Tipuana

{{Short description|Genus of legumes}} {{Speciesbox | image = Tipuana (tipuana tipu) na Praça da Matriz, em Bagé-RS.jpg | image_caption = ''Tipuana tipu'' in Brazil | image2 = Tipuana tipu Flowerts 2.jpg | image2_caption = Flowers | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. ''Tipuana tipu''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T62028299A149012636. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62028299A149012636.en. Accessed on 28 March 2023.</ref> | display_parents = 2 | genus = Tipuana | parent_authority = Benth. | species = tipu | authority = (Benth.) Kuntze | synonyms = * ''Machaerium tipu'' Benth.           * ''Tipuana speciosa'' Benth. * ''Tipuana tipa'' Lillo| }}

'''''Tipuana tipu''''', also known as '''tipa''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TITI2|taxon=Tipuana tipa|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> '''rosewood''' and '''pride of Bolivia''', is a South American tree.

== Taxonomy == It is the only member of the genus '''''Tipuana'''''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Tipuana&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Tipuana'' | author =  | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12163 | title = GRIN species records of ''Tipuana'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | date = | website = Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref> It was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic ''Pterocarpus'' clade within the Dalbergieae.<ref name="Lavin" /><ref name="Cardoso" />

==Physical characteristics== thumb|Cut logs ooze blood-red resin {{Citation needed span|date=August 2021|Growing up to {{convert|30|m}} in height and {{convert|20|m}} wide, ''Tipuana tipu'' is well known for its use as a shade tree. The leaves of the tree are pinnately compound, {{convert|10|in|cm}} long; the pinnules typically are {{convert|2|to|7|cm|in|0|order=flip}} long, and are variably paripinnate or imparipinnate on the same tree. The flowers are bright yellow in color and bloom only briefly in the late summer. The fruit is a hard, pod with the seed at one end, resembling a samara (the fruit of the Ash genus, ''Fraxinus'').}}

Depending on where it is grown, ''Tipuana'' is largely a deciduous tree, annually shedding all or most of its leaves and large "helicopter" pods from midwinter to spring.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} It produces masses of seeds, most of which succeed in germinating, and it can withstand a very wide range of growing conditions, from {{convert|-4|°C}} to salty soils to drought.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s1625878.htm| title = 2006 {{!}} SERIES 17 {{!}} Episode 11 - Fact Sheets - Gardening Australia - GARDENING AUSTRALIA| website = Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date = 29 April 2006}}</ref> Timber is whitish in color, strong and fibrous.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Invasiveness== ''Tipuana tipu'' is viewed as an invasive weed in some countries and is known for having a very aggressive root system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/t-tipu.html |title=Rosewood or tipuana tree (Tipuana tipu) weed management guide |access-date=2014-02-11 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604183010/http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/t-tipu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tree roots can easily lift up concrete and asphalt. Precautions should be taken when planting near buildings, homes, or pools, as they are likely to be damaged. Damage may sometimes be averted by trenching near the structure to a depth of about 1 metre and filling the trench with building rubble or lining the trench with thick plastic sheeting or corrugated roofing sheets.

It is listed as a Category 3 Invasive species in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.invasives.org.za/legislation/what-does-the-law-say | title=What does the law say? – Invasive Species South Africa }}</ref> Category 3 species are regarded as having the proven potential of becoming invasive, and are not allowed to occur anywhere except in biological control reserves, unless they were already in existence when the regulations went into effect. The conditions on which these already existing plants may be retained are that they do not grow within 30 m from the 1:50 year flood line of watercourses or wetlands, that all reasonable steps are taken to keep the plant from spreading, and that the Executive Officer has the power to impose additional conditions or even prohibit the growing in any area where he has reason to believe that these plants will pose a threat to agricultural resources. Propagative material of these plants, such as seeds or cuttings, may no longer be planted, propagated, imported, bought, sold or traded in any way. It will, however, be legal to trade in the wood of Category 3 plants, or in other products that do not have the potential to grow or multiply.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Pages/Weeds%20Research/Legal-obligations-regarding-invasive-alien-plants-in-South-Africa-.aspx |title=Legal Obligations Regarding Invasive Alien Plants in South Africa |access-date=2016-01-01 |archive-date=2016-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127115239/http://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Pages/Weeds%20Research/Legal-obligations-regarding-invasive-alien-plants-in-South-Africa-.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Insects== The species is a food plant for spittlebugs such as ''Ptyelus grossus''. In Southern California, an insect called tipu psyllid (''Platycorypha nigrivirga'') has invaded several trees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cisr.ucr.edu/invasive-species/tipu-psyllid |title=Tipu psyllid, ''Platycorypha nigrivirga'' |last=Nisson |first=Nick |date= |website=University of California, Riverside, Center for Invasive Species Research. |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref> In South Africa (Knysna) Tipuana is attacked by polyphagous shot hole borer (''Euwallacea fornicatus'').

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Lavin">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavin M, Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Sprent JI, de Lima HC, Gasson PE | year = 2001 | title = The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade | journal = Am J Bot | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–33 | pmid = 11250829 | doi=10.2307/2657116| jstor = 2657116 }}</ref> <ref name="Cardoso">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | journal = S Afr J Bot | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 | bibcode = 2013SAJB...89...58C | doi-access = free | hdl = 10566/3193 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> }}

Category:Dalbergieae Category:Monotypic Fabaceae genera Category:Trees of Brazil Category:Trees of Argentina Category:Trees of Paraguay Category:Ornamental trees Category:Drought-tolerant trees