Alopecosa

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Alopecosa fabrilis female 1.jpg | image_caption = female ''A. fabrilis'' | taxon = Alopecosa | authority = Simon, 1885<ref name=WSC_g1771/> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. }}

'''''Alopecosa''''' is a spider genus in the family Lycosidae (wolf spiders), with about 160 species. They have a largely Eurasian distribution, although some species are found in North Africa and North America.

==Life cycle== Most species grow up to 2 cm. ''Alopecosa'' females make a burrow in which they deposit their egg sac. The female then stays in the burrow guarding the sac until the eggs hatch.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Taxonomy== [[File:Alopecosa inquilina.ogv|thumb|''Alopecosa inquilina'']] The species in this genus have been traditionally grouped into sibling species complexes (groups) based on morphological characters, but, as morphology-based taxonomy can be unreliable, alternative methods have also been employed to identify species correctly. For example, differences in observed courtship and copulation behaviour have proved to be a useful tool for species identification and delimitation, particularly in cryptic species.<ref name='PhylCourtship'>{{cite journal |last1=Just |first1=Pavel |last2=Opatova |first2=Vera |last3=Dolejš |first3=Petr |title=Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European ''Alopecosa'' wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=185 |pages=1039–1056 | date=2018 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly060 }}</ref> Molecular techniques have also been applied to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships between some species.<ref name='PhylCourtship'/>

