Pine — Mediated Wiki

{{Short description|Genus of coniferous trees}} {{good article}} {{redirect-several|Pine|Pines|Pine tree}}  {{Automatic_taxobox | name = | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Barremian|Present|earliest=Jurassic}} Possible records from Jurassic<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=J. M., H. M. |title=Palaeoflora of Southern Africa. Prodromus of South African Megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous |journal=Botanical Research Institute |date=1985 |page= }}</ref> | image = Pinus jeffreyi at Lassen Volcanic National Park.jpg | image_alt = Image of a pine tree | image_caption = ''Pinus jeffreyi'' | taxon = Pinus | authority = L. | type_species = ''Pinus sylvestris'' | type_species_authority = L. | subdivision_ranks = Subgenera | subdivision = * Subgenus ''Strobus'' * Subgenus ''Pinus'' See '''List of ''Pinus'' species''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''list of pines by region''' for list of species by geographic distribution. | range_map = Pinus range.png | range_map_caption = ''Pinus'' distribution: circumpolar, with extensive taiga forest, almost entirely Northern hemisphere | synonyms = * ''Apinus'' de Necker ex Rydberg * ''Caryopitys'' Small * ''Cembra'' Opiz * ''Ducampopinus'' Chevalier * ''Haploxylon'' (Koehne) Komarov * ''Leucopitys'' Nieuwland * ''Pinea'' Wolf ex Opiz * ''Strobus'' (Sweet ex Spach) Opiz }}

A '''pine''' is any conifer in the genus '''''Pinus''''' ({{IPAc-en |ˈ|p|aɪ|.|n|ə|s}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://merriam-webster.com/medical/Pinus |entry=Pinus |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary |title=Medical Definition of PINUS }}</ref>) of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily '''Pinoideae'''. The species are evergreen trees or shrubs with their leaves in bunches, usually of 2 to 5 needles. The seeds are carried on woody cones, with two seeds to each cone scale.

Pines are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; they occupy large areas of taiga (boreal forest), but are found in many habitats, including the Mediterranean Basin, and dry tropical forests in southeast Asia and Central America. Some are fire-resistant or fire-dependent.

Pine trees provide one of the most extensively used types of timber. The pine nuts are used to make dishes such as pesto, while retsina wine is flavoured with pine resin.

== Description ==

=== Tree ===

Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees (or, rarely, shrubs) growing {{convert|3|–|80|m|ft|abbr=off|-1}} tall, with the majority of species reaching {{convert|15|–|45|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} tall.<ref name="Fattig-2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110123/NEWS/101230353/ |title=Tallest of the tall |last=Fattig |first=Paul |date=23 January 2011 |newspaper=Mail Tribune |access-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923095326/http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110123%2FNEWS%2F101230353%2F |archive-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref> The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is an {{convert |83.45 |m |abbr=on}} tall sugar pine (''Pinus lambertiana'') located in Yosemite National Park.<ref name="Associated Press-2021">{{cite news |title=3 Sierra sugar pines added to list of 6 biggest in world |newspaper=Associated Press |date=31 Jan 2021|url=https://apnews.com/article/nevada-forests-south-lake-tahoe-17501dc8cb094fc7ffb1543426631bc6 |access-date=13 Feb 2023}}</ref>

Pines are long lived and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine (''Pinus longaeva''). One individual in the White Mountains of California, dubbed "Methuselah", is among the world's oldest living organisms at around 4,800 years old.<ref name="Ryan-1999">{{cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Michael |last2=Richardson |first2=David M. |title=The Complete Pine |journal=BioScience |date=December 1999 |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=1023–1024 |doi=10.2307/1313736 |jstor=1313736}}</ref> An older tree near Wheeler Peak, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miranda |first=Carolina A. |date=28 February 2015 |title=Follow-up: More tales of the Prometheus tree and how it died |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-video-prometheus-bristlecone-pine-20150227-column.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Eveleth-2012">{{cite magazine |last=Eveleth |first=Rose |author-link=Rose Eveleth |date=15 November 2012 |title=How One Man Accidentally Killed the Oldest Tree Ever |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-one-man-accidentally-killed-the-oldest-tree-ever-125764872/ |magazine=Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

The spirals of branches, needles, and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Lanling |last2=Wang |first2=Guozhao |title=Modeling golden section in plants |journal=Progress in Natural Science |year=2009 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.004 |quote=The ratio between two pine needles is 0.618 [...] the angle between the two neighbors is about 135° and the angle between the main stem and each branch is close to 34.4° which is the golden section of 90° |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009PNSMI..19..255Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/PINUSnotes.htm |title=Pinus (Pine) Notes |last1=Bracewell |first1=Ronald |last2=Rawlings |first2=John |website=Trees of Stanford |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Pinus lambertiana ProspectOR.jpg|''Pinus lambertiana'' is the tallest pine species. File:Pinus culminicola.jpg|''Pinus culminicola'' is a low-growing shrub, among the shortest pines. File:Big bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva.jpg|Ancient ''Pinus longaeva'', among the oldest of all trees </gallery>

