{{Short description|Genus of shrubs and trees}} {{Redirect|Fagara|the silk variety|Attacus atlas#Fagara silk}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Starr 060325-6755 Zanthoxylum kauaense.jpg | image_caption = ''Zanthoxylum kauaense'' | taxon = Zanthoxylum | authority = L. | type_species = ''Zanthoxylum americanum'' | type_species_authority = Mill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40028189 |title=''Zanthoxylum'' L. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2010-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910093951/http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40028189 |archive-date=2010-09-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> |synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO" /> | synonyms = {{collapsible list | * ''Aubertia'' {{small|(Bory)}} * ''Blackburnia'' {{small|(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.)}} * ''Boscia'' {{small|(Thunb.)}} * ''Cranzia'' {{small|(Schreb.)}} * ''Curtisia'' {{small|(Schreb.)}} * ''Dipetalum'' {{small|(Dalzell)}} * ''Doratium'' {{small|(Sol. ex J.St.-Hil.)}} * ''Duncania'' {{small|(Rchb.)}} * ''Fagara'' {{small|(Duhamel)}} * ''Fagara'' {{small|(L.)}} * ''Fagaras'' {{small|(Burm. ex Kuntze)}} * ''Kampmannia'' {{small|(Raf.)}} * ''Lacaris'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham. ex Pfeiff.)}} * ''Lacuris'' {{small|(Buch.-Ham.)}} * ''Langsdorfia'' {{small|(Leandro)}} * ''Mioptrila'' {{small|(Raf.)}} * ''Ochroxylum'' {{small|(Schreb.)}} * ''Perijea'' {{small|(Tul.)}} * ''Pohlana'' {{small|(Mart. & Nees)}} * ''Pseudopetalon'' {{small|(Raf.)}} * ''Pterota'' {{small|(P.Browne)}} * ''Rubentia'' {{small|(Bojer ex Steud.)}} * ''Tenorea'' {{small|(Raf.)}} * ''Tipalia'' {{small|(Dennst.)}} * ''Tobinia'' {{small|(Desv.)}} * ''Toddalia'' {{small|(Juss.)}} * ''Xanthophyllon'' {{small|(St.-Lag.)}} * ''Xanthoxylum'' {{small|(J.F.Gmel.)}} | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = About 250, see text }} }} [[Image:Zanthoxylum_clava-herculis2.jpg|thumb|''Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'' Fruit and foliage]] [[File:Zanthoxylum piperitum.jpg|thumb|''Z. piperitum'' Fruit]] [[File:Zanthoxylum rhetsa bark.JPG|thumb|''Z. rhetsa'' bark in Pakke Tiger Reserve]] [[File:Zanthoxylum simulans close.jpg|thumb|Leafless ''Z. simulans'' showing its knobbed bark]] [[File:Zanthoxylum piperitum bonsai.jpg|thumb|''Z. piperitum'' as a bonsai]]
'''''Zanthoxylum''''' is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily Rutoideae. Several of the species have yellow heartwood, to which their generic name alludes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Val|title=Sappi tree spotting: Highlands: Highveld, Drakensberg, Eastern Cape mountains|year=2001 |publisher=Jacana |location=Johannesburg |isbn=978-1-77009-561-8 |page=260 |edition=3rd |first2=Rina |last2=Grant |others=illustrations: Joan van Gogh; photographs: Jaco Adendorff}}</ref> Several species are cultivated for their use as spices, notably including Sichuan pepper.
