{{Short description|Family of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Loxospora ochrophaea - Flickr - pellaea.jpg | image_caption = ''Loxospora ochrophaea'' | display_parents=2 | parent_authority = B.P.Hodk. & Lendemer (2011) | taxon = Sarrameanaceae | authority = Hafellner (1984) | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''Chicitaea''<br /> ''Loxospora''<br /> ''Sarrameana'' }}
'''Sarrameanaceae''' is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the monotypic order '''Sarrameanales'''. The family was established in 1984 by Josef Hafellner and contains three genera. These lichens form crust-like growths that often produce powdery reproductive structures for spreading to new locations. They have brown to black fruiting bodies and show remarkable diversity in ascospore shapes, with some species coiling their spores in tight spirals within their reproductive structures.
==Taxonomy==
The family Sarrameanaceae was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 1984. It contains the genera ''Loxospora'' and ''Sarrameana'', the type genus.<ref name="Hafellner 1984"/> The genus ''Chicitaea'' was proposed in 2024 to contain ''Loxospora'' species containing 2'-''O''-methylperlatolic acid.<ref name="Ptach-Styn et al. 2024"/> The order Sarrameanales was proposed by Brendan Hodkinson and James Lendemer in 2011, as they had noted that previously published large-scale molecular phylogenetic studies had shown that the group of species contained in the family Sarrameanaceae were distinct and separate from the clade containing all of the other orders of the Ostropomycetidae.<ref name="Hodkinson & Lendemer 2011"/> However, the name Sarrameanales was not validly published according to the rules of botanical nomenclature, because it was not accompanied by a suitable description.<ref name="IF: Sarrameanales"/><ref name="Mycobank: Sarrameanales"/> Despite this, the order continues to be used in lichenological literature.<ref name="2024 Outline"/><ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>
Sarrameanales is in the Ostropomycetidae; within this subclass, Sarrameanales and the order Schaereriales form a clade which has a sister relationship with a clade containing the orders Baeomycetales and Pertusariales.<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/>
==Description==
Members of the Sarrameanaceae form a crust-like thallus that adheres closely to the substrate; in most species the surface develops powdery propagules called soredia that facilitate vegetative spread. The photosynthetic partner consists of minute, spherical green algal cells (a {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} photobiont). Sexual reproductive bodies are {{lichengloss|sessile}} apothecia that appear brown to black and may emerge from low, wart-like swellings of the thallus. A rim of thallus tissue is present when young but can be lost as the apothecium expands. The encasing tissue ({{lichengloss|exciple}}) remains thin and undifferentiated at maturity, while the spore-bearing layer (hymenium) is sometimes flecked with oil droplets. Between the asci lie mostly unbranched paraphyses.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>
Each ascus contains eight ascospores and has a uniform apical thickening ({{lichengloss|tholus}}) that may or may not stain blue in the standard iodine–potassium iodide (K/I) stain; it lacks the separate ocular chamber seen in many other lichens and is surrounded by an iodine-positive gel. The family shows striking variety in spore form: some species pack their spores in a tight helical coil within the ascus, others have one-septate spores that taper to long points, and still others produce smooth, ellipsoidal spores that remain single-celled. None of the spore types possesses an extra outer coat ({{lichengloss|perispore}}).<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>
Asexual reproduction occurs in colourless pycnidia embedded in the thallus. These flask-shaped structures bear simple conidiophores that bud off rod-shaped conidia pointed at both ends, providing an additional means of dispersal.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025"/>
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Cannon et al. 2025">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Coppins |first2=B. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |last4=Sanderson |first4=N. |last5=Simkin |first5=J. |year=2025 |title=Miscellaneous lichens and lichenicolous fungi, including ''Aphanopsis'' and ''Steinia'' (Aphanopsidaceae), ''Arthrorhaphis'' (Arthrorhaphidaceae), ''Buelliella'', ''Hemigrapha'', ''Melaspileella'', ''Stictographa'' and ''Taeniolella'' (Asterinales, family unassigned), ''Phylloblastia'' (Chaetothyriales, family unassigned) ''Cystocoleus'' (Cystocoleaceae), ''Sclerococcum'' (Dactylosporaceae), ''Eiglera'' (Eigleraceae), ''Epigloea'' (Epigloeaceae), ''Euopsis'' (Harpidiaceae), ''Lichenothelia'' (Lichenotheliaceae), ''Lichinodium'' (Lichinodiaceae), ''Melaspilea'' (Melaspileaceae), ''Epithamnolia'' and ''Mniaecia'' (Mniaeciaceae), ''Lichenostigma'' (Phaeococcomycetaceae), ''Pycnora'' (Pycnoraceae), ''Racodium'' (Racodiaceae), ''Chicitaea'' and ''Loxospora'' (Sarrameanaceae), ''Schaereria'' (Schaereriaceae), ''Strangospora'' (Strangosporaceae), ''Botryolepraria'' and ''Stigmidium'' (Verrucariales, family unassigned), and ''Biatoridium'', ''Mycoglaena'', ''Orphniospora'', ''Piccolia'', ''Psammina'' and ''Wadeana'' (order and family unassigned) |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=57 |page=26 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Miscellaneous%20genera_0.pdf}}{{Open access}}</ref>
<ref name="Hafellner 1984">{{cite journal |last=Hafellner |first=J. |year=1984 |title=Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae |trans-title=Studies towards a natural classification of the collective families Lecanoracae and Lecideaceae |journal=Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia |volume=79 |pages=241–371 [336] |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Hodkinson & Lendemer 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hodkinson |first1=Brendan P. |last2=Lendemer |first2=James |year=2011 |title=The orders of Ostropomycetidae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota): Recognition of Sarrameanales and Trapeliales with a request to retain Pertusariales over Agyriales |journal=Phytologia |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=407–412 |url=https://www.phytologia.org/uploads/2/3/4/2/23422706/933407-412hodkinsonagyriales.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="IF: Sarrameanales">{{cite web |title=Record Details: Sarrameanales B.P. Hodk. & Lendemer, Phytologia 93(3): 410 (2011) |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=820483 |publisher=Index Fungorum |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Kraichak |first1=Ekaphan |last2=Huang |first2=Jen-Pan |last3=Nelsen |first3=Matthew |last4=Leavitt |first4=Steven D. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy060 |pages=233–249}}</ref>
<ref name="Mycobank: Sarrameanales">{{cite web |title=Taxon name: Sarrameanales |url=https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/558611 |publisher=MycoBank |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Ptach-Styn et al. 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Ptach-Styn |first1=Łucja |last2=Guzow-Krzemińska |first2=Beata |last3=Lendemer |first3=James C. |last4=Tønsberg |first4=Tor |last5=Kukwa |first5=Martin |title=Phylogeny of the genus ''Loxospora'' s.l. (Sarrameanales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), with ''Chicitaea'' gen. nov. and five new combinations in ''Chicitaea'' and ''Loxospora'' |journal=MycoKeys |volume=102 |year=2024 |pmid=38414731 |pmc=10897838 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.102.116196 |doi-access=free |pages=155–181}}</ref>
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|first384=A.B. |last385=Rämä |first385=T. |last386=Ramírez-Cruz |first386=V. |last387=Rambold |first387=G. |last388=Rathnayaka |first388=A.R. |last389=Raza |first389=M. |last390=Ren |first390=G.C. |last391=Rinaldi |first391=A.C. |last392=Rivas-Ferreiro |first392=M. |last393=Robledo |first393=G.L. |last394=Ronikier |first394=A. |last395=Rossi |first395=W. |last396=Rusevska |first396=K. |last397=Ryberg |first397=M. |last398=Safi |first398=A. |last399=Salimi |first399=F. |last400=Salvador-Montoya |first400=C.A. |last401=Samant |first401=B. |last402=Samaradiwakara |first402=N.P. |last403=Sánchez-Castro |first403=I. |last404=Sandoval-Denis |first404=M. |last405=Santiago |first405=A.L.C.M.A. |last406=Santos |first406=A.C.D.S. |last407=Santos |first407=L.A. |last408=Sarma |first408=V.V. |last409=Sarwar |first409=S. |last410=Savchenko |first410=A. |last411=Savchenko |first411=K. |last412=Saxena |first412=R.K. |last413=Schoutteten |first413=N. |last414=Selbmann |first414=L. |last415=Ševčíková 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|last447=Taylor |first447=P.W.J. |last448=Tennakoon |first448=D.S. |last449=Thakshila |first449=S.A.D. |last450=Thambugala |first450=K.M. |last451=Thamodini |first451=G.K. |last452=Thilanga |first452=D. |last453=Thines |first453=M. |last454=Tiago |first454=P.V. |last455=Tian |first455=X.G. |last456=Tian |first456=W.H. |last457=Tibpromma |first457=S. |last458=Tkalčec |first458=Z. |last459=Tokarev |first459=Y.S. |last460=Tomšovský |first460=M. |last461=Torruella |first461=G. |last462=Tsurykau |first462=A. |last463=Udayanga |first463=D. |last464=Ulukapı |first464=M. |last465=Untereiner |first465=W.A. |last466=Usman |first466=M. |last467=Uzunov |first467=B.A. |last468=Vadthanarat |first468=S. |last469=Valenzuela |first469=R. |last470=Van den Wyngaert |first470=S. |last471=Van Vooren |first471=N. |last472=Velez |first472=P. |last473=Verma |first473=R.K. |last474=Vieira |first474=L.C. |last475=Vieira |first475=W.A.S. |last476=Vinzelj |first476=J.M. |last477=Tang |first477=A.M.C. |last478=Walker |first478=A. |last479=Walker |first479=A.K. |last480=Wang |first480=Q.M. |last481=Wang |first481=Y. |last482=Wang |first482=X.Y. |last483=Wang |first483=Z.Y. |last484=Wannathes |first484=N. |last485=Wartchow |first485=F. |last486=Weerakoon |first486=G. |last487=Wei |first487=D.P. |last488=Wei |first488=X. |last489=White |first489=J.F. |last490=Wijesundara |first490=D.S.A. |last491=Wisitrassameewong |first491=K. |last492=Worobiec |first492=G. |last493=Wu |first493=H.X. |last494=Wu |first494=N. |last495=Xiong |first495=Y.R. |last496=Xu |first496=B. |last497=Xu |first497=J.P. |last498=Xu |first498=R. |last499=Xu |first499=R.F. |last500=Xu |first500=R.J. |last501=Yadav |first501=S. |last502=Yakovchenko |first502=L.S. |last503=Yang |first503=H.D. |last504=Yang |first504=X. |last505=Yang |first505=Y.H. |last506=Yang |first506=Y. |last507=Yang |first507=Y.Y. |last508=Yoshioka |first508=R. |last509=Youssef |first509=N.H. |last510=Yu |first510=F.M. |last511=Yu |first511=Z.F. |last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5267] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154|hdl=11584/429245 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10661957}}
Category:Lecanoromycetes Category:Lecanoromycetes families Category:Lichen families Category:Taxa described in 1984 Category:Taxa named by Josef Hafellner