=== Bark ===

The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in "pseudo-whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from buds at the tip of the year's new shoot, but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992">{{cite book |title=Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=Macmillan Press; Stockton Press |date=1992 |isbn=1-56159-001-0 |volume=3 |pages=582–594}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Tree Types and Barks 004.jpg|Many pines, like ''Pinus taeda'', have thick bark that flakes into scales. File:Pinus bungeana— bark at Morris Arboretum 01 (cropped).jpg|Some species, like ''Pinus bungeana'', have thin bark. </gallery>

=== Foliage ===

Pines have four types of leaf:<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/> * Seed leaves (cotyledons) on seedlings are borne in a whorl of 4–24. * Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, are {{Convert |2–6 |cm |abbr=off |frac=4}} long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. * Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, are small, brown and not photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves. * Needles, the adult leaves, are green (photosynthetic) and bundled in clusters called fascicles. The needles can number from one to seven per fascicle, but generally number from two to five. Each fascicle is produced from a small bud on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5–40 years, depending on species. If a shoot's growing tip is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage generate a stem-producing bud, which can then replace the lost growth tip.

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Seekiefer (Pinus halepensis) 14d 1.jpg|''Pinus halepensis'' seed leaf File:Spontaneous Pinus seedling D171003.jpg|Juvenile leaves of seedling ''Pinus pinaster'', single and arranged spirally File:Scale leaves of Austrian pine.jpg|''Pinus nigra'' growth candles covered with thin brownish scale leaves File:Pine needles in bunches of five.jpg|''Pinus parviflora'' needles, in bunches of five in this species </gallery>

=== Cones ===

Pines are monoecious, having the male and female cones on the same tree.<ref name="Judd-2002">{{cite book |first1=W.S. |last1=Judd |first2=C.S. |last2=Campbell |first3=E.A. |last3=Kellogg |first4=P.F. |last4=Stevens |first5=M.J. |last5=Donoghue |date=2002 |title=Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach |edition=2 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=0-87893-403-0 |page=205}}</ref> The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and only present for a short period (usually in spring, though autumn in a few pines), falling as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilisation delayed one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally-arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile without seeds.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

The seeds (pine nuts) are mostly small and winged, and are anemochorous (wind-dispersed). Some are larger, have only a vestigial wing, and are bird-dispersed. Female cones are woody and sometimes armed to protect developing seeds from foragers. At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds. In some of the bird-dispersed species, for example whitebark pine,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tomback |first=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |date=June 1982 |title=Dispersal of Whitebark Pine seeds by Clark's Nutcracker: a mutualism hypothesis |journal=The Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=451–467 |doi=10.2307/3976 |jstor=3976 |bibcode=1982JAnEc..51..451T }}</ref> the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed cones for many years until an environmental cue triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. This is called serotiny. The most common form of serotiny is pyriscence, in which resin binds the cones shut until the resin is melted by a forest fire, for example in ''P. radiata'' and ''P. muricata''. The seeds are then released after the fire, enabling them to colonise the burnt ground with minimal competition from other plants.<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/><ref name="Rushforth-1987">{{cite book |last=Rushforth |first=Keith |year=1987 |title=Conifers |publisher=Christopher Helm Publishers |publication-place=London, England, UK |isbn=0-7470-2801-X |pages=158–192}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Pinus radiata cone.jpg|''Pinus radiata'' female (seed) cone File:2021-04-18 11 01 55 Pollen cones on a Loblolly Pine along a walking path in the Franklin Farm section of Oak Hill, Fairfax County, Virginia.jpg|''Pinus taeda'' male (pollen) cones File:KoreanPineSeeds.jpg|''Pinus koraiensis'' seeds File:Pitch pine cones exposed to fire.jpg|''Pinus rigida'' cones open when exposed to fire. (left to right: before; after; 24 hours later) </gallery>

== Naming ==

The modern English name "pine" derives from Latin ''pinus'', traced to the Indo-European base ''*pīt-'' 'resin'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where Are You From? - Credo Reference |url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/acbwordorig/pine |work=credoreference.com}}</ref> Before the 19th century, pines were often called firs, a name now applied to another genus, ''Abies''. In some European languages, Germanic cognates of the Old Norse name are still in use for pines, as in Danish ''fyr'' and German ''Föhre''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vedel |first1=Helge |last2=Lange |first2=Johan |title=Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow |date=1960 |publisher=Methuen |pages=123–124}}</ref> The genus ''Pinus'' was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. ''Pinus sylvestris'', the Scots pine, was later chosen as the type species.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |year=1753 |title=Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Tomus I & II. |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |page=1000}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=R. A. |last2=Liston |first2=A. |last3=Strauss |first3=S. H. |year=1998 |chapter=Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus |pages=49–68 |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D. M. |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55176-2}}</ref>

Several other conifers are commonly known as pines, such as the Norfolk Island pine (''Araucaria heterophylla''); however, they belong to other genera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norfolk Island Pine – Gardening Solutions |url=https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/trees-and-shrubs/trees/norfolk-island-pine/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