==Description== Plants in the genus ''Zanthoxylum'' are typically dioecious shrubs, trees or woody climbers armed with trichomes. The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually pinnate or trifoliate. The flowers are usually arranged in panicles and usually function as male or female flowers with four sepals and four petals, the sepals remaining attached to the fruit. Male flowers have four stamens opposite the sepals. Female flowers have up to five, more or less free carpels with the styles free or sometimes fused near the tip. The fruit is usually of up to four follicles fused at the base, each containing a single seed almost as large as the follicle.<ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |title=Genus ''Zanthoxylum'' |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&showsyn=&dist=&constat=&lvl=gn&name=Zanthoxylum |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="FoA">{{cite book |last1=Hartley |first1=Thomas G. |editor-last1=Wilson |editor-first1=Annette J.G. |title=Flora of Australia (Volume 26) |date=2013 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |location=Canberra |page=74 |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Zanthoxylum |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
==Taxonomy== The genus ''Zanthoxylum'' was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the first volume of ''Species Plantarum''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Zanthoxylum'' L. |url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/81376 |work=Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) |access-date=16 March 2026 }}</ref><ref name="L.">{{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carl |title=Species Plantarum |date=1753 |publisher=Junk, 1908 |location=Berlin |page=270 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84235#page/284/mode/1up |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> The generic name is derived from Ancient Greek words {{wikt-lang|grc|ξανθός}} ({{transliteration|grc|xanthos}}), meaning 'yellow', and {{wikt-lang|grc|ξύλον}} ({{transliteration|grc|xylon}}), meaning 'wood'. It is technically misspelled, as the ''z'' should be ''x'', but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC |first=Umberto |last=Quattrocchi |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |volume=IV R-Z |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |page=2868}}</ref> The first species that Linnaeus described was ''Zanthoxylum trifoliatum'', now regarded as a synonym of ''Eleutherococcus trifoliatus''.<ref name="L." /><ref name="POWO2">{{cite web |title=''Zanthoxylum trifoliatum'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Zanthoxylum+trifoliatum |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> The once separate genus ''Fagara'' is now included in ''Zanthoxylum''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beurton|first=C.|title=Gynoecium and perianth in ''Zanthoxylum'' s.l. (Rutaceae)|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|year=1994|volume=189|issue=3–4|pages=165–191|doi=10.1007/bf00939724|bibcode=1994PSyEv.189..165B |s2cid=2655415}}</ref>
==Fossil record== 28 fossil seeds of the extinct ''Zanthoxylum kristinae'', from the early Miocene, have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.<ref>A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118</ref>
==Uses== Many ''Zanthoxylum'' species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. ''Zanthoxylum beecheyanum'' and ''Zanthoxylum piperitum'' are two species commonly grown as bonsai.<ref name ="Wilbur" >Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. ''Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800''. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.</ref>
===Culinary use=== Spices are made from a number of species in this genus, including: * ''Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' – Andaliman * ''Zanthoxylum armatum'' – "green" or "vine" Sichuan pepper * ''Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' – "red" or common Sichuan pepper * ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'' - Uzazi * ''Zanthoxylum piperitum'' – {{transliteration|ja|sanshō}}, {{transliteration|ko|chopi}} * ''Zanthoxylum nitidum''{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} * ''Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' – teppal, tirphal * ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' – {{transliteration|ko|sancho}}, "green" Sichuan pepper * ''Zanthoxylum simulans'' – "red" or wild Sichuan pepper
====Andaliman==== {{See also|Andaliman}} In Indonesia's North Sumatra province, ''Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' is harvested for ''andaliman''.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2006 |title=Andaliman – A Family of Sichuan Pepper |website=IndonesiaEats.com |url=https://indonesiaeats.com/andaliman-batak-pepper-indonesia-sichuan-pepper-family/ |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017033410/https://indonesiaeats.com/andaliman-batak-pepper-indonesia-sichuan-pepper-family/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Indonesian Batak cuisine, ''andaliman'' is ground and mixed with chilies and seasonings into a green sambal or chili paste.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leifsson |first=Lanny |date=8 November 2011 |title=Sambal Andaliman Recipe (Andaliman Pepper Sambal) |website=indonesiaeats.com |url=https://indonesiaeats.com/sambal-andaliman-batak-pepper-sambal/ |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030082455/https://indonesiaeats.com/sambal-andaliman-batak-pepper-sambal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Arsik is a typical Indonesian dish containing ''andaliman''.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Arsik Recipe (Spiced Carp with Torch Ginger and Andaliman – Mandailing Style) |website=indonesiaeats.com |url=https://indonesiaeats.com/arsik-indonesian-andaliman-spiced-carp-batak/ |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017132159/https://indonesiaeats.com/arsik-indonesian-andaliman-spiced-carp-batak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===={{transliteration|ko|Chopi}} and {{transliteration|ja|sanshō}}==== {{See also|Zanthoxylum piperitum#Korean cuisine|Zanthoxylum piperitum#Japanese cuisine}}
''Zanthoxylum piperitum'' is harvested in Japan and Korea to produce {{transliteration|ja|sanshō}} ({{lang|ja|山椒}}) or {{transliteration|ko|chopi}} ({{lang|ko|초피}}), which has numbing properties similar to those of Chinese Sichuan peppercorns.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ravindran |first=P. N. |author-link=P. N. Ravindran |year=2017 |title=100 Japanese Pepper Zanthoxylum piperitum |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices |publisher=CAB International |pages=473–476 |isbn=978-1-780-64315-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pJNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA476}}</ref> In Korean cuisine, {{transliteration|ko|chopi}} is often used to accompany fish soups such as {{transliteration|ko|chueo-tang}}, whereas the plant's seeds are separated and used to make oil, and the oil is used as a medicine.