===Species=== {{As of|2021|01}}, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:<ref name=WSC_g1771/> {{Div col|colwidth=24em}} *''Alopecosa accentuata'' (Latreille, 1817) – Europe *''Alopecosa aculeata'' (Clerck, 1757) – North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan *''Alopecosa akkolka'' Marusik, 1995 – Kazakhstan, China *''Alopecosa albofasciata'' (Brullé, 1832) – Mediterranean to Central Asia *''Alopecosa albonotata'' (Schmidt, 1895) – Russia (Middle Siberia) *''Alopecosa albostriata'' (Grube, 1861) – Russia (West to East Siberia, Far East) *''Alopecosa albovittata'' (Schmidt, 1895) – Russia (Middle Siberia) *''Alopecosa alpicola'' (Simon, 1876) – Spain, France, Italy, Russia (Europe), China, Caucasus?, Kazakhstan? *''Alopecosa andesiana'' (Berland, 1913) – Ecuador *''Alopecosa artenarensis'' Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa atis'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Libya *''Alopecosa auripilosa'' (Schenkel, 1953) – Russia (Far East), China, Korea *''Alopecosa aurita'' Chen, Song & Kim, 2001 – China *''Alopecosa ayubaevorum'' Fomichev & Logunov, 2015 – Russia (Altai) *''Alopecosa azsheganovae'' Esyunin, 1996 – Russia (Europe to South Siberia) *''Alopecosa balinensis'' (Giltay, 1935) – Indonesia (Bali) *''Alopecosa beckeri'' (Thorell, 1875) – Ukraine *''Alopecosa camerunensis'' Roewer, 1960 – Cameroon *''Alopecosa canaricola'' Schmidt, 1982 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa cedroensis'' Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa chagyabensis'' Hu & Li, 1987 – China *''Alopecosa cinnameopilosa'' (Schenkel, 1963) – Kazakhstan, Russia (Central Asia to Far East), China, Korea, Japan *''Alopecosa cronebergi'' (Thorell, 1875) – Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Caucasus, Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa cuneata'' (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China *''Alopecosa cursor'' (Hahn, 1831) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Iran, Central Asia, China *''Alopecosa cursorioides'' Charitonov, 1969 – Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan *''Alopecosa curtohirta'' Tang, Urita & Song, 1993 – China *''Alopecosa deserta'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa disca'' Tang, Yin & Yang, 1997 – China *''Alopecosa dryada'' Cordes, 1996 – Greece *''Alopecosa edax'' (Thorell, 1875) – Poland, China *''Alopecosa ermolaevi'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa etrusca'' Lugetti & Tongiorgi, 1969 – Italy, North Macedonia, Turkey *''Alopecosa exasperans'' (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) – Canada, Greenland *''Alopecosa fabrilis'' (Clerck, 1757) (type species) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia, China *''Alopecosa farinosa'' (Herman, 1879) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran? *''Alopecosa fedotovi'' (Charitonov, 1946) – Central Asia *''Alopecosa fuerteventurensis'' Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa fulvastra'' Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela *''Alopecosa gachangensis'' Seo, 2017 – Korea *''Alopecosa garamantica'' (Caporiacco, 1936) – Libya *''Alopecosa gomerae'' (Strand, 1911) – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa gracilis'' (Bösenberg, 1895) – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa grancanariensis'' Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa hamata'' (Schenkel, 1963) – China *''Alopecosa hermiguensis'' Wunderlich, 1992 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa himalayaensis'' Hu, 2001 – China *''Alopecosa hingganica'' Tang, Urita & Song, 1993 – Mongolia, China *''Alopecosa hirta'' (Kulczyński, 1908) – Russia (north-eastern Siberia) *''Alopecosa hirtipes'' (Kulczyński, 1907) – Canada, USA (Alaska), Russia (Europe to Far East) *''Alopecosa hoevelsi'' Schmidt & Barensteiner, 2000 – China *''Alopecosa hokkaidensis'' Tanaka, 1985 – Russia (Far East), China, Japan *''Alopecosa huabanna'' Chen, Song & Gao, 2000 – China *''Alopecosa hui'' Chen, Song & Kim, 2001 – China *''Alopecosa inderensis'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa inimica'' (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – Tajikistan *''Alopecosa inquilina'' (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa irinae'' Lobanova, 1978 – Russia (South Siberia) *''Alopecosa kalahariana'' Roewer, 1960 – Botswana *''Alopecosa kalavrita'' Buchar, 2001 – Greece *''Alopecosa kaplanovi'' Oliger, 1983 – Russia (Far East) *''Alopecosa kasakhstanica'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Russia (West to South Siberia, Central Asia), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa kochi'' (Keyserling, 1877) – North America *''Alopecosa koponeni'' Blagoev & Dondale, 2014 – Canada *''Alopecosa kovblyuki'' Nadolny & Ponomarev, 2012 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe, West Siberia), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa kratochvili'' (Schenkel, 1963) – China *''Alopecosa krynickii'' (Thorell, 1875) – Ukraine (Crimea) *''Alopecosa kulczynski'' Sternbergs, 1979 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East) *''Alopecosa kulczynskii'' (Bösenberg, 1895) – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa kulsaryensis'' Ponomarev, 2012 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa kungurica'' Esyunin, 1996 – Russia (Europe) *''Alopecosa kuntzi'' Denis, 1953 – Italy (Sicily), Turkey, Russia (Caucasus), Yemen *''Alopecosa laciniosa'' (Simon, 1876) – Spain, France *''Alopecosa lallemandi'' (Berland, 1913) – Ecuador *''Alopecosa latifasciata'' (Kroneberg, 1875) – Central Asia *''Alopecosa leonhardii'' (Strand, 1913) – Australia (Central) *''Alopecosa lessertiana'' Brignoli, 1983 – China *''Alopecosa licenti'' (Schenkel, 1953) – Russia (South Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea *''Alopecosa lindbergi'' Roewer, 1960 – Afghanistan *''Alopecosa linzhan'' Chen & Song, 2003 – China *''Alopecosa litvinovi'' Izmailova, 1989 – Russia (South Siberia) *''Alopecosa longicymbia'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa madigani'' (Hickman, 1944) – Australia (Northern Territory) *''Alopecosa mariae'' (Dahl, 1908) – Italy, Central Europe to Ukraine and south-eastern Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), China *''Alopecosa marikovskyi'' Logunov, 2013 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa medvedevi'' Ponomarev, 2009 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa michaelseni'' (Simon, 1902) – Chile *''Alopecosa mikhailovi'' Omelko, Marusik & Koponen, 2013 – Russia (Sakhalin) *''Alopecosa moesta'' (Holmberg, 1876) – Argentina *''Alopecosa mojonia'' (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina *''Alopecosa moriutii'' Tanaka, 1985 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan *''Alopecosa mutabilis'' (Kulczyński, 1908) – Russia (Europe to East Siberia), USA (Alaska) *''Alopecosa nagpag'' Chen, Song & Kim, 2001 – China *''Alopecosa nemurensis'' (Strand, 1907) – Japan *''Alopecosa nigricans'' (Simon, 1886) – Argentina, Falkland Is. *''Alopecosa nitidus'' Hu, 2001 – China *''Alopecosa notabilis'' (Schmidt, 1895) – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa nybelini'' Roewer, 1960 – Afghanistan *''Alopecosa oahuensis'' (Keyserling, 1890) – Hawaii *''Alopecosa obscura'' Schmidt, 1980 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa obsoleta'' (C. L. Koch, 1847) – Turkmenistan *''Alopecosa ogorodica'' Trilikauskas & Azarkina, 2014 – Russia (Altai) *''Alopecosa orbisaca'' Peng, Yin, Zhang & Kim, 1997 – China *''Alopecosa orophila'' (Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar *''Alopecosa orotavensis'' (Strand, 1916) – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa osa'' Marusik, Hippa & Koponen, 1996 – Russia (South Siberia) *''Alopecosa osellai'' Lugetti & Tongiorgi, 1969 – Spain *''Alopecosa ovalis'' Chen, Song & Gao, 2000 – China *''Alopecosa palmae'' Schmidt, 1982 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa passibilis'' (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – China *''Alopecosa pelusiaca'' (Audouin, 1826) – North Africa *''Alopecosa pentheri'' (Nosek, 1905) – Italy, south-eastern Europe, Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus (Russia, Azerbaijan) *''Alopecosa pictilis'' (Emerton, 1885) – North America, Russia (South and north-eastern Siberia, Far East) *''Alopecosa pinetorum'' (Thorell, 1856) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia) *''Alopecosa psammophila'' Buchar, 2001 – Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania *''Alopecosa pseudocuneata'' (Schenkel, 1953) – China *''Alopecosa pulverulenta'' (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, China, Korea, Japan *''Alopecosa pulverulenta'' tridentina (Thorell, 1875) – Austria *''Alopecosa raddei'' (Simon, 1889) – Central Asia *''Alopecosa rapa'' (Karsch, 1881) – Kiribati (Gilbert Is.) *''Alopecosa restricta'' Mello-Leitão, 1940 – Argentina *''Alopecosa rosea'' Mello-Leitão, 1945 – Argentina *''Alopecosa saurica'' Marusik, 1995 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa schmidti'' (Hahn, 1835) – Sweden, Central to eastern and south-eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran *''Alopecosa sciophila'' Ponomarev, 2008 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa sibirica'' (Kulczyński, 1908) – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China *''Alopecosa simoni'' (Thorell, 1872) – Mediterranean *''Alopecosa sokhondoensis'' Logunov & Marusik, 1995 – Russia (Middle and South Siberia) *''Alopecosa solitaria'' (Herman, 1879) – Italy, Central to south-eastern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa solivaga'' (Kulczyński, 1901) – Russia (Europe, Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China *''Alopecosa solivaga'' annulata (Kulczyński, 1916) – Russia (West Siberia) *''Alopecosa solivaga'' borea (Kulczyński, 1908) – Russia (Middle Siberia) *''Alopecosa solivaga'' katunjica (Ermolajev, 1937) – Russia (Altai) *''Alopecosa solivaga'' lineata (Kulczyński, 1916) – Russia (West Siberia) *''Alopecosa spasskyi'' Ponomarev, 2008 – Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa spinata'' Yu & Song, 1988 – China *''Alopecosa steppica'' Ponomarev, 2007 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa striatipes'' (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus *''Alopecosa sublimbata'' Roewer, 1960 – Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) *''Alopecosa subrufa'' (Schenkel, 1963) – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia, China *''Alopecosa subsolitaria'' Savelyeva, 1972 – Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa subvalida'' Guy, 1966 – Morocco *''Alopecosa sulzeri'' (Pavesi, 1873) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan *''Alopecosa taeniata'' (C. L. Koch, 1835) – Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia) *''Alopecosa taeniopus'' (Kulczyński, 1895) – Greece to China *''Alopecosa tanakai'' Omelko & Marusik, 2008 – Russia (Far East) *''Alopecosa thaleri'' Hepner & Paulus, 2007 – Canary Is. *''Alopecosa trabalis'' (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia *''Alopecosa tunetana'' Roewer, 1960 – Tunisia *''Alopecosa upembania'' Roewer, 1960 – Congo *''Alopecosa valida'' (Lucas, 1846) – Morocco, Algeria *''Alopecosa virgata'' (Kishida, 1910) – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan *''Alopecosa volubilis'' Yoo, Kim & Tanaka, 2004 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan *''Alopecosa wenxianensis'' Tang, Yin & Yang, 1997 – China *''Alopecosa werneri'' (Roewer, 1960) – Algeria *''Alopecosa xiningensis'' Hu, 2001 – China *''Alopecosa xinjiangensis'' Hu & Wu, 1989 – Mongolia, China *''Alopecosa xuelin'' Tang & Zhang, 2004 – China *''Alopecosa yamalensis'' Esyunin, 1996 – Russia (Europe, West Siberia) *''Alopecosa zyuzini'' Logunov & Marusik, 1995 – Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia {{Div col end}}

