Third Saudi state

{{Short description|Contemporary state of Saudi Arabia}} {{hatnote|This article describes the origins and historical development of the current Saudi state. For information on its organization and structure, see Politics of Saudi Arabia.}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Third Saudi State | native_name = {{native name|ar|الدَّولةُ السُّعوديَّة الثالثة}} | common_name = | image_flag = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg | flag_type = Flag | image_coat = Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|Lā ilāha illa allāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu allāh}}<br />"There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of God"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |title=About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures |publisher=The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/ |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>{{efn|The ''Shahādah'' (Statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as 'There is no god but Allah', using the romanization of the Arabic word ''Allāh'' instead of its translation. The word ''Allāh'' ({{langx|ar|اللَّٰه}}) literally translates as ''God''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>'Islam and Christianity', ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allah''.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Allah |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |author=L. Gardet}}</ref>}} (''shahada'') | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|النشيد الوطني السعودي}}<br />"{{transliteration|ar|an-Našīd al-Waṭaniyy as-Suʿūdiyy}}" <br /> "Chant of the Saudi Nation"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">center</div> | capital = Riyadh | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39|N|46|46|E|type:city_region:SA}} | largest_city = Riyadh | official_languages = Arabic<ref name="BLG">{{cite web |title=Basic Law of Governance |url=https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=Ministry of Education |publisher=Ministry of Education – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091610/https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | regional_languages = | religion = Sunni Islam (official)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171744.pdf |website=U.S. Department of State |quote=According to the basic law, Sunni Islam is the official religion and the country's constitution is the Qur'an and the Sunna (traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad).}}</ref> | year_start = | date_start = 13 January 1902 | event_start = First iteration | event1 = Second iteration | date_event1 = April 1913 | event2 = Third iteration | date_event2 = 2 November 1921 | event3 = Fourth iteration | date_event3 = 8 January 1926 | year_end = | date_end = 23 September 1932 | event_end = {{nowrap|Saudi Arabia established}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Saudi|Saudi Arabian}} | p1 = Emirate of Jabal Shammar | flag_p1 = Flag of the Emirate of Ha'il.svg | p2 = Kingdom of Hejaz | flag_p2 = Flag of Hejaz (1917).svg | p3 = Emirate of Asir | flag_p4 = Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.svg | p4 = Kingdom of Yemen | flag_p5 = Flag of the Principality of Najran.png | p5 = Principality of Najran | flag_p6 = Flag of Upper Asir.svg | p6 = Sheikdom of Upper Asir | flag_p3 = Flag of the Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1927-1930).svg | flag_s1 = Flag of the Third Saudi State-01.svg | image_map = Saudi Unification Map.png | map_width = 250px | image_map_caption = | common_languages = Arabic | government_type = Islamic absolute monarchy }} {{History of Saudi Arabia}}

The '''Third Saudi state''' is the current Saudi state and heir to the two earlier states: the first and the second, founded by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman (also known as "Ibn Saud"), who managed to capture the city of Riyadh on January 13, 1902. A long series of conflicts and conquests ultimately led to the establishment of the modern and contemporary Saudi state, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The third Saudi state was known at the beginning of its reign as "the Emirate of Riyadh" (1902–1913) and "the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa" (1913–1921). After the overthrow of the rival Emirate of Ha'il, which gave the Emirate of Najd and Al-Ahsa control of the entire Nejd region, it became known as the Sultanate of Nejd. Abdul Aziz conquered the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1925. He raised Nejd to a kingdom in 1927, and his dominions became known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and its annexes. Abdul Aziz administered the two portions of his dual kingdom separately until the annexation of the Southern Territory and the announcement of the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.<ref name="abc1">Madawi Al-Rasheed. ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 40.</ref>

==History== === Emirate of Riyadh === thumb|Map of the Emirate of Riyadh The Emirate of Riyadh<ref name=al-rasheed>Madawi Al-Rasheed. ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 40.</ref> was the first iteration of the Third Saudi State from 1902 to 1913.<ref>J. A. Hammerton. ''Peoples Of All Nations: Their Life Today And Story Of Their Past (in 14 Volumes)''. Concept Publishing Company, 2007. Pp. 193.</ref> It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud.<ref name=al-rasheed/> The state was formed after Saudi forces seized Riyadh from the control of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, led by the House of Rashid, during the Battle of Riyadh.<ref name=al-rasheed/> It was the direct antecedent of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, and the earliest legal predecessor of present-day Saudi Arabia. Al-Hasa was conquered in 1913.

=== Emirate of Nejd and Hasa === thumb|Map of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa The Emirate of Nejd and Hasa was the second iteration of the Third Saudi State from 1913 to 1921. It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud.<ref>Madawi Al-Rasheed. (2002). ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 40.</ref> The state was formed after Saudi forces seized al-Hasa from the control of the Ottoman Empire garrison, during the Conquest of al-Hasa. It was the direct antecedent of the Sultanate of Nejd, and a legal predecessor of modern-day Saudi Arabia.

=== Sultanate of Nejd === thumb|Map of the Sultanate of Nejd The Sultanate of Nejd ({{langx|ar|سلطنة نجد}}, ''{{Transliteration|ar|Salṭanat Najd}}'') was the third iteration of the Third Saudi State, from 1921 to 1926. It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud, and a legal predecessor of modern-day Saudi Arabia. This version of the Third Saudi State was created when Abdulaziz ibn Saud, Emir of Riyadh, declared himself sultan over Nejd and its dependencies.<ref>Madawi Al Rasheed. (2002). ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 63.</ref> On 2 December 1922, the Nejd signed an agreement with Kuwait defining their border with each other, which would be a straight line along the 29th parallel.<ref name=TreatyNo.1083>{{cite web|title=No. 1083 SULTANATE OF NEJD and KUWAIT|date=1922|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201750/II-183.pdf}}</ref> On 19 December 1925, the Kingdom of Hejaz surrendered to the forces of Ibn Saud, who was thereafter proclaimed king of the Hejaz on 8 January 1926 and merged his dominions into the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.

=== Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd === thumb|Map of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd ({{langx|ar|مملكة الحجاز ونجد}}, ''{{Transliteration|ar|Mamlakat al-Ḥijāz wa-Najd}}''), initially the '''Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Nejd''' (Arabic: {{lang|ar|مملكة الحجاز وسلطنة نجد}}, ''{{Transliteration|ar|Mamlakat al-Ḥijāz wa-Salṭanat Najd}}''), was a dual monarchy ruled by Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) following the Saudi conquest of Hejaz by the Sultanate of Nejd in 1925. It was the fourth iteration of the Third Saudi State.

On 8 January 1926, Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud), the Sultan of Nejd, was crowned King of the Hejaz in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, and he elevated Nejd to the status of a kingdom on 29 January 1927.<ref>Joseph Kostiner. (1993). ''The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State''. Oxford University Press US, {{ISBN|0-19-507440-8}}, p. 104.</ref> At the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May 1927, Abdulaziz's realm was recognised by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and was addressed as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.

For the next five years, Abdulaziz administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. On 23 September 1932, Abdulaziz proclaimed the union of the main Saudi dominions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and the Hejaz as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd could pursue its expansionist policy with British arms supplies because of its close relations with the United Kingdom.

In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Soviet Union, followed by the United States of America in 1931. By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Soviet Union, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives.

== Notes == {{Notelist}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Saudi Arabia topics}} {{Pre-Saudi states}}

Category:History of Najd Category:History of Saudi Arabia Category:House of Saud