====Sancho==== {{See also|Sancho (spice)}} The Korean {{transliteration|ko|sancho}} is made from ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'', which is slightly less bitter than {{transliteration|ko|chopi}}.<ref name=graz>{{cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Szechuan Peppercorns) |website=CooksInfo.com |url=https://www.cooksinfo.com/szechuan-peppercorns |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> In Korean cuisine, {{transliteration|ko|chopi}} is often used to accompany fish soups such as {{transliteration|ko|chueo-tang}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gowman |first=Philip |date=5 December 2016 |title=In praise of Sancho and Flat Three |website=londonkoreanlinks.net |url=https://londonkoreanlinks.net/2016/12/05/in-praise-of-sancho-and-flat-three/ |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>
====Sichuan pepper==== {{See also|Sichuan pepper}} The fruit of ''Zanthoxylum armatum'' and ''Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' species is used to make Sichuan pepper by grinding the husks that surround the berries.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Herbs and Spices |volume=2 |first=K. V. |last=Peter |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85573-721-1 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |pages=98–99}}</ref>
====Tirphal and teppal==== In the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Goa in Western India, the dried berries of ''Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' are known as teppal or tirphal in Marathi are added to foods such as legumes and fish. The name in both languages means 'three fruits' or 'three pods'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirphal/ Teppal Pepper |website=foodsofnations.com |url=https://foodsofnations.com/product/tirphal-teppal-pepper/ |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027123033/https://foodsofnations.com/product/tirphal-teppal-pepper/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because the trees bear fruit during the monsoon season, the berries are associated with the concurrent Krishna Janmashtami festival.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Spice Kitchen |first=Monisha |last=Bharadwaj |publisher=Hippocrene Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7818-1143-9 |pages=82–83}}</ref>
The fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns a brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around the year. Mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with coconut masala, this spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the curry.
==Chemistry== Plants in the genus ''Zanthoxylum'' contain the lignan sesamin.
Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including benzophenanthridines (nitidine, dihydronitidine, oxynitidine, fagaronine, dihydroavicine, chelerythrine, dihydrochelerythrine, methoxychelerythrine, norchelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, decarine and fagaridine), furoquinolines (dictamine, 8-methoxydictamine, skimmianine, 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone), carbazoles (3-methoxycarbazole, glycozoline), aporphines (berberine, tembetarine,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?word=C00025347 |title={title} |access-date=2017-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217135728/http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?word=C00025347 |archive-date=2017-12-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> magnoflorine, M-methyl-corydine), canthinones (6-canthinone), acridones (1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, 1-hydroxy-10-methylacridon-9-one, zanthozolin), and aromatic and aliphatic amides.<ref>The Nigerian Zanthoxylum; Chemical and biological values. S. K. Adesina, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2005, volume 2, issue 3, pages 282-301 ([https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/9214/1/tc05032.pdf article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183649/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/9214/1/tc05032.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }})</ref>
Hydroxy-alpha sanshool is a bioactive component of plants from the genus ''Zanthoxylum'', including the Sichuan pepper. It provides the characteristic numbness.
==Ecology== ''Zanthoxylum'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed (''Ectropis crepuscularia'').
