Wolf spider

{{Short description|Family of spiders}} {{about|the family of spiders|the DC Comics character|Wolf Spider (DC Comics)}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Wolf spiders | image = Wolf spider tunnel.jpg | image_caption = ''Geolycosa'' species in a burrow | image2 = | image2_caption = | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Paleogene|present}} | taxon = Lycosidae | authority = Sundevall, 1833 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = | range_map = Lycosidae range map.svg | range_map_caption = blue: reported countries (WSC) green: observation hotspots (iNaturalist) | diversity = 140 genera, 2,510 species }}

'''Wolf spiders''' are members of the family '''Lycosidae''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|λύκος}}'' ({{grc-transl|λύκος}})|wolf}}), named for their robust and agile hunting skills and excellent eyesight.

They live mostly in solitude, hunt alone, and usually do not spin webs. Some are opportunistic hunters, pouncing upon prey as they find it or chasing it over short distances; others wait for passing prey in or near the mouth of a burrow.

Wolf spiders resemble nursery web spiders (family Pisauridae), but wolf spiders carry their egg sacs by attaching them to their spinnerets, while the Pisauridae carry their egg sacs with their chelicerae and pedipalps.

Two of the wolf spider's eight eyes are large and prominent; this distinguishes them from nursery web spiders, whose eyes are all of roughly equal size. This can also help distinguish them from the similar-looking grass spiders.

==Description== [[Image:Wolf eyes for guide.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Eye configuration of a ''Hogna'' species]]

The many genera of wolf spiders range in body size (legs not included) from less than {{cvt|0.4|to|1.38|in|mm|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name="australas" /><ref name="ubick2017" /> They have eight eyes arranged in three rows. The bottom row consists of four small eyes, the middle row has two very large eyes (which distinguishes them from the Pisauridae), and the top row has two medium-sized eyes. Unlike most other arachnids, which are generally blind or have poor vision, wolf spiders have excellent eyesight.

The ''tapetum lucidum'' is a retroreflective tissue found in eyes. This reflective tissue is only found in four<ref name="gizmodo" /> secondary eyes of the wolf spider. Flashing a beam of light over the spider produces eyeshine; this eyeshine can be seen when the lighting source is roughly coaxial with the viewer or sensor.<ref name="aas2020" /> The light from the light source (e.g., a flashlight or sunlight) has been reflected from the spider's eyes directly back toward its source, producing a "glow" that is easily noticed. Wolf spiders possess the third-best eyesight of all spider groups, bettered by jumping spiders of the family Salticidae (which can distinguish colors) and the huntsman spiders of the family Sparassidae.

Wolf spiders are unique in the way that they carry their eggs. The egg sac, a round, silken globe, is attached to the spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, allowing the spider to carry her unhatched young with her. The abdomen must be held in a raised position to keep the egg case from dragging on the ground. Despite this handicap, they are still capable of hunting. Another aspect unique to wolf spiders is their method of caring for their young. Immediately after the spiderlings emerge from their protective silken case, they clamber up their mother's legs and crowd onto the dorsal side of her abdomen. The mother carries the spiderlings for several weeks before they are large enough to disperse and fend for themselves.

Because they depend on camouflage for protection, they do not have the flashy appearance of some other kinds of spiders. In general, their coloration is appropriate to their favorite habitat.

''Hogna'' is the genus with the largest of the wolf spiders. Among the ''Hogna'' species in the U.S., the nearly solid dark brown ''H. carolinensis'' (Carolina wolf spider) is the largest, with a body that can be more than {{cvt|2.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long. It is sometimes confused with ''H. helluo'', which is somewhat smaller and different in coloration. The underside of ''H. carolinensis'' is solid black, but the underside of ''H. helluo'' is variegated and has reds, oranges, and yellows with shades of black.

Some members of the Lycosidae, such as ''H. carolinensis'', make deep, tubular burrows where they often lurk. Others, such as ''H. helluo'', seek shelter under rocks and other shelters as nature may provide. As with spiders in general, males of almost any species can sometimes be found inside homes and buildings as they wander searching for females during the autumn.

