Quebracho tree

{{Short description|Different trees}} {{Other uses|Quebracho (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} '''Quebracho''' {{IPA|es|keˈβɾatʃo|}} is a common name in Spanish to describe very hard (density 0.9–1.3) wood tree species. The etymology of the name derived from ''quiebrahacha'', or ''quebrar hacha'', meaning "axe-breaker". The corresponding English-language term for such hardwoods is '''breakax''' or '''breakaxe'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breakax |title=breakax |website= Dictionary by Merriam-Webster |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>

== Species == thumb|right|''Quebracho colorado'' bushes in Córdoba province in Argentina

There are at least three similar commercially important tree species that grow in the Gran Chaco region of South America.

* the quebracho ** ''Schinopsis lorentzii'' (Syn.: ''Schinopsis marginata'' Engl., ''Schinopsis haenkeana'' Engl.); of the family Anacardiaceae; North Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia; (the red quebracho, quebracho), ''quebracho-colorado santiagueño'', ''red quebracho santiagueño'', ''quebracho santiagueño'' (also known as ''quebracho cor(o)nillo'', ''cor(o)nillo'', ''quebracho macho'', ''quebracho negro'' or ''moro'', ''quebracho rojo'', ''quebracho bolí'', ''horco quebracho'', ''quebracho serrano'', ''quebracho montano'', ''quebracho crespo'', ''quebracho del cerro'', ''quebracho colorado de las sierras'' o ''del cerro'' and ''quebracho cordobés'') ** ''Schinopsis balansae''; of the same family; Northeast Argentina, West-Central Brazil, Paraguay; (the willow-leaf red quebracho, red quebracho) ''quebracho-colorado chaqueño'', ''red quebracho chaqueño'', ''quebracho chaqueño'', ''quebracho vermelho'', ''quebracho vermelho chaqueño'' (also known as ''quebracho hembra or femea'', ''quebracho santafesino'', ''quebracho colorado santafesino'', ''quebracho rubio'') * ''Schinopsis aff. heterophylla'' Ragonese & J.A.Castigl., the ''quebracho mestizo'' or ''quebracho colorado mestizo'', ''horco quebracho''; Northeast Argentina, Paraguay<ref>Luna C.: ''El género Schinopsis Engl. sobreviviente de la familia Anacardiaceae en el Gran Chaco Argentino: distribución, usos e importancia forestal.'' In: ''Xilema.'' Vol.25(1), 2012, [http://revistas.lamolina.edu.pe/index.php/xiu/article/download/646/630 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073845/http://revistas.lamolina.edu.pe/index.php/xiu/article/download/646/630 |date=25 November 2018 }} (PDF; 1 MB).</ref> * ''Schinopsis brasiliensis'' Engl., ''brazil red quebracho'', ''quebracho-colorado'', ''quebracho crespo''; Brazil<ref name="Gra" /><ref name="Stuck" /> * ''Schinopsis cornuta'' Loes., ''horned red quebracho'', ''quebracho-colorado''; Paraguay, Bolivia<ref name="Gra" /> * ''Schinopsis peruviana'', ''quebracho-colorado (boliviano)''; Peru * the white quebracho or ''quebracho blanco'', ''quebracho amarillo'', ''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'' of the family Apocynaceae; Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, West-Central Brazil * ''Aspidosperma triternatum'' Rojas Acosta; North Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay; ''quebracho blanco lagunero'', ''quebracho blanco chico'', ''quebrachillo blanco, chico or pardo'' and ''quebracho negro''. * ''Aspidosperma olivaceum'' Müll.Arg.; Southeast Brazil; ''quebracho blanco''<ref name="Stuck" /> * ''Aspidosperma parvifolium'' A.DC.; Venezuela; ''Aspidosperma australe'' Müll.Arg.; (quebracho amarillo)<ref name="Stuck" /> * ''Aspidosperma tomentosum'' Mart.; Brazil; ''quebracho'', ''quebracho blanco moroti''<ref name="Stuck" /><ref>von Fischer-Treuenfeld R.: ''Paraguay in Word und Bild.'' Zweite Auflage, Mittler, 1906, p. 38, {{IA|paraguayinwortun00fisc|page=38}}.</ref>

These species provide tannin and a very hard, durable timber. ''Quebracho'' is sometimes used as a commercial name for the tannin derived from the trees or their timber.

A further species, ''Jodina rhombifolia'' (Syn. ''Iodinia rhombifolia'', the ''quebracho flojo'' (the loose, soft quebracho) or ''quebrachillo'', ''quebrachillo flojo'' and ''sombra de toro'', ''sombra de toro macho'', ''quinchilin'', ''quinchirin'', of the family Santalaceae, is also sometimes mentioned.<ref name="Gra" /><ref name="Drug" />

Other species with less economic significance are also locally known as ''quebracho'' or as ''quebrachillo'' or ''quebrachilla'' and could be found in other areas of Latin America:<ref name="Kryn">{{cite web |url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/jspui/bitstream/1957/2426/1/FPL_1969ocr.pdf |title=Information leaflet foreign woods |first=Jeannette M. |last=Kryn |year=1954}}</ref>

* ''Acanthosyris spinescens'' (Mart. & Eichler) Griseb.; Santalaceae; Northeast Argentina, Uruguay, South Brazil;<ref name="Stuck" /><ref name="Drug" /><ref>Chebez J.C., Mariche M.: ''Nuestros arboles.'' Edit. Albatros, 2010, {{ISBN|978-950-24-1309-9}}, p. 123.</ref><ref name="Goss" /> ''Acanthosyris falcata'' Griseb.;<ref name="Gra" /> (quebrachill(a)o, quebracho flojo, sombra de toro (hembra)) * ''Albizia carbonaria'' Britton; Fabaceae; El Salvador<ref name="Wiers">Wiersema J.H., León B.: ''World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference.'' Second Edition, CRC Press, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-4665-7681-0}}, p. 337, 1106 f.</ref> * ''Astronium fraxinifolium'' Schott; Anacardiaceae; N. Colombia<ref name="Wiers" /> * ''Athyana weinmannifolia'' (Griseb.) Radlk.; Sapindaceae; (quebrachillo)<ref name="Arg">''Sapindaceae.'' In: ''Flora Argentina.'' [http://www.floraargentina.edu.ar/publicaciones/SAPINDACEAE.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030828/http://www.floraargentina.edu.ar/publicaciones/SAPINDACEAE.pdf |date=25 November 2018 }} (PDF).</ref> * ''Berberis ruscifolia'' Lam.; ''Berberis spinulosa'' A.St.-Hil.; Berberidaceae; Argentina resp. Brazil (quebrachill(a)o)<ref name="Stuck" /><ref name="Drug">''American Druggist.'' XV, No. 4, 142, 1886, p. 78 f, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010956558;view=1up;seq=87 online] on babel.hathitrust.org.</ref> * ''Cojoba arborea'' (L.) Britton & Rose; Fabaceae; Nicaragua<ref name="Gra" /> * ''Diatenopteryx sorbifolia'' Radlk.; Sapindaceae; (quebrachillo, quebrachillo blanco)<ref name="Gra" /><ref name="Arg" /> * ''Diphysa americana'' Benth.; Leguminosae; Honduras; (quebracho de cerro)<ref name="Grand">Grandtner M.M.: ''Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees.'' Volume 1: ''North America'', Elsevier, 2005, {{ISBN|0-444-51784-7}}, pp. 315, 495, 619, 676.</ref> * ''Handroanthus chrysanthus'' (Jacq.) S.O.Grose; Bignoniaceae; Honduras, Guatemala; ''Handroanthus impetiginosus'' (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos<ref name="Wiers" /> * ''Krugiodendron ferreum'' Urban; Rhamnaceae; Cuba, Belize, Honduras; also (quiebraho, quiebrahacha); Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Belize * ''Leptolobium elegans'' Vogel; Fabaceae; Paraguay (quebracho negro)<ref name="Gra" /> * ''Libidibia paraguariensis'' (D.Parodi); Fabaceae; (quebracho negro)<ref name="Stuck" /> * ''Lonchocarpus michelianus'' Pittier; Leguminosae; Salvador<ref> Standley P.C., Calderón S.: ''Flora salvadoreña: lista preliminar de plantas de El Salvador.'' Impr. Nacional, 1941, p. 146.</ref> * ''Lysiloma acapulcense'' Benth.; Leguminosae; Honduras<ref name="Kryn" /> * ''Lysiloma auritum'' (Schltdl.) Benth.; Leguminosae; Honduras, Nicaragua<ref name="Grand" /> (quebracho, quebracho azul) * ''Lysiloma divaricatum'' Steud.; Leguminosae; Salvador<ref name="Kryn" /> (quebracho, quebracho azul) * ''Maytenus magellanica'' (Lam.) Hook.f.; (quebracho, quebrachito), ''Maytenus ilicifolia'' (quebrachill(a)o)<ref name="Stuck" /><ref name="Drug" /> * ''Pentaclethra macroloba '' (Willd.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; Costa Rica)<ref name="Grand" /> * ''Pleuranthodendron lindenii'' (Turcz.) Sleumer; Salicaceae; Costa Rica (quebracho blanco)<ref name="Grand" /> * ''Piptadenia constricta'' MacBride; Leguminosae; Salvador<ref name="Kryn" /> * ''Poeppigia procera'' Presl.; Leguminosae; Salvador (quebracho blanco)<ref>Quiros-Moran D.: ''Guide to Afro-Cuban Herbalism.'' AuthorHouse, 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-4389-8097-3}}, p. 502.</ref> * ''Sloanea jamaicensis'' Hook.; Elaeocarpaceae; Jamaica<ref>Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.: ''Timbers of tropical America.'' Yale University Press, 1924, p. 405.</ref> * ''Thouinia striata'' Radlk.; Sapindaceae; Puerto Rico<ref name="Goss">Grossmann J.: ''Gewerbekunde der Holzbearbeitung: Das Holz als Rohstoff''. Zweite Auflage, Springer, 1922, {{ISBN|978-3-663-15395-5}} (Reprint), p. 125.</ref> * ''Tipuana tipu'' (Benth.) Kuntze; Fabaceae; (quebracho blanco alto)<ref name="Stuck">Stuckert, T.: ''El Quebracho Blanco.'' In: ''Revista de la Universidad Nac. de Córdoba.'' XIII (1–3), 1926, 27–64, [https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073912/https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/REUNC/article/download/6490/7567 |date=25 November 2018 }} (PDF; 2.4 MB).</ref><ref name="Drug" /> * ''Weinmannia organensis'' Gardner; Cunoniaceae; (quebracho crespo)<ref name="Stuck" />