==Species== The following is a list of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of August 2020:<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Zanthoxylum'' |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Zanthoxylum |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * ''Zanthoxylum acanthopodium'' <small>D.R.Simpson</small> (southern Asia) * ''Zanthoxylum aculeatissimum'' <small>Engl.</small> (Bolivia) * ''Zanthoxylum acuminatum'' <small>Sw.</small> (Cuba, Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum ailanthoides'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> – ailanthus-like prickly ash * ''Zanthoxylum albiflorum'' <small>Baker f.</small> (New Caledonia) * ''Zanthoxylum albuquerquei'' <small>D.C.</small> (Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum amamiense'' <small>Ohwi</small> (Ryukyu Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum amapaense'' <small>(Albuq.) P.G.Waterm.</small> (Brazil, Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum americanum'' <small>Mill.</small> – northern prickly ash, prickly ash, toothache tree (Canada, United States) * ''Zanthoxylum anadenium'' <small>(Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm.</small> (Haiti) * ''Zanthoxylum andamanicum'' <small>Kurz</small> (Andaman Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum andinum'' <small>Reynel</small> (Ecuador) * ''Zanthoxylum anison'' <small>L.O.Williams</small> (Guatemala) * ''Zanthoxylum anthyllidifolium'' <small>Guillaumin</small> (Vietnam) * ''Zanthoxylum apiculatum'' <small>(Sandwith) P.G.Waterman</small> (South America) * ''Zanthoxylum arborescens'' <small>Rose</small> (Mexico, Nicaragua) * ''Zanthoxylum armatum'' <small>DC.</small> – winged prickly ash (Indian subcontinent to temperate east Asia and Malesia) * ''Zanthoxylum atchoum'' <small>(Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman</small> (Côte d'Ivoire) * ''Zanthoxylum austrosinense'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (southern China) * ''Zanthoxylum avicennae'' <small>(Lam.) DC.</small> (southern China to western and central Malesia) * ''Zanthoxylum backeri'' <small>(Bakh.f.) T.G.Hartley</small> * ''Zanthoxylum beechyanum'' <small>K.Koch</small> (Bonin Islands, Ryukya Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum'' <small>Leonard</small> – Maricao prickly ash (Hispaniola to Puerto Rico) * ''Zanthoxylum bissei'' <small>Beurton</small> (Cuba) * ''Zanthoxylum bonifaziae'' <small>Cornejo & Reynel</small> (Ecuador) * ''Zanthoxylum bouetense'' <small>(Pierre ex Letouzey) P.G.Waterman</small> (Congo, Gabon) * ''Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum'' <small>F.Muell.</small> – thorny yellowwood (New South Wales, Queensland) * ''Zanthoxylum brisasanum'' <small>(Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Colombia to Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum buesgenii'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterman</small> (southern Nigeria to west central tropical Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum bungeanum'' <small>Maxim.</small> – Chinese/Sichuan pepper (Himalaya to China) * ''Zanthoxylum burkillianum'' <small>Babu</small> * ''Zanthoxylum calcicola'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum campicola'' <small>Reynel</small> (Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum canalense'' <small>(Guillaumin) P.G.Waterman</small> * ''Zanthoxylum capense'' <small>(Thunb.) Harv.</small> (southern Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum caribaeum'' <small>Lam.</small> – yellow prickly ash (Mexico to tropical America) * ''Zanthoxylum caudatum'' <small>Alston</small> (Sri Lanka) * ''Zanthoxylum celebicum'' <small>Koord.</small> (Sulawesi) * ''Zanthoxylum chalybeum'' <small>Engl.</small> (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras) * ''Zanthoxylum chevalieri'' <small>P.G.Waterman</small> (western tropical Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum chuquisaquense'' <small>Reynel</small> (Bolivia) * ''Zanthoxylum ciliatum'' <small>Engl.</small> (Mexico to northern Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum claessensii'' <small>(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman</small> (west central tropical Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum clava-herculis'' <small>L.</small> – Hercules' club, pepperbark, southern prickly ash, West Indian yellowwood (central and southeastern United States to eastern Mexico) * ''Zanthoxylum coco'' <small>Gillies ex Hook.f. f. & Arn.</small> – coco, cochucho, smelly sauco (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) * ''Zanthoxylum collinsiae'' <small>Craib</small> (China to Indochina) * ''Zanthoxylum comosum'' <small>(Herzog) P.G.Waterman</small> (central Bolivia) * ''Zanthoxylum compactum'' <small>(Huber ex Albuq.