Wolf spiders play an important role in natural population control of insects and are often considered "beneficial bugs" due to their predation of pest species within farms and gardens.<ref name="xerces2014" />

===Venom=== Wolf spiders inject venom if continually provoked. Symptoms of their bites include swelling and mild pain. In the past, necrotic bites have been attributed to some South American<ref name="ribeiro1990" /> and Australian<ref name="framenau2004" /> species, but further investigation has indicated that those problems that did occur were probably due to bites by members of other families<ref name="ribeiro1990" /> or did not induce those effects.<ref name="framenau2004" />

==Habitats== Wolf spiders are found in a wide range of coastal and inland habitats. These include shrublands, woodland, wet coastal forests, alpine meadows, suburban gardens, and homes. Spiderlings disperse aerially; consequently, wolf spiders have wide distributions. Although some species have very specific microhabitat needs (such as stream-side gravel beds or montane herb fields), most are wanderers without permanent homes. Some build burrows which can be left open or have a trap door (depending on species). Arid-zone species construct turrets or plug their holes with leaves and pebbles during the rainy season to protect themselves from flood waters. Often, they are found in man-made locations such as sheds and other outdoor equipment.

==Mating behavior==

thumb|Female wolf spider carrying her egg sac behind her

Many species of wolf spiders possess very complex courtship behaviors and secondary sexual characteristics, such as tufts of bristles on their legs or special colorations, which are most often found on the males of the species. These sexual characteristics vary by species and are most often found as modifications of the first pair of legs.<ref name="framenau2007" /> First-leg modifications are often divided into elongated bristles on the legs, increased swelling of leg segments, or the full elongation of the first pair of legs compared to the other three pairs. Some mating behaviors are common between wolf spider genera, and many more are species-specific. In the most commonly studied genus of wolf spiders, ''Schizocosa'', researchers found that all males engage in a seismic component of their courtship display, either stridulation, or drumming their forelegs on the ground, but some also dependent on visual cues in their courtship display, as well as the seismic signaling, such as waving the front two legs in the air in front of the female, concluding that some ''Schizocosa'' species rely on multimodal courtship behaviors.<ref name="vaccaro2010" />

The Lycosidae comprise mainly wandering spiders, and as such, population density and male-to-female sex ratio put selective pressures on wolf spiders when finding mates. Female wolf spiders that have already mated are more likely to eat the next male that tries to mate with them than those that have not mated yet. Males that have already mated have a higher probability of successfully mating again, but females that have already mated have a lower probability of mating again.<ref name="wilder2008" />

==Relationship to humans== Though wolf spiders can occasionally bite humans, their bites are not dangerous. Wolf spider bites often result in mild redness, itching, ulcers, and if the bite wound is not cleaned, it could lead to infection. However, wolf spiders usually only bite when they feel threatened or mishandled.<ref name="psu" />

Wolf spiders are a vital source of natural pest control for many people's gardens or even homes, since the wolf spider preys on perceived pests such as crickets, ants, cockroaches, and in some cases lizards and frogs.<ref name="smithsonian" />

==In culture== South Carolina designated the Carolina wolf spider (''Hogna carolinensis'') as the official state spider in 2000 due to the efforts of Skyler B. Hutto, a third-grade student at Sheridan Elementary School in Orangeburg.<ref name="southcar" />

At the time, South Carolina was the only U.S. state that recognized a state spider.<ref name="southcar2" /> In 2015, efforts began to name an official state spider for neighboring North Carolina.<ref name="ncleg" />

== Evolutionary history == Wolf spiders likely originated during the late Eocene, with major radiations occurring alongside periods of global cooling during the Oligocene and Miocene. Vagrant hunting is their likely ancestral state, with web-building and burrowing evolving later.<ref name="liu2025" />