as false quebracho or ''quebracho falso'' * ''Qualea cordata'' Spreng.; Vochysiaceae; Paraguay, Brazil<ref name="Gra">Grandtner M.M., Chevrette J.: ''Dictionary of Trees''. Volume 2: ''South America'', Academic Press, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-12-396954-5}}, pp. 9, 11, 150, 198, 335, 556, 591.</ref>

==Wood== thumb|right|Quebracho {{not a typo|colorado}} (''Schinopsis balansae'') wood [[File:Durmientes de madera 04.jpg|thumb|right|Quebracho {{not a typo|colorado}} wooden sleepers of Argentine origin in Uruguay]] Quebracho wood from ''Schinopsis spp'' is red-colored and very hard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.woodfinder.com/woods/quebracho.php |title=Quebracho |publisher=Woodfinder}}</ref> Other names for the wood are:<ref name="Kryn" /> * Quebracho chaqueño - Argentina * Quebracho {{not a typo|colorado}} - Argentina * Quebracho macho - Argentina * Quebracho moro - Argentina * Quebracho negro - Argentina * Quebracho santiagueño - Argentina * Barauna - Brazil * Brauna - Brazil * Quebracho {{not a typo|colorado}} - Brazil * Quebracho hembra - Brazil * Quebracho cornillo (= ''Schinopsis lorentzii'') - Brazil * Quebracho femea (= ''S. balansae'') - Brazil * Quebracho rubio - Paraguay * Soto negro - Paraguay