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Venezuela to western South America) * ''Zanthoxylum conspersipunctatum'' <small>Merr. & Perry</small> (New Guinea) * ''Zanthoxylum cucullatipetalum'' <small>Guillaumin</small> (Vietnam) * ''Zanthoxylum davyi'' <small>(I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman</small> – forest knobwood (Zimbabwe to South Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum decaryi'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (Madagascar) * ''Zanthoxylum delagoense'' <small>P.G.Waterman</small> (southern Mozambique) * ''Zanthoxylum deremense'' <small>(Engl.) Kokwaro</small> (Malawi, Tanzania) * ''Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum'' <small>Hemsl.</small> (southern China to Indochina, Taiwan) * ''Zanthoxylum dinklagei'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterman</small> (southern Nigeria to western central tropical Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum dipetalum'' <small>H.Mann</small> – Kāwa{{okina}}u (Hawaii) * ''Zanthoxylum dissitum'' <small>Hemsl.</small> (central and southern China to Hainan) * ''Zanthoxylum diversifolium'' <small>Warb.</small> (New Guinea) * ''Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae'' <small>(Albuq.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum domingense'' <small>(Krug & Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm.</small> (Haiti) * ''Zanthoxylum dumosum'' <small>A.Rich.</small> (Cuba) * ''Zanthoxylum echinocarpum'' <small>Hemsl.</small> (southern China) * ''Zanthoxylum ekmanii'' <small>(Urb.) Alain</small> (southern Mexico to southern tropical America, western Cuba) * ''Zanthoxylum eliasii'' <small>D.M.Porter</small> (Panama to Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum engleri'' <small>Waterm.</small> * ''Zanthoxylum esquirolii'' <small>H.Lév.</small> (southern central China) * ''Zanthoxylum fagara'' <small>(L.) Sarg.</small> – Lime prickly ash (tropical and subtropical America) * ''Zanthoxylum fauriei'' <small>(Nakai) Ohwi</small> – lesser ailanthus-like prickly ash (South Korea, Japan) * ''Zanthoxylum finlaysonianum'' <small>Wall.</small> (Thailand) * ''Zanthoxylum flavum'' <small>Vahl</small> – West Indian satinwood (Caribbean) * ''Zanthoxylum foliolosum'' <small>Donn.Sm.</small> (Mexico to Nicaragua) * ''Zanthoxylum forbesii'' <small>T.G.Hartley</small> (Sumatra) * ''Zanthoxylum formiciferum'' <small>(Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Colombia to northern Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum gardneri'' <small>Engl.</small> (Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum gentryi'' <small>Reynel</small> (western Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum ghisbreghtii'' <small>Turcz.</small> (Gulf of Mexico) * ''Zanthoxylum gillespieanum'' <small>(A.C.Sm) A.C.Sm.</small> (Fiji) * ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'' <small>(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman</small> (tropical Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum glomeratum'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum grandifolium'' <small>Tul.</small> (Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum haitiense'' <small>(Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm.</small> (Haiti) * ''Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum'' <small>Pirani</small> (north-eastern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum harrisii'' <small>P.Wilson</small> (Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum hartii'' <small>[(Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson</small> (Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum hawaiiense'' <small>Hillebr.</small> – a'e, Hawai'i prickly ash (Hawaii) * ''Zanthoxylum heitzii'' <small>(Aubrév. & Pellegr.) P.G.Waterm.</small> (west central tropical Africa * ''Zanthoxylum heterophyllum'' <small>(Lam.) Sm.</small> (Mascarenes) * ''Zanthoxylum holtzianum'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterman</small> (southern Somalia to northern Mozambique) * ''Zanthoxylum huberi'' <small>P.G.Waterman</small> (South America) * ''Zanthoxylum humile'' <small>(E.A.Bruce P.G.Waterman</small> (Zimbabwe to Mozambique and Mpumalanga) * ''Zanthoxylum impressinervium'' <small>Reynel</small> (Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum'' <small>Elmer</small> (Taiwan to the Philippines) * ''Zanthoxylum iwahigense'' <small>Reynel</small> (the Philippines) * ''Zanthoxylum jamaicense'' <small>P.Wilson</small> (Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum juniperinum'' <small>Poepp.</small> (Central America) * ''Zanthoxylum kauaense'' <small>A.Gray</small> – Kauai prickly ash (Hawaii) * ''Zanthoxylum khasianum'' <small>Hook.f.</small> (Assam to China (W. Yunnan)) * ''Zanthoxylum kleinii'' <small>(R.S.Cowan) P.G.Waterman</small> (Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum kwangsiense'' <small>(Hand.-Mazz.) Chun ex C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum laetum'' <small>Drake</small> (China to Vietnam) * ''Zanthoxylum laurentii'' <small>(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Congo to Democratic Republic of Congo) * ''Zanthoxylum leiboicum'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum lemairei'' <small>(De Wild.) P.G.Waterman</small> (western tropical Africa to Uganda) * ''Zanthoxylum lenticellosum'' <small>(Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm.</small> (Dominican Republic) * ''Zanthoxylum lenticulare'' <small>Reynel</small> (Colombia to Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum lepidopteriphilum'' <small>Reynel</small> (Ecuador to Peru, north-west Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum leprieurii'' <small>Guill. & Perr.</small> (tropical and southern Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum leratii'' <small>Guillaumin</small> (New Caledonia) * ''Zanthoxylum liboense'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum limoncello'' <small>Planch. & Oerst.</small> (Mexico to Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum lindense'' <small>(Engl.) Kokwaro</small> (Tanzania) * ''Zanthoxylum macranthum'' <small>(Hand.-Mazz.) C.C. Huang</small> (south-east Tibet to southern China) * ''Zanthoxylum madagascariense'' <small>Baker</small> (Madagascar) * ''Zanthoxylum magnifasciculatum'' <small>Reynel</small> (Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum mananarense'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (Madagascar) * ''Zanthoxylum mantaro'' <small>(J.F.Macbr.) J.F.Macbr.</small> (Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum maranionense'' <small>Reynel</small> (Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum martinicense'' <small>(Lam.) DC.</small> – white prickly ash * ''Zanthoxylum mayu'' <small>Bertero</small> (Juan Fernández Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum megistophyllum'' <small>(B.L.Burtt) T.G.Hartley</small> (Solomon Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum melanostictum'' <small>Schltdl. & Cham.</small> (Mexico to north-west Venezuela and Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum'' <small>(Aké Assi) W.D.Hawth.</small> (Liberia to Ivory Coast) * ''Zanthoxylum micranthum'' <small>Hemsl.</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum mildbraedii'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterman</small> (east central tropical Africa to south-west Kenya * ''Zanthoxylum minahassae'' <small>Koord.</small> (Sulawesi) * ''Zanthoxylum molle'' <small>Rehder</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum mollissimum'' <small>(Engl.) P.Wilson</small> (Mexico to Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum monogynum'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small> (eastern Bolivia to Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum motuoense'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> * ''Zanthoxylum multijugum'' <small>Franch.</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum myriacanthum'' <small>Wall. ex Hook.f.</small> (eastern Himalaya to southern China and western and central Malesia) * ''Zanthoxylum myrianthum'' <small>(A.C.Sm.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Fiji) * ''Zanthoxylum nadeaudii'' <small>Drake</small> (French Polynesia) * ''Zanthoxylum nashii'' <small>P.Wilson</small> (Cuba to Hispaniola) * ''Zanthoxylum nebuletorum'' <small>(Herzog) P.G.Waterman</small> (Bolivia) * ''Zanthoxylum nemorale'' <small>Mart.</small> (eastern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum neocaledonicum'' <small>Baker f.</small> (New Caledonia) * ''Zanthoxylum nigrum'' <small>Mart.</small> (Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum nitidum'' <small>(Roxb.) DC.</small> – shiny-leaf prickly ash (tropical and subtropical Asia, Queensland) * ''Zanthoxylum novoguineense'' <small>T.G.Hartley</small> (New Guinea) * ''Zanthoxylum oahuense'' <small>Hillebr.</small> – Oahu prickly ash (Hawaii) * ''Zanthoxylum ovalifolium'' <small>Wight</small> (Andaman Island, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Queensland) * ''Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum'' <small>(Engl.) Finkelstein</small> (Angola to north-west Namibia) * ''Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum'' <small>Edgew.</small> (Nepal to China and Myanmar) * ''Zanthoxylum panamense'' <small>P.Wilson</small> (Mexico to Central America) * ''Zanthoxylum pancheri'' <small>P.S.Green</small> (New Caledonia) * ''Zanthoxylum paniculatum'' <small>Balf.f.</small> (Rodrigues in Mauritius) * ''Zanthoxylum paracanthum'' <small>(Mildbr.) Kokwaro</small> (south-east Kenya to central Tanzania) * ''Zanthoxylum paulae'' <small>(Albuq.) P.G. Waterman</small> (Guianas to northern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum pentandrum'' <small>(Aubl.) R.A.Howard</small> (Trinidad to northern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum petenense'' <small>Lundell</small> (Mexico to Guatemala) * ''Zanthoxylum petiolare'' <small>A.St.