{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Starr 980528-4129 Anigozanthos flavidus.jpg |image_caption = Kangaroo paw (''Anigozanthos flavidus'') |taxon = Haemodoraceae |authority = R.Br. (1810) nom. cons.{{sfn|Brown|1810|loc=p. 299}}<ref name=APGIV2016/> |subdivision_ranks = Genera |subdivision = 15; see text |subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30026802-2 ''Haemodoraceae'' R.Br.] ''Plants of the World Online''. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</ref> |synonyms= Haemodoreae{{sfn|Agardh|1825}} }} [[Image:Bush-Pearl-in-RBG-Cranbourne.jpg|thumb|upright|''Anigozanthos'' Bush Pearl. Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne.]]
'''Haemodoraceae''' is a family of perennial herbaceous angiosperms (flowering plants) containing 15 genera<ref name = powo/> and 102 known species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C }}</ref> sometimes known as the "bloodroots", found throughout the Southern Hemisphere, from Australia and New Guinea to South Africa, as well as the Americas (from extreme southeastern USA through tropical South America).
Perhaps the best-known (and most popular in cultivation) genera from the family are the unusual ''Anigozanthos'' and ''Macropidia'', both commonly called "kangaroo-paw" or "kangaroo's paw" due to their fuzzy flowers. These genera are hugely popular in both private gardens and public landscaping projects in Mediterranean climate regions, such as in Chile, northwestern Mexico (Baja California), Southern California (and the Bay Area) and Western Australia, among other locations; the kangaroo-paws are valued for their hardiness, adaptability and low irrigation requirements, once established.
==Taxonomy== The Haemodoraceae were first described by Robert Brown in 1810,{{sfn|Brown|1810|loc=p. 299}} and bear his name as the botanical authority. An alternative name has been Haemodoreae{{sfn|Agardh|1825}}
The fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (unchanged from the earlier APG systems of 2009, 2003 and 1998), also recognizes this family and places it in the order Commelinales, in the clade commelinids, in the monocots.<ref name=APGIII2009/><ref name=APGIV2016/> The family of the Haemodoraceae then includes about sixteen sub-tropical or tropical genera found in the southern hemisphere, two in North America and three known cultivated genera in Europe.<ref name=Walters>{{cite book|last=Walters|first=Stuart Max|title=The European Garden Flora: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24859-4|page=290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dd5M-ToXAcC&q=haemodoraceae&pg=PA290}}</ref>
{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Haemodoraceae |1={{clade |label1=Conostylidoideae |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Blancoa |2=Conostylis }} |2=Phlebocarya }} |2={{clade |1=Macropidia |2=Anigozanthos }} }} |2=Tribonanthes }} |label2=Haemodoroideae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Dilatris |2={{clade |1=Haemodorum |2=Lachnanthes }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Barberetta |2=Wachendorfia }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Schiekia |2=Xiphidium }} |2=Pyrrorhiza }} }} }} }} }}
==Description== Haemodoraceae is characterized by distichous leathery leaves, which are alternate, succulent, rather large and often ensiform, with entire margins and parallel veins.<ref name=Darlington>{{cite book|last=Darlington|first=William|title=Flora cestrica: an herborizing companion for the young botanists of Chester County...Pennsylvania|year=1853|publisher=Lindsay & Blakiston|location=Philadelphia|page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voFIAAAAYAAJ&q=Haemodoraceae+distichous+leaves&pg=PA317 |oclc=4039950}}</ref> The leaves are enclosed by a sheath with free margins and alternate, distichous (= in two vertical ranks).
The plants are hermaphroditic. Pollinators are primarily insects, but also birds or sometimes a small mammal. The wooly-haired flowers grow at the end of a leaflet stalk, in cymes (with lateral branches), panicles or racemes.
The family is represented in Southwest Australia by extreme diversity, including around six genera that only occur in that region. The endemic species include the kangaroo paws, ''Anigozanthos'' and ''Macropidia'', and the most speciose genus of the family, ''Conostylis''.<ref name="Hopper1993">{{cite book |last1=Hopper |first1=Stephen |last2=Wells |first2=B. & B. (photography) |last3=Pieroni |first3=M. (illustration) |title=Kangaroo paws and catspaws; a natural history and field guide |date=1993 |publisher=CALM |location=Perth}}</ref>
==Genera== 15 genera are accepted.<ref name = powo/> {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| *Subfamily Conostylidoideae **''Anigozanthos'' {{small|Labill.}} – Kangaroo paws **''Blancoa'' {{small|Lindl.}} **''Conostylis'' {{small|R.Br.}} **''Macropidia'' {{small|J.Drumm. ex Harv.}} – Black kangaroo paws **''Phlebocarya'' {{small|R.Br.}} **''Tribonanthes'' {{small|Endl.}} *Subfamily Haemodoroideae **''Barberetta'' {{small|Harv.}} **''Cubanicula'' {{small|Hopper, J.E.Gut., E.J.Hickman, M.Pell. & Rhian J.Sm.}} **''Dilatris'' {{small|P.J.Bergius}} **''Haemodorum'' {{small|Sm.}} – Bloodroots **''Lachnanthes'' {{small|Elliott}} **''Pyrrorhiza'' {{small|Maguire & Wurdack}} **''Schiekia'' {{small|Meisn.}} **''Wachendorfia'' {{small|Burm. ex L.}} **''Xiphidium'' {{small|Aubl.}} }}
The term "bloodwort" can also apply to ''Sanguinaria canadensis'' (more often called bloodroot) or ''Achillea millefolium'' (more often called yarrow or common yarrow), in other families.
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==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=APGIV2016>{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}</ref> }}
==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last1=Agardh|first1=Carl Adolph|author-link=Carl Adolph Agardh|title=Classes Plantarum|date=1825|publisher=Literis Berlingianis|location=Lund|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7657#/summary|chapter=XI. Liliiflorae|page=8|language=la}} * {{cite book| last = Brown| first = Robert| title = Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3678#/summary| year = 1810| publisher = Richard Taylor & Son| location = London| author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)| language = la}} * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=2007-01-03 }} Descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. * ''[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1200&taxon_id=10393 Monocot families]'' (USDA) * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201034453/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Haemodoraceae |date=2008-12-01 }} at CSDL * [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Haemodoraceae&x=0&y=0 overview of taxa in Western Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709161632/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Haemodoraceae&x=0&y=0 |date=2011-07-09 }} (144 entries) {{Refend}}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Haemodoraceae}}
{{Angiosperm families}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q131291}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Haemodoraceae Category:Commelinid families Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)