Burid dynasty

{{short description|Medieval Turkish principality in Syria}} {{Infobox country | native_name = الدولة البورية | conventional_long_name = Burid dynasty | common_name = Burid | status = | government_type = Emirate | year_start = 1104 | year_end = 1154 | p1 = Seljuk Empire | flag_p1 = | s1 = Zengid dynasty | flag_s1 = | image_flag = | image_map = | image_map_caption = The Near east in 1135 | capital = Damascus | religion = Sunni Islam | currency = Dinar | leader1 = Toghtekin (first) | year_leader1 = 1104–1128 | leader2 = Mujir ad-Din Abaq (last) | year_leader2 = 1140–1154 | title_leader = Emir | stat_area1 = | stat_year1 = | stat_pop1 = | footnotes = }}

The '''Burid dynasty''' (Arabic: الدولة البورية Romanized: ad-Dawlā al-Būriyā) or '''the Emirate of Damascus''' (Arabic: إمارة دمشق Romanized: Imarat Dimashq) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin which ruled over the Emirate of Damascus in the early 12th century, as subjects of the Seljuk Empire.

==History== {{See also|Tutush I|Malik-Shah I}} The first Burid ruler, Toghtekin,<ref>D.S. Richards, ''The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'l-ta-Ta'rikh'', (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2010), 16.</ref> began as a servant to the Seljuk ruler of Damascus, Duqaq. Following Duqaq's death in 1104, he seized the city for himself.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The dynasty was named after Toghtekin's son, Taj al-Muluk Buri. The Burids gained recognition from the Abbasid caliphate in return for considerable gifts. In return, the caliphate did not interfere in the emirate.<ref name=LeTourneau>''Burids'', R. LeTourneau, '''The Encyclopedia of Islam''', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, É. Lévi-Provençal and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 1332.</ref>

The Burids ruled the city until 1154, when it was taken by the ruler of Aleppo, Nur ed-Din, founder of the Zengid dynasty.<ref>''Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z'', Ed. Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 568.</ref>

The Burids lost to the Crusaders in the battle of Marj al-Saffar (1126) but were able to prevent the Second Crusade from capturing Damascus.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

[[File:Burids. Shihab al-Din Mahmud (1135-1140) Dimashq mint. Dated AH 533 (AD 1138-9).jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Coinage of the Burid ruler Shihab al-Din Mahmud (1135-1140). Dimashq mint, dated AH 533 (1138-9 CE). This coin gives Shihab al-Din’s full name and patronymic, as well as citing his Seljuq overlords, Sanjar and Mas‘ud, and the Abbasid caliph, al-Muqtafi (called here ''al-Imam'', "the Priest").<ref>''Obverse:'' ''al-amir Shihab al-Din Mahmud bin Buri'' in inner marginal legend; ''al-Imam / al-Muqtafi'' in field.''Reverse:'' ''Sanjar / wa Mas‘ud'' in two lines across field. Album 782 (RRR); ICV 883.</ref>]]

==Burid emirs of Damascus== {| width=80% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Titular Name(s) (Laqab) ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Personal Name ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=17% | Reign |- |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} ''Saif-ul-Islam'' {{Nastaliq|سیف الاسلام}} |align="center"| Zahir al-Din Toghtekin {{Nastaliq|ظاھر الدین طغتکین}} |align="center"|1104–1128 |- |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} |align="center"| Taj al-Muluk Buri {{Nastaliq|تاج الملک بوری}} |align="center"|1128–1132 |- |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} |align="center"| Shams al-Mulk Isma'il {{Nastaliq|شمس الملک اسماعیل }} |align="center"|1132–1135 |- |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} |align="center"| Shihab al-Din Mahmud {{Nastaliq| شھاب الدین محمود}} |align="center"|1135–1139 |- |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} |align="center"| Jamal al-Din Muhammad {{Nastaliq|جمال الدین محمد}} |align="center"|1139–1140 |- |- style="background:lightgreen" |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} |align="center"| Mu'in al-Din Unur {{Nastaliq|معین الدین أنر}} |align="center"|1140–1149 ''Regent'' |- |align="center"|''Amir'' {{Nastaliq|أمیر}} ''Mujir-ud-din'' {{Nastaliq|مجیر الدین }} |align="center"| Abu Saʿid Ābaq {{Nastaliq|ابو سعید ابق}} |align="center"|1140–1154 |- |colspan=4 align="middle"| Zengid dynasty replaces the Burid dynasty. |} *''Green shaded row signifies regency of Mu'in ad-Din Unur.'' {{-}}

==Family Tree== {{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Burid Dynasty}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Zahir al-Din Tughtekin''' (1) r. 1104-1128|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFFF00}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Taj al-Muluk Buri''' (2) r. 1128-1132|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFFF00}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Shams al-Mulk Isma'il''' (3) r. 1132-1135|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFFF00|

A02='''Shihab al-Din Mahmud''' (4) r. 1135-1139|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFFF00|

A03='''Jamal al-Din Muhammad''' (5) r. 1139-1140|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFFF00}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01='''Mujir al-Din Abaq''' (6) r. 1140-1154|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFFF00}}

==See also== * List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Medieval Damascus Category:12th century in Asia Category:Middle Eastern dynasties Category:Burid dynasty Category:1104 establishments in Asia Category:Syrian people of Turkish descent Category:12th-century disestablishments in Asia Category:12th century in the Seljuk Empire Category:Sunni dynasties Category:12th century in the Abbasid Caliphate Burid dynasty