-Hil. & Tul.</small> (Bolivia to Brazil and northern Argentina) * ''Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' <small>Maxim.</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Democratic Republic of Congo to Angola) * ''Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' <small>Rehder & E.H.Wilson</small> (south-central China) * ''Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' <small>(Lam.) DC.</small> (Cuba to Hispaniola) * ''Zanthoxylum pinnatum'' <small>(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) W.R.B.Oliv.</small> (Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, south-west Pacific.) * ''Zanthoxylum piperitum'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> (China to South Korea, Japan) * ''Zanthoxylum phyllopterum'' <small>(Griseb.) Wright</small> (Cuba) * ''Zanthoxylum piasezkii'' <small>Maxim.</small> * ''Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterm.</small> * ''Zanthoxylum pilosulum'' <small>Rehder & E.H. Wilson</small> * ''Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides'' <small>(Lam.) DC.</small> * ''Zanthoxylum pinnatum'' <small>Druce</small> * ''Zanthoxylum piperitum'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> – Japanese pepper, chopi, Korean pepper (China, Japan, Korea) * ''Zanthoxylum pluviatile'' <small>T.G.Hartley</small> (New Guinea and Solomon Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum poggei'' <small>(Engl.) P.G.Waterman</small> (western central tropical Africa) * ''Zanthoxylum psammophilum'' <small>(Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman</small> (Ivory Coast) * ''Zanthoxylum pseudoxyphyllum'' <small>Babu</small> (Ivory Coast) * ''Zanthoxylum pteracanthum'' <small>Rehder & E.H.Wilson</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum pucro'' <small>D.M Porter</small> (Panama to north-west Colombia) * ''Zanthoxylum punctatum'' <small>Vahl</small> – dotted prickly ash (Caribbean) * ''Zanthoxylum quassiifolium'' <small>(Donn.Sm.) Standl. & Steyerm.</small> (Mexico to Guatemala.) * ''Zanthoxylum quinduense'' <small>Tul.</small> (western South America to north-west Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum renieri'' <small>(G.C.C.Gilbert) P.G.Waterman</small> (Democratic Republic of Congo to Uganda) * ''Zanthoxylum retroflexum'' <small>T.G.Hartley</small> (Sumatra) * ''Zanthoxylum retusum'' <small>(Albuq.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum rhetsa'' <small>(Roxb.) DC.</small> – Cape yellowwood, Indian ivy-rue, Indian pepper (tropical Asia, Queensland) * ''Zanthoxylum rhodoxylum'' <small>(Urb.) P.Wilson</small> (Jamaica) * ''Zanthoxylum rhoifolium'' <small>Lam.</small> (tropical and subtropical America) * ''Zanthoxylum rhombifoliolatum'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum riedelianum'' <small>Engl.</small> (Brazil to north-east Argentina) * ''Zanthoxylum rigidum'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.</small> (western South America to Paraguay) * ''Zanthoxylum rubescens'' <small>Planch. ex Hook.</small> (western tropical Africa to south-west Kenya and Angola) * ''Zanthoxylum sapindifolium'' <small>Wall.</small> (Myanmar) * ''Zanthoxylum sarasinii'' <small>Guillaumin</small> (New Caledonia) * ''Zanthoxylum scandens'' <small>Blume</small> (southern China to Nansei-shoto and western Malesia) * ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> – mastic-leaf prickly ash, Sichuan pepper (central and eastern China to temperate eastern Asia) * ''Zanthoxylum schlechteri'' <small>Guillaumin</small> (New Caledonia) * ''Zanthoxylum schreberi'' <small>(J.F.Gmel.) Reynel ex C.Nelson</small> (Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, Caribbean) * ''Zanthoxylum setulosum'' <small>P.Wilson</small> (Costa Rica to north-west Venezuela) * ''Zanthoxylum simulans'' <small>Hance</small> (China, South Korea, Taiwan) * ''Zanthoxylum spinosum'' <small>(Sw.) Sw.</small> (Florida to Caribbean) * ''Zanthoxylum spondiifolium'' <small>Wall.</small> (Myanmar) * ''Zanthoxylum sprucei'' <small>Engl.</small> (Ecuador to Peru and western Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum stelligerum'' <small>Turcz.</small> (central and eastern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum stenophyllum'' <small>Hemsl.</small> (central and eastern central China) * ''Zanthoxylum subspicatum'' <small>H. Perrier</small> (Madagascar) * ''Zanthoxylum syncarpum'' <small>(Tul.) Tul. ex B.D.Jacks.</small> (Venezuela, eastern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum taediosum'' <small>A.Rich.