{{collapse top|Cladogram proposed by Liu et al. (2025) based on differences in mitochondrial DNA.<ref name="liu2025" />}} {{clade |label1=''Lycosidae'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |newick1=((((((''Pardosa astrigera'',''Pardosa taczanowskii''),(''Pardosa kronestedti'',''Pardosa'' sp. ON411610)),(''Pardosa isago'',''Pardosa lyrifera''),''Pardosa falcata'',(''Pardosa brevivulva'',(''Pardosa hedini'',''Pardosa laura''),''Pardosa hanrasanensis''),(((''Pardosa chapini'',(''Pardosa jambaruensis'',''Pardosa sumatrana'')),((''Pardosa oriens'',''Pardosa tschekiagienesis''),''Pardosa pusiola'')),''Pardosa pseudoannulata'')),''Wadicosa fidelis''),''Alopecosa cinnameopilosa'')) |newick2=(((''Lycosa coelestis'',''Lycosa grahami''),''Lycosa'' sp. ON951646),(((''Trochosa aquatica'',(''Trochosa longa'',''Trochosa ruricoloides'')),''Trochosa ruricola''),(''Ovia procurva'',(''Alopecosa licenti'',(''Alopecosa albostriata'',''Alopecosa cursor''))))) }} |2={{clade |newick1=((((''Arctosa depectinata'',''Arctosa khudiensis''),(''Arctosa laminata'',''Arctosa xunyagensis'')),(((''Arctosa hainan'',''Arctosa kiangsiensis''),''Arctosa tanakai''),(''Arctosa stigmosa'',''Arctosa submylacea''))),''Arctosa ipsa'') |newick2=(''Hippasa holmerae'',''Holmasa'' sp. LCG22) }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Arctosa ningboensis'' |2=''Hygrolycosa umidicola'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |newick1=((''Evippa'' sp. LCG21),(''Halocosa hatanensis'')) |2={{clade |1=''Pardosa multivaga'' }} }} }} }} }} |newick2=(''Pirata subpiraticus'',((((''Piratula meridionalis'',''Piratula serrulata''),(''Piratula procurva'',''Piratula tenuisetacea'')),(''Piratula montigena'',''Piratula yaginumai'')),''Piratula piratoides'')) }} }} {{collapse-bottom}}