===Dubious names===  ''Nomina dubia'' (dubious names) include:<ref name=WSC_g1771/> *''Alopecosa reimoseri'' (Kolosváry, 1934) *''Alopecosa strandi'' (Roșca, 1936)

==Distribution and habitat== The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. The majority of species are native to Eurasia, although some species occur in Africa, and others are found in North and South America.<ref name=WSC_g1771/> ''Alopecosa fabrilis'' is a critically endangered species found in Britain, with examples rediscovered in 2020 in the south of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Fox-Spider rediscovered on MoD land in Surrey|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-surrey-54755697|date=31 October 2020|accessdate=31 October 2020}}</ref> They favor dry climates.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=WSC_g1771>{{Citation |title=Gen. ''Alopecosa'' Simon, 1885 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/1771 |access-date=2021-01-13 }}</ref> }}

==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060425045312/http://www.oeko-msc.de/ALOPECOSA-ACCENTUATA_2.JPG Picture of ''A. accentuata''] * Chen, Jun; Song, Da-Xiang & Gao, Jiu-Chun (2000), "Two new species of the genus ''Alopecosa'' Simon (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Inner Mongolia, China", ''Zoological Studies'' '''39'''(2): 133–137, [http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/39.2/133-137.pdf PDF]

Category:Alopecosa Category:Lycosidae genera Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Cosmopolitan spiders Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon