{{Short description|Family of aquatic plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = IMG 2365.jpg |image_caption = ''Pontederia crassipes'' |taxon = Pontederiaceae |authority = Kunth<ref name="APGIII2009" /> |subdivision_ranks = Genera |subdivision = See text }}
'''Pontederiaceae''' is a family of flowering plants. [[File:Monochoria vaginalis in Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''Pontederia plantaginea'' in Kerala]]
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, in the monocots.<ref name="APGIII2009" /><ref name="APGIV2016" /> It is a small family of heterostylous aquatic plants, occurring in tropical and subtropical waters. Charles Darwin was interested in the specialized form of heterostyly found in the family, known as tristyly. Not all of the species are heterostylous. The family contains two genera with around 40 known species.<ref name="Pellegrini-Horn2017" /><ref name="Pellegrini-etal2018" />
It is best known for the water hyacinth (''Pontederia crassipes''), which is an invasive species in many waterways. The highly modified ''Heteranthera gardneri'' is a submerged aquatic with a two-flowered pseudanthium.
==Taxonomy== The two genera within this family are:<ref name="Pellegrini-etal2018" /><ref name="Pellegrini2017" />
*''Heteranthera'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> (including ''Eurystemon'', ''Hydrothrix'', ''Scholleropsis'', and ''Zosterella'') *''Pontederia'' <small>L.</small> (including ''Eichhornia'', ''Monochoria'', and ''Reussia'')
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="APGIV2016">{{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Pellegrini2017">{{cite journal |author=Pellegrini, M. O. O. |year=2017 |title=Two new synonyms in ''Heteranthera'' (Pontederiaceae, Commelinales) |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=124–128 |doi=10.1111/njb.01152 |doi-access=|bibcode=2017NorJB..35..124D }}</ref>
<ref name="Pellegrini-Horn2017">{{cite journal |author1=Pellegrini, M. O. O. |author2=Horn, C. N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz & Pavón (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil, with notes on inflorescence architecture in the family |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=82 |pages=35–56 |url=https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=13752 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752 |pmid=28794681 |pmc=5546388 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PhytK..82...35P }}</ref>
<ref name="Pellegrini-etal2018">{{cite journal |author1=Pellegrini, M. O. O. |author2=Horn, C. N. |author3=Alemida, R. F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L. |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=108 |pages=25–83 |url=https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/27652/ |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652 |pmid=30275733 |pmc=6160854 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018PhytK.108...25P }}</ref> }}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Wikispecies-inline}} * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Pontederiaceae links at CSDL]
{{Angiosperm families}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q725748}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Pontederiaceae Category:Commelinid families Category:Aquatic plants