F|~|~|~|J| | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| }} {{tree chart|boxstyle=background:AliceBlue;|boxstyle_Aa=background-color:PaleTurquoise;border:4px solid #0000FF;|border_Cc=2| | | | |Cc| | | | | |Aa| | | | | | | | | |Ee| | |Gg| |Dd| |Ff|Cc=Osman of Ottomans (''r''. 1299-1323/4)|Aa='''Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Mas'ūd II''' (''r''. 1303-1308)<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/>|Ee=Gazi Chelebi (''r''. 1300-1322)|boxstyle_Ee= background-color:MistyRose;|boxstyle_Cc= background-color:MediumSpringGreen;|Gg= Baydu (''r.'' 1295)|boxstyle_Gg= background-color:LightPink;|Dd=Ghazan (''r.'' 1295–1304)|boxstyle_Dd= background-color:LightPink;|Ff= Öljaitü (''r.'' 1304–1316)|boxstyle_Ff= background-color:LightPink;}} {{tree chart/end}} {{col-break}} *'''The list of important historical events''' *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *'''Chaghri Beg defeated Shah-Malik ibn Ali in Makran in 1042 and ended Ghaznevid rule in Khwarazm''' *. *. *Establishment *. *'''Alp Arslan defeated Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes in the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071''' *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *'''The First Crusade''' *'''Crusade of 1101''' *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *. *Second Crusade *. *. *. *''' ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslān defeated Manuel I Komnenos in the Battle of Myriokephalon''' *. *Third Crusade *. *'''Ala ad-Din Tekish-Khwarazmshah ended The Great Seljuk Empire in Ray, Khorasan in 1194''' *. *'''Zenith of Anatolian Seljuks''' *. *'''Kayqubad the Great defeated Jalal al-Din Mangburni in the Battle of Yassıçimen in 1230''' *. *'''Chormaqan defeated Mangubartī in the Battle of Indus on August 1231 and ended Khwarazmshahs''' *. *'''Babai Revolt''' *. *'''Baiju Noyan defeated Kay Khusraw II in the Battle of Kösedağ in 1243 and Anatolian Seljuks became a vassal state of Mongol Empire''' *. *'''Güyük designated Kilij Arslan IV the Sultan of Rum in 1248''' *'''Triple reign''' (1249–1254)<ref name="AnadoluSelçukluları"/> *'''Hulagu captured Alamut in 1256''' *'''Anatolian Seljuks were divided into two by a firman of Möngke Khan in 1258/1259''' *. *'''Ilkhanate gained independence from the Mongol Empire in 1295 after the demise of Kublai Khan on February 18, 1294''' *. *'''Ottoman State emerged in Söğüt, Bilecik in 1299''' *. *Disestablishment period of *The Anatolian Seljuks *. *'''Ilkhanate disintegrated after 1336'''

{{col-end}} |}

==Gallery== <gallery class="center"> File:Chess Set MET DP170393.jpg|Shatranj chess set, glazed fritware, 12th-century Iran. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. File:Eskişehir Archaeological Museum 1270.jpg|Seljuk sarcophagus at the Eskişehir Eti Archaeology Museum </gallery>

==Family tree== {{Great Seljuk sultans family tree}}

==See also== * Khatun Seljuk princess * Seljuk Empire * Seljuk Sultanate of Rum * Seljuk (warlord)

==Footnotes== {{notelist}}

==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=Richard |title=The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks |journal=Turkish Historical Review |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=54–70 |doi=10.1163/18775462-00901002|hdl=11511/41747 |hdl-access=free }} * {{Cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia |location=New Brunswick |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1988 |page=147 |isbn=978-0-8135-0627-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Previté-Orton |author-link=Charles William Previté-Orton |first=C. W. |year=1971 |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

Category:Seljuk dynasty Category:First Crusade Category:History of Nishapur Category:Maturidis