Citril finch

{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | name = Citril finch | image = Carduelis citrinella.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|article-number= e.T22720062A111124877 |title=''Carduelis citrinella'' |amends=2016 |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720062A111124877.en |year=2017 |access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> | genus = Carduelis | species = citrinella | authority = (Pallas, 1764) | synonyms = *''Serinus citrinella'' {{small|(Pallas, 1764)}} *''Fringilla citrinella'' {{small|Pallas, 1764}} }}

The '''citril finch''' ('''''Carduelis citrinella'''''), also known as the '''Alpine citril finch''', is a small songbird, a member of the true finch family, Fringillidae.

This bird is a resident breeder in the mountains of southwestern Europe from Spain to the Alps. Its northernmost breeding area is found in the Black Forest of southwestern Germany.

==Taxonomy==

The citril finch was formally described by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 under the binomial name ''Fringilla citrinella''.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jnr. | year=1968 | title=Check-list of birds of the world, Volume 14 | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=211 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481412 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Sherborn | first=C. Davies | year=1905 | title=The new species of birds in Vroeg's catalogue, 1764 | journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections | volume=47 | pages=332–341 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8812106 }}</ref> The current genus name ''Carduelis'' is the Latin word for the European goldfinch, and the specific epithet ''citrinella'' is the Italian word for a small yellow bird. It is a diminutive of the Latin ''citrinus'' meaning citrine or light greenish-yellow.<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n91 91], 110 }}</ref> The Corsican finch (''Carduelis corsicana'') was at one time considered as conspecific with the citril finch, but is now treated as a separate species.<ref name=iou>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | title=Finches, euphonias | work= World Bird List Version 5.3| url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=18 August 2015 }}</ref> Molecular genetic studies have shown that the citril finch is closely related to the European goldfinch (''Carduelis carduelis'').<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zuccon | first1=Dario | last2=Prŷs-Jones | first2=Robert | last3=Rasmussen | first3=Pamela C. | last4=Ericson | first4=Per G.P. | year=2012 | title=The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=581–596 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 | url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf | pmid=22023825| bibcode=2012MolPE..62..581Z }}</ref>

==Description and systematics==

The citril finch has an overall length of {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weighs around {{convert|12.5|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Cramp|Perrins|1994|pp=536, 547}} It is greyish above, with a brown tinge to the back which also has black streaks. The underparts and the double wing bars are yellow. It shares with its relatives a bright face mask which in this species is also yellow.

Sexes are similar, although young females may be duller below, and juvenile birds – unlike in the European ''Serinus'' species – are brown, lacking any yellow or green in the plumage.

The song is a silvery twittering resembling that of the European goldfinch (''C. carduelis'') and that of the European serin (''Serinus serinus''). The main call is a ''tee-ee'', quite similar to the Eurasian siskin (''Spinus spinus'').

==Ecology== [[File:Carduelis citrinella MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.221 Fort de Tournoux.jpg|thumb|''Carduelis citrinella'' MHNT]] The citril finch (''Carduelis citrinella'') differs from the Corsican finch (''C. corsicana'') in habitat selection. While the mainland citril finch is rather restricted to subalpine coniferous forests and Alpine meadows, the insular Corsican finch may be found in different habitats from sea level to the highest mountain slopes. The citril finch nests mainly in conifers such as pines (''Pinus'') and spruces (''Picea'') while the Corsican finch uses also lower bushes such as tree Heath (''Erica arborea''), juniper (''Juniperus'') and bramble (''Rubus'').<ref>Förschler & Kalko (2006a), Förschler ''et al.'' (2006a,b)</ref>

Ranging more widely than its equally common eastern relative, the citril finch is classified as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.<ref name=IUCN/>

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources== * Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan & Davis, John (1993): ''Finches and Sparrows: an identification guide''. Christopher Helm, London. {{ISBN|978-0-691-03424-9}} *{{ cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Perrins | editor2-first=C.M. | year=1994 | chapter=''Serinus citrinella'' Citril Finch | title= The Birds of the Western Palearctic | volume=8 | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=Oxford | pages=536–548 | isbn=0-19-854679-3 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Förschler |first1=Marc Imanuel |name-list-style=amp |last2=Kalko |first2=Elisabeth K.V. |year=2006a |title=Breeding ecology and nest site selection in allopatric mainland Citril Finches ''Carduelis [citrinella] citrinella'' and insular Corsican Finches ''Carduelis [citrinella] corsicanus'' |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/18703/stri_Forschler_and_Kalko_2006.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=553–564 |doi=10.1007/s10336-006-0079-z|bibcode=2006JOrni.147..553F |s2cid=13188864 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Förschler |first1=Marc Imanuel |name-list-style=amp |last2=Kalko |first2=Elisabeth K.V. |year=2006b |title=Age-specific reproductive performance in Citril Finches ''Carduelis [citrinella]'' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299172173 |journal=Ardea |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=275–279}} * Pasquet, E. & Thibault, J.-C. (1997): Genetic differences among mainland and insular forms of the Citril Finch ''Serinus citrinella''. ''Ibis'' '''139'''(4): 679–684. {{doi|10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04691.x}} (HTML abstract) * Sangster, George (2000): Genetic distance as a test of species boundaries in the Citril Finch ''Serinus citrinella'': a critique and taxonomic reinterpretation. ''Ibis'' '''142'''(3): 487–490. {{doi|10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04447.x}} * Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. ''Ibis'' '''144'''(1): 153–159. {{doi|10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x}}

==Further reading== * Förschler, Marc Imanuel & Kalko, Elisabeth K.V. (2007): Geographical differentiation, acoustic adaptation and species boundaries in mainland citril finches and insular Corsican finches, superspecies ''Carduelis [citrinella]''. ''Journal of Biogeography'' '''34'''(9). {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01722.x}} (HTML abstract) * {{cite journal |last1=Förschler |first1=Marc I. |last2=Senar |first2=Juan C. |last3=Perret |first3=Philippe |name-list-style=amp | last4=Björklund |first4=Mats |year=2009 |title=The species status of the Corsican Finch ''Carduelis corsicana'' assessed by three genetic markers with different rates of evolution |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.014 |pmid=19249374 |bibcode=2009MolPE..52..234F |url=https://www.academia.edu/797563}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Förschler | first1 = Marc Imanuel | last2 = Borras | first2 = A. | last3 = Kalko | first3 = Elisabeth K.V. | last4 = Cabrera | first4 = J. | last5 = Cabrera | first5 = T. | last6 = Senar | first6 = J.C. | year = 2006a | title = Inter-locality variation in breeding phenology and nesting habitat of the Citril Finch ''Carduelis citrinella'' in the Catalonian Pre-Pyrenees | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227655916 | journal = Ardeola | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–126 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Förschler | first1 = Marc Imanuel | last2 = Förschler | first2 = L. | last3 = Dorka | first3 = U. | year = 2006b | title = Flowering intensity of spruces ''Picea abies'' and the population dynamics of Siskins ''Carduelis spinus'', Common Crossbills ''Loxia curvirostra'', and Citril Finches ''Carduelis citrinella'' | url = https://lintulehti.birdlife.fi:8443/pdf/artikkelit/235/tiedosto/of_83_91-96_artikkelit_235.pdf#view=FitH | journal = Ornis Fennica | volume = 83 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–96 }} * {{cite journal |last1=van den Elzen |first1=Renate |last2=Khoury |first2=Fares |name-list-style=amp |date=1999 |title=Systematik, phylogenetische Analyse und Biogeographie der Großgattung ''Serinus'' Koch, 1816 (Aves, Carduelidae) |trans-title=Systematics, phylogenetic analysis and biogeography of the supergenus ''Serinus''" |journal=Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg |volume=215 |pages=55–65 |language=German |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258332941}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Carduelis citrinella}} *[http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Carduelis-citrinella Audio recordings from Xeno-canto] * [http://www.oiseaux.net/oiseaux/photos/venturon.montagnard.html Oiseaux] Photos

citril finch Category:Birds of Europe Category:Western Alpide belt endemic bird species citril finch Category:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas