{{good article}} {{short description|Historical term for group of flowering plants, including lilies}}
[[File:Shoshan-Zachi-Evenor-6964.jpg|''Lilium candidum''<br>Madonna lily (Liliaceae)|thumb|alt=Flowers of Lillium candidum]]
'''Coronariae''' (literally a crown or garland) is a term used historically to refer to a group of flowering plants, generally including the lilies (Liliaceae), and later replaced by the order Liliales. First used in the 17th century by John Ray, it referred to flowers used to insert in garlands. Coronariae soon came to be associated with Liliaceae in the Linnaean system. The term was abandoned at the end of the 19th century, being replaced with Liliiflorae and then Liliales.
== History ==
=== Seventeenth to nineteenth century usage === [[File:John Ray from NPG.jpg|thumb|upright|John Ray 1627–1705|alt=Portrait of John Ray]] thumb|upright|Cover of ''Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum''|alt=Title page of Linnaeus'Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum [[File:Carl Adolph Agardh, Svenska Familj-Journalen.png|thumb|upright|Carl Adolph Agardh 1785–1859|alt=Portrait of Agardh]] [[File:Endlicher Gen Plant 129.png|thumb|upright|Endlicher's Coronariae (1836)|alt=Page 129 of Endlicher's Genera Plantarum, describing Coronariae ]]
Coronariae was first used by John Ray in his ''Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam'' (1660) as one of 21 classes of herbaceous plants. In this grouping he included ''Armerius'' and ''Caryophyllus'' (i.e. ''Dianthus'', Caryophyllaceae).{{sfn|Ray|1660|loc=pp. 100–102}} It was next used by Linnaeus in his ''Philosophia Botanica'' (1751) to refer to a very different group of plants. Linnaeus followed Ray in describing Coronariae as "a beautiful [flower] which is inserted in crowns or garlands".{{sfn|Rees|1819}} His Coronariae was the ninth of his 69 ''ordines naturales'' (i.e. families), consisting of five genera, followed by Liliaceae and Muricatae. These three orders consisted of the following genera:{{sfn|Linnaeus|1751|loc=p. 28}} ;9. Coronariae * ''Ornithogalum'' * ''Scilla'' * ''Hyacinthus'' * ''Asphodelus'' * ''Anthericum'' * ''Polianthes''
;10. Liliaceae * ''Lilium'' * ''Fritillaria'' * ''Tulipa'' * ''Erythronium''
;11. Muricatae * ''Bromelia'' * ''Renealmia'' * ''Tillandsia'' * ''Burmannia'' In a later posthumous publication, ''Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum'' (1792),{{sfn|Linnaeus|1792}} Coronariae appear as Ordo X with 28 genera, Linnaeus having merged his previous Liliaceae into Coronariae together with his eleventh order, Muricatae.{{sfn|Rees|1819}}{{sfn|Smith|1824|loc=Order 10 Coronariae pp. 392–393}} In developing an ordered system of taxonomic ranks, Agardh (1825){{sfn|Agardh|1825}} followed Linnaeus but placed his Coronariae within the higher rank (order) of Liliiflorae and confined it to the original Liliaceae:
* XI. Liliiflorae ** 43 Asparageae <small>Br.</small> ** 44 Asphodeleae <small>Br.</small> ** 45 Coronariae ** 46 Veratreae <small>Salisb.</small> ** 47 Commelineae <small>Br.</small> ** 48 Pontedereae <small>Kunth.</small> ** 49 Dioscorinae <small>Br.</small> ** 50 Haemodoreae <small>Br.</small> ** 51 Irideae <small>Juss.</small> ** 52 Narcisseae <small>Juss.</small> ** 53 Bromeliaceae <small>Juss.</small>
At about the same time, Perleb (1826) followed a similar scheme with eleven families grouped into an order he called Liliaceae:{{sfn|Perleb|1826}} * Liliaceae ** Asparageae ** Pontederiaceae ** Asphodeleae ** Coronariae{{efn|Coronariae used ''sensu'' Agardh (1825), i.e. Linnaeus' Liliaceae }} ** Colchicaceae ** Dioscoreaceae ** Hypoxideae ** Amaryllideae ** Haemodoraceae ** Burmanniaceae ** Irideae [[File:GeorgeBentham.jpg|thumb|upright|George Bentham 1800–1884|alt=Portrait of George Bentham]] Endlicher (1836) used Coronariae as a class with eight subordinate orders, restoring Liliaceae as the family name:{{sfn|Endlicher|1836}} * Classis 15. Coronariae ** Ordo 51. Juncaceae ** Ordo 52. Philydreae ** Ordo 53. Melanthaceae ** Ordo 54. Pontederaceae ** Ordo 55. Liliaceae ** Ordo 56. Smilaceae ** Ordo 57. Dioscoreae ** Ordo 58. Taccaceae
Subsequent authors, such as Lindley (1853), preferred the term Liliales for a higher order (which Lindley called Alliances), including four families including Liliaceae. Lindley lists Coronariae as a synonym of Liliaceae:{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} * Liliales ** Gilliesiaceae ** Melanthaceae ** Liliaceae ** Pontederaceae [[File:BHGenPlant3 129.png|thumb|upright|Bentham's conspectus of Coronariae 1883|alt=Page from Bentham's Genera plantarum, describing Coronariae]] However Bentham (1877) restored the term as one of four alliances making up the monocotyledons, with 8 families:{{sfn|Bentham|1877}} * 2. Coronariae ** Roxburghiaceae ** Liliaceae ** Pontederaceae ** Philydraceae ** Xyrideae ** Commelynaceae ** Junceae ** Palmae
He developed this further in his ''Genera plantarum'' (1883), this time dividing the monocotyledons into seven groups, called Series, of which in Coronariae he added Mayaceae and Rapateaceae, renamed Commelynaceae as Commelinaceae and omitted Junceae and Palmae.{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883}}
=== Later alternative nomenclature ===
Subsequent authors, now adopting a phylogenetic (phyletic) or evolutionary approach over the natural method,{{sfn|Stuessy|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA43 Artificial classification p. 43]}} did not adopt Bentham's nomenclature. Eichler (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae,{{sfn|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 p. 34]}} as did Engler (1903){{sfn|Engler|1903}} and Lotsy (1911).{{sfn|Lotsy|1911}}
Hutchinson (1973){{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. these include Cronquist (1981),{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}} Takhtajan (1997),{{sfn|Takhtajan|1997}} Thorne and Reveal (2007).{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}} This is also the nomenclature of the molecular phylogenetic based modern system of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG, 1998–2016).{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
== Modern equivalent (Liliales) == [[File:Smilax aspera.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|''Smilax aspera'' (Smilaceae)|alt=Leaves and berries of Smilax aspera]] In post-Linnaean usage, Coronariae corresponds to the modern order Liliales (Lilies and allied taxa), the largest grouping of families within the monocot grade Lilioid monocots. The number of families remains about the same as Perleb's original construction. However, the circumscription of the order Liliales (and its nominative family Liliaceae) have undergone major changes over the years, particularly with the advent of molecular phylogenetics. As a consequence, Liliales is greatly reduced, although still a relatively large monocot order. At one stage the Lilaceae, ''sensu'' Lindley, which he called ''lilyworts'' in the vernacular, consisted of 133 genera and 1200 species.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/274/mode/1up Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts. pp. 200–205]}} In this work he unhappily acknowledged the confusing array of different approaches to the classification of the Liliaceae, the lack of a clear definition, and the great diversity in the circumscription of the order, which had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. As he saw it, the Liliaceae had already become a catch-all grouping,{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} being "everything that does not belong to the other parts of the Lilial Alliance", but expressed hope that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. In other words, he foresaw that Liliaceae would come to be regarded as paraphyletic.{{sfn|Lindley|1846|loc=p .201}}
Many of the families once considered to be part of this grouping are now considered to be in Asparagales, with the remainder in commelinids and Dioscoreales.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}
Liliales, ''sensu'' APG, consists of ten families:{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} * Alstroemeriaceae * Campynemataceae * Colchicaceae * Corsiaceae * Liliaceae * Melanthiaceae * Petermanniaceae * Philesiaceae * Ripogonaceae * Smilacaceae
As such, it consists of about 67 genera and about 1,558 species.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}{{sfn|Simpson|2011}} The bulk of the Liliales species are found in the very diverse family Liliaceae (16 genera, 610 species). Of the remaining nine families, three are referred to as the vine families (Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae and Smilacaceae) and form a cluster. Many of these families are very small or monotypic.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}
== Notes == {{Notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist|20em}}
== Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}}
;Books and symposia * {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date= 2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Lilkiales|pages=141–150|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}} * {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=A |title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration |isbn=0-231-03880-1}} * {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217781/page/n7/mode/2up|date=1973|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=Liliales|page=591}} * {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editor-last2=Huber|editor-first2=Herbert|editor-link1=Klaus Kubitzki|editor-link2=Herbert Huber (botanist)|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) |year=1998|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}} * {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC|chapter=Liliales|page=180}} * {{cite book|last1=Stuessy|first1=Tod F.|title=Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-51864-2|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC}} * {{cite book|last1=Takhtajan|first1=Armen Leonovich|title=Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnCVQjDUfuEC|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10098-4}} * {{cite book|editor1-last= Wilson|editor1-first= K. L. |editor2-last=Morrison |editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|year=2000|publisher=CSIRO|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=0-643-06437-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts].
;Historical sources * {{cite book|last1=Agardh|first1=Carl Adolph|author-link=Carl Adolph Agardh|title=Classes Plantarum|date=1825|publisher=Literis Berlingianis|location=Lund|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7657#/summary|chapter=XI. Liliiflorae|page=8|language=la}} * {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2=Hooker|first2=J.D.|author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=Joseph Dalton Hooker| title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. vol. 3|year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary|chapter=Coronariae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/186440#page/17/mode/1up|pages=ix–x|language=la}} * {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|author-link = August W. Eichler|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1886|orig-year=1876|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ}} * {{Cite book | last=Endlicher|first= Stephanus | author-link=Stephan Endlicher|title=Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita | date=1836 | publisher=Apud Fr.Beck | location=Vindobonae|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/728#/summary |chapter=Coronariae|pages=129–157|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14572#page/196/mode/1up|language=la}} * {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|author-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|orig-year=1892|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag|location=Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary|edition=3rd|chapter=Liliiflorae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up|pages=93–101}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury|location=London|year=1846|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7756#/summary}} * {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1853|orig-year=1846|edition=3rd.|url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary|chapter=Liliales|pages=195–206|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/305/mode/1up}} * {{cite book|last1=Linnaeus|first1=Carl|author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Philosophia botanica: in qua explicantur fundamenta botanica cum definitionibus partium, exemplis terminorum, observationibus rariorum, adiectis figuris aeneis|date=1755|orig-year=1751|publisher=Joannis Thomae Trattner|location=Vienna|others=originally published simultaneously by R. Kiesewetter (Stockholm) and Z. Chatelain (Amsterdam) |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophiabotan00linn|language=la|ref={{harvid|Linnaeus|1751}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus|editor1-last=Giseke |editor1-first=Paul Dietrich |editor-link=Paul Dietrich Giseke|title=Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/records/item/13033-redirection|date=1792 |chapter=Ordo X Coronariae|pages=283–293|publisher=Benj. Gottl. Hoffmanni |location=Hamburg}} * {{cite book|last1=Lotsy|first1=J. P.|title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia|date=1911|publisher=G. Fischer|location=Jena|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary|pages=715–766, 792–834}} * {{cite book| last= Perleb|first=Karl Julius|author-link=Karl Julius Perleb| author-mask=1|year = 1826 | title = Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs|page= 129| publisher = Friedrich Wagner|location= Freiburg im Breisgau}} * {{cite book|last=Ray|first=John|author-link=John Ray|title=Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium ...: Adiiciuntur in gratiam tyronum, index Anglico-latinus, index locorum ...|trans-title=Catalogue of Cambridge plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hz0-AAAAcAAJ|year=1660|publisher=John Field|location=Cambridge|language=la}} {{link note|note=Appendices 1663, 1685}}.
;Chapters * {{cite book|last1=Kubitzki|first1=K|last2=Rudall|first2=PJ|last3=Chase|first3=MC|author-link1=Klaus Kubitzki|author-link2=Paula Rudall|author-link3=Mark Chase|title=Systematics and evolution: A brief history of monocot classification|url={{Google books|RSfrCAAAQBAJ|page=23|plainurl=yes}}|page=23|ref={{harvid|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}}}}, in {{Harvtxt|Kubitzki|Huber|1998}}. * {{cite book| last1 =Rudall| first1 =P. J.| author-link1=Paula Rudall|last2 =Stobart |first2=K. L. |last3=Hong |first3=W-P. |last4=Conran |first4=J. G. |last5=Furness |first5=C. A. |last6=Kite |first6=G. C. |last7=Chase |first7=M. W.| author-link7=Mark Chase|pages =347–359| title=Consider the lilies: systematics of Liliales | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA347| date =2000| publisher =Csiro|ref={{harvid|Rudall et al|2000}}| isbn =9780643099296}}, in {{Harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}.
;Encyclopaedias * {{cite encyclopaedia|last=Smith|first=James Edward|author-link=James Edward Smith (botanist)|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: Supplement to the 4th, 5th, and 6th Editions With Preliminary Dissertations on the History of the Sciences. vol. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPpMAQAAMAAJ|year=1824|publisher=Archibald|location=Edinburgh|chapter=Botany|pages=376–422}} * {{cite encyclopaedia|last=Rees|first=Abraham|title=The Cyclopaedia; Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature. vol. X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UFRAAAAcAAJ|chapter=Coronariae|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UFRAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA3|page=3|year=1819|publisher=Longman, Hurst|location=London}}. See also Rees's Cyclopædia. * {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Traub|first1=Hamilton P|author-link=Hamilton Traub|last2=Kress|first2=WJ|title=Liliales|url=http://www.britannica.com/plant/Liliales|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2016}}
;Articles * {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal|last1=Bentham|first1=George|author-link=George Bentham|title=On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Primary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology.|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|date=February 1877|volume=15|issue=88|pages=490–520|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1877.tb00261.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432977|access-date=12 March 2020|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Givnish|first1=Thomas J.|last2=Zuluaga|first2=Alejandro|last3=Marques|first3=Isabel|last4=Lam|first4=Vivienne K. Y.|last5=Gomez|first5=Marybel Soto|last6=Iles|first6=William J. D.|last7=Ames|first7=Mercedes|last8=Spalink|first8=Daniel|last9=Moeller|first9=Jackson R.|last10=Briggs|first10=Barbara G.|last11=Lyon|first11=Stephanie P.|last12=Stevenson|first12=Dennis W.|last13=Zomlefer|first13=Wendy|last14=Graham|first14=Sean W.|author-link1=Thomas J. Givnish|title=Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of the monocot order Liliales: out of Australia and through Antarctica|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301570024|journal=Cladistics|date=December 2016|volume=32|issue=6|pages=581–605|doi=10.1111/cla.12153|pmid=34727673 |s2cid=44059188|access-date=12 March 2020|ref={{harvid|Givnish et al|2016}}|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|author-link1=Robert F. Thorne|author-link2=James Reveal|title=An Updated Classification of the Class Magnoliopsida ("Angiospermae")|journal=The Botanical Review|date=April 2007|volume=73|issue=2|pages=67–181|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[67:AUCOTC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=24415895 }}
{{refend}}
<!--- Categories ---> Category:Historically recognized angiosperm taxa Category:Liliales