</small> (Cuba) * ''Zanthoxylum tahitense'' <small>(Nadeaud) J.Florence & N.Hallé</small> (Society Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum tambopatense'' <small>Reynel</small> (Peru) * ''Zanthoxylum tetraphyllum'' <small>(urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm.</small> (Haiti) * ''Zanthoxylum tetraspermum'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small> (southern India, Sri Lanka) * ''Zanthoxylum thomense'' <small>(Engl.) A.Chev. ex P.G.Waterman</small> (Gabon and Gulf of Guinea Island) * ''Zanthoxylum thornycroftii'' <small>(I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Limpopo to Mpumalanga) * ''Zanthoxylum thouventii'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (Madagascar]) * ''Zanthoxylum tidorense'' <small>Miq.</small> (Maluku Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum timoriense'' <small>Span.</small> (Lesser Sunda Islands) * ''Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small> (eastern and southern Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum tomentellum'' <small>Hook.f.</small> (Nepal to China and Myanmar) * ''Zanthoxylum tragodes'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> – Niaragato (Caribbean) * ''Zanthoxylum trijugum'' <small>(Dunkley) P.G.Waterman</small> (central Tanzania to Zambia) * ''Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa'' <small>H.Perrier</small> (Madagascar) * ''Zanthoxylum undulatifolium'' <small>Hemsl.</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum unifoliatum'' <small>Groppo & Pirani</small> (Brazil) * ''Zanthoxylum usambarense'' <small>(Engl.) Kokwara</small> (Ethiopia to Rwanda) * ''Zanthoxylum usitatum'' <small>Pierre ex Laness.</small> (Vietnam) * ''Zanthoxylum venosum'' <small>Leonard</small> (Hispaniola) * ''Zanthoxylum verrucosum'' <small>(Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman</small> (Colombia to Ecuador) * ''Zanthoxylum vinkii'' <small>T.G.Hartley</small> (New Guinea) * ''Zanthoxylum viride'' <small>(A.Chev.) T.G.Hartley</small> (west tropical Africa to Congo) * ''Zanthoxylum vitiense'' <small>A.C.Sm.</small> (Fiji) * ''Zanthoxylum wutaiense'' <small>I.S.Chen</small> (Taiwan) * ''Zanthoxylum xichouense'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum yakumontanum'' <small>(Sugim.) Nagam.</small> (Japan) * ''Zanthoxylum yuanjiangensis'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> (China) * ''Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides'' <small>(Lam.) Zepern. & Timler</small> – Senegal prickly ash (western tropical Africa) {{Div col end}}
===Unplaced species=== The genus ''Fagara'' has been sunk into ''Zanthoxylum'', but {{as of|2025|January|lc=yes}}, no name seemed to have been provided for ''Fagara externa'', which was regarded as an unplaced name by Plants of the World Online.<ref name="POWO_103000-2">{{cite web |title=''Fagara externa'' Skottsb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:103000-2 |access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}} * {{citation|last=Hu|first=Shiu-ying|title=Food plants of China|volume=1|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=2005|isbn=9789629962296|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OiYydyrsygC&pg=PA504|format=preview}} * {{citation|last1=Zhou|first1=Jiaju|last2=Xie|first2=Guirong|last3=Yan|first3=Xinjian|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures|volume=1|publisher=Springer|year=2011|isbn=9783642167355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMsXJnUYTFkC&pg=PA209|format=preview}} * {{citation|last1=Zhang|first1=Dianxiang|last2=Hartley |first2=Thomas G.|author2-link=Thomas G. Hartley|title=1. Zanthoxylum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 270. 1753. |journal=Flora of China|volume=11|pages=53–66|year=2008|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=135262}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130507072556/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF11/Zanthoxylum.pdf PDF] * {{citation|last1=Stuart|first1=George Arthur|last2=Smith|first2=Frederick Porter|title=Chinese materia medica|volume=vegetable kingdom|publisher=Southern Materials Center, 1985 |year=1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLNKAQAAIAAJ|format=snippet}} * {{citation|last1=Blaschek|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Hänsel|first2=Rudolf|last3=Keller|first3=Konstantin|title=Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis|volume=3 (L-Z)|publisher=Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGXnVRiu3zoC&pg=PA810|format=preview|isbn=978-3-540-61619-1|pages=809–}}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Zanthoxylum|''Zanthoxylum''}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Zanthoxylum|''Zanthoxylum''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147050}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Zanthoxylum Category:Peppers Category:Zanthoxyloideae genera Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Dioecious plants