==Tannins== Quebracho produces tannins that can be extracted in ''quebracho sawmills'' from the heartwood of both red (''Schinopsis lorentzii'')<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=13249952 |year=1955 |last1=Kirby |first1=KS |last2=White |first2=T |title=Minor constituents of Quebracho tannin extract |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=582–90 |pmc=1216156 |journal=The Biochemical Journal |doi=10.1042/bj0600582}}</ref> and white quebracho (''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco''). Logs are inserted into planers to produce chips that are used to produce the quebracho extract by boiling them in vats.<ref>[http://factopia.com/q/quebracho_aiton.html Quebracho on factopia.com]</ref> It is used for fine leather tanning and imparts a red-brown color. Ordinary or warm soluble quebracho (also known as insoluble Quebracho) is the natural extract obtained directly from the quebracho wood. This type of extract is rich in condensed tannins of natural high molecular weight (phlobaphenes), which are not easily soluble. Its use is therefore limited to addition of small amounts during the process of tanning leather intended for shoe soles in hot liquids (temperature above 35&nbsp;°C) to improve the yield and the water-proofness of the leather. The cold soluble extracts are obtained by subjecting the ordinary extract to a sulphiting process which transforms the phlobaphenes into completely soluble tannins.<ref name = Willcox >''Improvements in the manufacture and production of readily soluble tanning extracts and agents''. Patent specification. Johnsons & Willcox, 1921.</ref> The cold soluble quebracho extracts are the most universally known and used types. The chemical structure of these extracts can be described as polymers of epicatechin.<ref name = Pash >{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00216-6 |title=MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry of polyflavonoid tannins |year=2001 |last1=Pasch |first1=H. |last2=Pizzi |first2=A. |last3=Rode |first3=K. |journal=Polymer |volume=42 |issue=18 |pages=7531–7539}}</ref> The main properties of these extracts are: a very rapid penetration, a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non-tannins. The rather low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts (low astringency). Quebracho tannins give an important added value to the quality of leathers, such as vacchetta, belts and garments, making them more compact and tear resistant with a pleasant touch. The sulphited quebracho extract may be carcinogenous in mice.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14409278 |year=1960 |last1=Kirby |first1=KS |title=Induction of tumours by tannin extracts |volume=14 |pages=147–50 |pmc=2074141 |journal=British Journal of Cancer |issue=1 | doi = 10.1038/bjc.1960.17 }}</ref> Other recent studies show that quebracho tannins present a strong anti-mutagenic activity.<ref name = Marín-Martinez >{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.029 |title=Antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of quebracho phenolics (Schinopsis balansae) recovered from tannery wastewaters |year=2009 |last1=Marín-Martinez |first1=Raúl |last2=Veloz-García |first2=Rafael |last3=Veloz-Rodríguez |first3=Rafael |last4=Guzmán-Maldonado |first4=Salvador H. |last5=Loarca-Pina |first5=Guadalupe |last6=Cardador-Martinez |first6=Anabertha |last7=Guevara-Olvera |first7=Lorenzo |last8=Miranda-López |first8=Rita |last9=Torres-Pacheco |first9=Irineo |display-authors=8|journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=100 |pages=434–9 |pmid=18614361 |issue=1}}</ref> The heartwood contains from 20 to 30 percent tannin and 3 or 4 percent water-soluble nontannin. It is said to not ferment.<ref name="Kryn" />

According to King and White (1957), the hydrolysable tannins and gallic acid found in the sapwood constitute the raw material for the biosynthesis of the condensed tannins found in the heartwood.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.s1.15 |title=On the Changes of the Extractive Composition During Heartwood Formation in Quebracho colorado (''Schinopsis balansae'' Engl.) |year=1994 |last1=Streit |first1=Werner |last2=Fengel |first2=Dietrich |journal=Holzforschung |volume=48 |pages=15–20|s2cid=97838928 }}</ref> Fustin (predominantly (-)-Fustin 66%), (-)-7:3':4'-trihydroxyflavan-3:4-diol ((-)-leuco-fisetinidin), (+)-catechin, gallic acid, fisetin and 2-benzyl-2-hydroxycoumaran-3-ones have been isolated from the heartwoods of ''Schinopsis balansae'', ''Schinopsis quebrachocolorado'' and from commercial quebracho extract.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16748787 |year=1958 |last1=Roux |first1=DG |last2=Evelyn |first2=SR |title=Condensed tannins. 2. Biogenesis of condensed tannins based on leucoanthocyanins |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=344–9 |pmc=1196676 |journal=The Biochemical Journal |doi=10.1042/bj0700344}}</ref> Quebracho tannin is rich in profisetinidins and prorobinetidins. The expected masses found in mass spectrometry in negative mode in quebracho tannin are 289, 561, 833, 951, 1105, 1377, 1393, 1651 and 1667. In Quebracho {{not a typo|colorado}}, the sugars and the lignins are thought to be covalently linked to the condensed tannins.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97100-0 |title=Purified tannins from quebracho colorado |year=1994 |last1=Streit |first1=W. |last2=Fengel |first2=D. |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=481–4|bibcode=1994PChem..36..481S }}</ref>

Quebracho tannin is also sold as an enological tannin. The quebracho tannins structure is very similar to that of grape tannins, making them a desirable alternative to consider comparatively because they are much less expensive to produce than grape tannins.<ref>[http://www.sonic.net/~vinquiry/pdf/Tannin%20article-%20Part%201-%20Final-%20SK.pdf Enological Tannins and Their Use in Wine on www.vinquiry.com]{{unreliable source?|date=June 2013}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205014/http://www.sonic.net/~vinquiry/pdf/Tannin%20article-%20Part%201-%20Final-%20SK.pdf |date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref> Myo-inositol and arabitol are detected in tannins from quebracho.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.050 |title=Identification of the origin of commercial enological tannins by the analysis of monosaccharides and polyalcohols |year=2008 |last1=Sanz |first1=M. Luz |last2=Martínez-Castro |first2=Isabel |last3=Moreno-Arribas |first3=M. Victoria |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=111 |issue=3 |pages=778–783}}</ref>

Researches are being made to develop an eco-friendly anti-biofouling paint from quebracho tannin.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/08927010701189484 |pmid=17653926 |title=Tannin and tannate from the quebracho tree: An eco-friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling |year=2007 |last1=Pérez |first1=Miriam |last2=García |first2=Mónica |last3=Blustein |first3=Guillermo |last4=Stupak |first4=Mirta |journal=Biofouling |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=151–159|bibcode=2007Biofo..23..151P |s2cid=29869562 |hdl=11336/95483 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The tannic acid, in the form of alkalized salts, was extensively used as a deflocculant in drilling muds in 1940s-1950s, until it was replaced with lignosulfonates. Its red color gave the mixture the name ''red mud''.

Quebracho tannin acts as flocculant agent to remove surfactant as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in water treatment.<ref name = Belt >{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.039 |title=Schinopsis balansae tannin-based flocculant in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate |year=2009 |last1=Beltrán-Heredia |first1=J. |last2=Sánchez-Martín |first2=J. |last3=Frutos-Blanco |first3=G. |journal=Separation and Purification Technology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=295–303}}</ref>

For its polyphenolic structure, quebracho tannin is widely studied for particle boards, plywood and fiber board gluing.<ref name = Pizzi >{{cite book |title=Handbook of adhesive technology |editor1-first=A. |editor1-last=Pizzi |editor2-first=K. L. |editor2-last=Mittal |year=2003 |edition=2nd |pages=273–87 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8247-0986-0}}</ref>

The Argentine companies Unitán and Silvateam are the main leaders in quebracho tannins production.<ref>[http://www.unitan.net/our-company/ Information on quebracho tannins on Argentine company Unitan's website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115408/http://www.unitan.net/our-company/ |date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref>

==Quebracho exploitation== The tanning properties of quebracho extracts were discovered in 1867 by a French tanner, Emilio Poisier, who lived in Argentina. By 1895, the quebracho extracts were exported to Europe and became the principal vegetal tannin source in the world.<ref>[http://www.cvtoscana.com/ Quebracho on www.cvtoscana.com (Spanish)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602133345/http://www.cvtoscana.com/ |date=June 2, 2009 }}</ref> Amongst other activities Ernesto Tornquist (1842–1908) organised the exploitation of quebracho in Santiago del Estero, in the Chaco region. Originally a dry forest area, the abundance of quebracho attracted timber industries of British capital during the 19th century, leading to extensive deforestation. This devastated the ecosystem in a relatively short time. The private owners of the Chaco then turned to cotton production, employing the local Toba people as a cheap seasonal workforce; the conditions did not change substantially for decades.

The British-owned Central Argentine Railway reached the city of Santiago del Estero in 1884 and the trees were exported via San Lorenzo port.

==Barbeque== The quebracho tree is also used to produce hard wood barbecue charcoal.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==References== {{reflist|2}}

==External links== Pictures on flickr * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/ostrosky/741684699/ Image of a truck carrying quebracho tree trunks] * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/88679735@N00/482674653 Image of a chopped down tree]

{{Tannin source}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Flora of Argentina Category:Plant common names