==Genera== {{as of|2026|1}}, this family includes 140 genera and 2,510 species:<ref name="wsc" /> {{Div col}} * ''Abaycosa'' Laborda, Bidegaray-Batista, Simó, Brescovit, Beloso & Piacentini, 2022 – South America * ''Acantholycosa'' Dahl, 1908 – Asia, Europe, North America * ''Adelocosa'' Gertsch, 1973 – Hawaii * ''Agalenocosa'' Mello-Leitão, 1944 – Pakistan, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Mexico to South America * ''Aglaoctenus'' Tullgren, 1905 – South America * ''Algidus'' Simon, 1898 – Venezuela * ''Allocosa'' Banks, 1900 – Africa, Asia, United States, Mexico, South America, Oceania * ''Allotrochosina'' Roewer, 1960 – China, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand * ''Alopecosa'' Simon, 1885 – Worldwide * ''Amblyothele'' Simon, 1910 – Africa * ''Anomalomma'' Simon, 1890 – Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Pakistan * ''Anomalosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Australia * ''Anoteropsis'' L. Koch, 1878 – Indonesia, New Zealand * ''Antembolus'' Sherwood, Henrard, Logunov & Fowler, 2023 – St. Helena * ''Arctosa'' C. L. Koch, 1847 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Vanuatu * ''Arctosippa'' Roewer, 1960 – Peru * ''Arctosomma'' Roewer, 1960 – Ethiopia * ''Artoria'' Thorell, 1877 – Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Oceania * ''Artoriellula'' Roewer, 1960 – South Africa, Indonesia * ''Artoriopsis'' Framenau, 2007 – Australia, New Zealand * ''Asiacosa'' Logunov, 2023 – Egypt, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan * ''Aulonia'' C. L. Koch, 1847 – Asia, Cyprus, Greece * ''Auloniella'' Roewer, 1960 – Tanzania * ''Birabenia'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Argentina, Uruguay * ''Bogdocosa'' Ponomarev & Belosludtsev, 2008 – Asia, Russia * ''Brevilabus'' Strand, 1908 – Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Senegal * ''Bristowiella'' Saaristo, 1980 – Comoros, Seychelles * ''Camptocosa'' Dondale, Jiménez & Nieto, 2005 – Mexico, United States * ''Caspicosa'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Russia * ''Chicosa'' Tao, Fu, Wu, Wang, Liu & Luo, 2025 – Kazakhstan, China, Japan, Korea, Russia * ''Costacosa'' Framenau & Leung, 2013 – Australia * ''Crocodilosa'' Caporiacco, 1947 – Tanzania, Egypt, Myanmar, India, Pakistan * ''Cynosa'' Caporiacco, 1933 – Libya * ''Dejerosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Mozambique * ''Deliriosa'' Kovblyuk, 2009 – Ukraine * ''Diahogna'' Roewer, 1960 – Australia, New Caledonia * ''Diapontia'' Keyserling, 1877 – South America * ''Dingosa'' Roewer, 1955 – Australia, Brazil, Peru * ''Dolocosa'' Roewer, 1960 – St. Helena * ''Donacosa'' Alderweireldt & Jocqué, 1991 – Spain * ''Dorjulopirata'' Buchar, 1997 – Bhutan * ''Draposa'' Kronestedt, 2010 – Asia * ''Dzhungarocosa'' Fomichev & Marusik, 2017 – Kazakhstan * ''Edenticosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Equatorial Guinea * ''Evippa'' Simon, 1882 – Africa, Asia, Russia, Spain * ''Evippomma'' Roewer, 1959 – Africa, Pakistan, Israel * ''Foveosa'' Russell-Smith, Alderweireldt & Jocqué, 2007 – Africa * ''Geolycosa'' Montgomery, 1904 – Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Papua New Guinea * ''Gladicosa'' Brady, 1987 – North America * ''Gnatholycosa'' Mello-Leitão, 1940 – Argentina * ''Gulocosa'' Marusik, Omelko & Koponen, 2015 – Russia * ''Halocosa'' Azarkina & Trilikauskas, 2019 – Kazakhstan, China, Azerbaijan, Iran, Ukraine, Russia * ''Hesperocosa'' Gertsch & Wallace, 1937 – United States * ''Hippasa'' Simon, 1885 – Africa, Asia * ''Hippasella'' Mello-Leitão, 1944 – Argentina, Bolivia, Peru * ''Hippasosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Asia, Africa to Saudi Arabia * ''Hoggicosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Australia * ''Hogna'' Simon, 1885 – Worldwide * ''Hognoides'' Roewer, 1960 – Tanzania * ''Houcosa'' Wang, Marusik & Zhang, 2025 – China * ''Hyaenosa'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia, Rwanda, China * ''Hygrolycosa'' Dahl, 1908 – China, Japan, Korea, Russia, Greece * ''Kangarosa'' Framenau, 2010 – Australia * ''Karakumosa'' Logunov & Ponomarev, 2020 – Asia, Russia * ''Katableps'' Jocqué, Russell-Smith & Alderweireldt, 2011 – Madagascar * ''Knoelle'' Framenau, 2006 – Australia * ''Kochosa'' Framenau, Castanheira & Yoo, 2023 – Australia * ''Kuncosa'' Wang, Marusik & Zhang, 2025 – China, Japan, Korea * ''Lobizon'' Piacentini & Grismado, 2009 – Argentina * ''Loculla'' Simon, 1909 – Congo, São Tomé and Príncipe, Tanzania * ''Loongcosa'' Wang, Marusik & Zhang, 2025 – China * ''Lycosa'' Latreille, 1804 – Worldwide * ''Lycosella'' Thorell, 1890 – Indonesia, Hawaii * ''Lynxosa'' Roewer, 1960 – St. Helena * ''Lysania'' Thorell, 1890 – China, Malaysia, India * ''Mainosa'' Framenau, 2006 – Australia * ''Malimbosa'' Roewer, 1960 – West Africa * ''Margonia'' Hippa & Lehtinen, 1983 – India * ''Megarctosa'' Caporiacco, 1948 – Cameroon, Ethiopia, Algeria, Egypt, Mongolia, Greece * ''Melecosa'' Marusik, Omelko & Koponen, 2015 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China * ''Melocosa'' Gertsch, 1937 – North America, Brazil * ''Minicosa'' Alderweireldt & Jocqué, 2007 – Mozambique, South Africa * ''Molearachne'' Sherwood, Henrard, Logunov & Fowler, 2023 – St. Helena * ''Molitorosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Brazil * ''Mongolicosa'' Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004 – China, Mongolia, Russia * ''Mustelicosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Turkmenistan, China, Mongolia, Ukraine, Russia * ''Navira'' Piacentini & Grismado, 2009 – Argentina * ''Notocosa'' Vink, 2002 – New Zealand * ''Nukuhiva'' Berland, 1935 – Marquesas Islands * ''Oculicosa'' Zyuzin, 1993 – Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan * ''Orinocosa'' Chamberlin, 1916 – Uganda, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Guyana, Peru * ''Ovia'' Sankaran, Malamel & Sebastian, 2017 – Asia * ''Pamirosa'' Fomichev, Omelko & Marusik, 2024 – Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan * ''Pandacosa'' Wang, Li, Marusik & Zhang, 2026 – China, Bhutan * ''Paratrochosina'' Roewer, 1960 – Russia, Argentina * ''Pardosa'' C. L. Koch, 1847 – Worldwide * ''Pardosella'' Caporiacco, 1939 – Ethiopia, Tanzania * ''Passiena'' Thorell, 1890 – Cameroon, South Africa, China, Southeast Asia * ''Pavocosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Thailand, Argentina, Brazil, Caroline Islands * ''Pirata'' Sundevall, 1833 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Argentina * ''Piratula'' Roewer, 1960 – Asia, Ukraine, Russia, North America * ''Portacosa'' Framenau, 2017 – Australia * ''Proevippa'' Purcell, 1903 – Congo, Southern Africa * ''Prolycosides'' Mello-Leitão, 1942 – Cuba, Puerto Rico, South America * ''Pseudevippa'' Simon, 1910 – Southern Africa * ''Pterartoria'' Purcell, 1903 – Lesotho, South Africa * ''Pyrenecosa'' Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004 – Switzerland, France, Southern Europe * ''Rabidosa'' Roewer, 1960 – North America * ''Satta'' Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 – New Guinea * ''Schizocosa'' Chamberlin, 1904 – Africa, Asia, North America, Costa Rica, Panama, South America, Vanuatu * ''Serratacosa'' Wang, Peng & Zhang, 2021 – China, Himalaya * ''Shapna'' Hippa & Lehtinen, 1983 – India * ''Sibirocosa'' Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004 – Russia * ''Sinacosa'' Wang, Lu & Zhang, 2023 – China * ''Sinartoria'' Wang, Framenau & Zhang, 2021 – China, Vietnam * ''Sosippus'' Simon, 1888 – Guatemala, Mexico, United States * ''Spiniculosa'' Kronestedt, 2025 – Africa * ''Syroloma'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii * ''Tapetosa'' Framenau, Main, Harvey & Waldock, 2009 – Australia * ''Tasmanicosa'' Roewer, 1959 – Australia * ''Tetralycosa'' Roewer, 1960 – Australia * ''Tigrosa'' Brady, 2012 – North America * ''Trabea'' Simon, 1876 – Africa, Turkey, Spain * ''Trabeops'' Roewer, 1959 – North America * ''Trebacosa'' Dondale & Redner, 1981 – Hungary, Belarus, Greece, France, North America * ''Tricassa'' Simon, 1910 – Madagascar, Namibia, South Africa * ''Trochosa'' C. L. Koch, 1847 – Worldwide * ''Tropicosa'' Paredes-Munguia, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2023 – South America * ''Tuberculosa'' Framenau & Yoo, 2006 – Australia * ''Varacosa'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – North America * ''Venator'' Hogg, 1900 – Australia * ''Venatrix'' Roewer, 1960 – Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Palau * ''Venonia'' Thorell, 1895 – Asia, Australia, New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Palau * ''Vesubia'' Simon, 1909 – Alps * ''Wadicosa'' Zyuzin, 1985 – Africa, Asia, Macaronesia, Papua New Guinea, North Africa * ''Xerolycosa'' Dahl, 1908 – Tanzania, Asia, Russia * ''Zantheres'' Thorell, 1887 – China, Myanmar * ''Zenonina'' Simon, 1898 – Angola, Ethiopia, Namibia, South Africa * ''Zoica'' Simon, 1898 – Asia, Australia, New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands * ''Zyuzicosa'' Logunov, 2010 – Central Asia {{Div col end}}

Considered a nomen dubium: * ''Phonophilus'' Ehrenberg, 1831 – Libya

==Gallery== <gallery> File:2022-04-17 20-41-18 (B,Radius8,Smoothing4) копия 2.jpg|Close-up of ''Trochosa ruricola'' File:Hogna radiata (AF)-left 01.png|''Hogna radiata'', adult female File:Wolf spider on white.jpg|Wolf spider with 3-inch spread File:20071030 Wolf Spider Carrying Egg Sac (Masked).jpg|Female with egg sac File:WolfSpider F withYoung.jpg|Female with juveniles File:Wolf spider attack position.jpg|Burrowing wolf spider File:CarolinaWolfSpider 02.jpg|''Hogna carolinensis'' File:Spider NZ Anoteropsis aerescens.jpg|''Anoteropsis aerescens'' File:Wolfspider on US quarters.jpg|''Rabidosa rabida'' </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/lsid/urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:000051 | title=Family Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2026-01-26}}</ref> <ref name="ribeiro1990">{{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=L. A. |last2=Jorge |first2=M. T. |last3=Piesco |first3=R. V. |last4=Nishioka |first4=S. 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In some species — mostly those that hunt for their prey, like wolf spiders, four of those eyes have an iridescent layer behind their retinas, called a tapetum. |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125102932/https://gizmodo.com/this-is-how-to-find-the-spiders-that-are-staring-at-you-1721584332 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="aas2020">2013: [http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v41_n1/arac-41-1-43.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113013117/http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v41_n1/arac-41-1-43.pdf|date=2020-01-13}} "In the lycosoid spiders, the secondary eyes possess a grate-shaped tapetum lucidum that reflects light, causing eyeshine when these spiders are viewed with approximately coaxial illumination."</ref> <ref name="framenau2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Framenau |first1=Volker W. |last2=Hebets |first2=Eileen A. |date=April 2007 |title=A Review of Leg Ornamentation in Male Wolf Spiders, with the Description of a New Species from Australia, Artoria Schizocoides (Araneae, Lycosidae) |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.1636/ST06-15.1 |issn=0161-8202 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="vaccaro2010">{{Cite journal |last=Vaccaro |first=Rosanna |date=2010 |title=Courtship and mating behavior of the wolf spider Schizocosa bilineata (Araneae: Lycosidae) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-arachnology/volume-38/issue-3/Hi09-115.1/Courtship-and-mating-behavior-of-the-wolf-spider-Schizocosa-bilineata/10.1636/Hi09-115.1.short |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=452–459 |doi=10.1636/Hi09-115.1 |s2cid=62890396}}</ref> <ref name="wilder2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilder |first1=Shawn M. |last2=Rypstra |first2=Ann L. |date=2008-06-12 |title=Prior encounters with the opposite sex affect male and female mating behavior in a wolf spider (Araneae, Lycosidae) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0610-8 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=1813–1820 |doi=10.1007/s00265-008-0610-8 |issn=0340-5443 |s2cid=45562125 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="psu">{{Cite web |title=Wolf Spiders |url=https://extension.psu.edu/wolf-spiders |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=extension.psu.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="smithsonian">{{Cite web |last=Institution |first=Smithsonian |title=Wolf Spider |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/snapshot/wolf-spider |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="xerces2014">{{cite book |author1=The Xerces Society |title=Farming with Native Beneficial Insects: Ecological Pest Control Solutions |date=2014 |publisher=Storey Publishing |isbn=9781612122830 |location=North Adams, Massachusetts |pages=204–205}}</ref> }}

==External links== * {{inaturalist taxon}} *[http://www.wolfspiders.org Wolf Spider Website] Comprehensive site with info on a range of subject, from habitat, to life-cycle, to myths and facts about bites. Includes videos of Wolf Spiders in the wild and captivity (Accessed September 7, 2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200813063014/http://wolfspiders.org/ Archived Link]

Category:Lycosidae