== Evolution ==

=== Fossil history ===

The Pinaceae, the pine family, first appeared in the Jurassic period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ran |first1=Jin-Hua |last2=Shen |first2=Ting-Ting |last3=Wu |first3=Hui |last4=Gong |first4=Xun |last5=Wang |first5=Xiao-Quan |date=December 2018 |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=129 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011 |pmid=30153503 |bibcode=2018MolPE.129..106R |s2cid=52110440}}</ref> The genus ''Pinus'' first appeared during the Early Cretaceous; the oldest verified fossil is ''Pinus yorkshirensis'' from the Hauterivian-Barremian boundary (~130-125 million years ago) from the Speeton Clay, England.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ryberg |first1=Patricia E. |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |last3=Stockey |first3=Ruth A. |last4=Hilton |first4=Jason |last5=Mapes |first5=Gene |last6=Riding |first6=James B. |year=2012 |title=Reconsidering Relationships among Stem and Crown Group Pinaceae: Oldest Record of the Genus ''Pinus'' from the Early Cretaceous of Yorkshire, United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=917–932 |doi=10.1086/667228 |bibcode=2012IJPlS.173..917R |s2cid=85402168}}</ref> However, there are possible records of the genus from the Jurassic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ralikhomo tracksite (zone C/3) (Jurassic of Lesotho) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=149715&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB.org}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180> File:Pinus yorkshirensis holotype (straight).jpg|Oldest pine fossil: ''Pinus yorkshirensis'' cone. Early Cretaceous, 131–129 mya File:Pinus johndayensis Fossil High School Cove Creek.jpg|Fossil cone and needles of ''Pinus johndayensis'', Oligocene, 33 mya </gallery>

=== External phylogeny ===

Based on transcriptome analysis, ''Pinus'' is most closely related to the genus ''Cathaya'', which in turn is closely related to the genus ''Picea'', the spruces. These genera, with firs and larches, form the pinoid clade of the Pinaceae.<ref name="Stull-2021"/>

{{clade |label1=Pinaceae |1={{clade |label1=Abietoideae |sublabel1=(firs, cedars, hemlocks) |1=60px |label2=Pinoideae |2={{clade |label1=Lariceae |1={{clade |label1=''Pseudotsuga'' |sublabel1=(Douglas firs) |1=50px |label2=''Larix'' |sublabel2=(larches) |2=60px }} |label2=Pineae |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''Cathaya'' |sublabel1=(1 sp.) |1=50px |label2=''Picea'' |sublabel2=(spruces) |2=50px }} |2='''''Pinus''''' 50px }} }} }} }}

=== Internal phylogeny ===

The evolutionary history of the genus ''Pinus'' has been complicated by hybridisation. Pines are prone to inter-specific breeding. Wind pollination, long life spans, overlapping generations, large population size, and weak reproductive isolation make breeding across species more likely. As the pines have diversified, gene transfer between different species has created a complex history of genetic relatedness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hernández-León |first1=Sergio |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Pérez de la Rosa |first3=Jorge A. |last4=Jardón-Barbolla |first4=Lev |date=30 July 2013 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in ''Pinus'' section ''Trifoliae'' inferred from plastid DNA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=7 |article-number=e70501 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...870501H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0070501 |pmc=3728320 |pmid=23936218 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores-Rentería |first1=Lluvia |last2=Wegier |first2=Ana |last3=Ortega Del Vecchyo |first3=Diego |last4=Ortíz-Medrano |first4=Alejandra |last5=Piñero |first5=Daniel |last6=Whipple |first6=Amy V. |last7=Molina-Freaner |first7=Francisco |last8=Domínguez |first8=César A. |display-authors=5 |title=Genetic, morphological, geographical and ecological approaches reveal phylogenetic relationships in complex groups, an example of recently diverged pinyon pine species (Subsection Cembroides) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=940–9 |date=December 2013 |pmid=23831459 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.010 |bibcode=2013MolPE..69..940F }}</ref> Research using large genetic datasets has clarified these relationships.<ref name="Gernandt-2005"/> Two 21st-century phylogenies are given below; the differences between them demonstrate these complications:

{|class="wikitable e mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |- ! colspan=1 |Jin et al. 2021<ref>{{cite journal |title=Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Gernandt |first2=David S. |last3=Wehenkel |first3=Christian |last4=Xia |first4=Xiao-Mei |last5=Wei |first5=Xiao-Xin |last6=Wang |first6=Xiao-Quan |journal=PNAS |date=May 2021 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2022302118 |volume=118 |issue=20 |article-number=e2022302118 |pmid=33941644 |pmc=8157994 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11822302J |doi-access=free}}</ref> ! colspan=1 |Stull et al. 2021<ref name="Stull-2021"/> |- |style="vertical-align:top | {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:75% |label1=''Pinus'' |1={{clade |label1=('''''Strobus''''') |1={{clade |label1=section |sublabel1=''Parrya'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Nelsonii'' |1=''P. nelsonii'' |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Balfouriana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. aristata'' |2={{clade |1=''P. balfouriana'' |2=''P. longaeva'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Cembroides'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |2=''P. rzedowskii'' |1={{clade |2=''P. maximartinezii'' |1=''P. pinceana'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. quadrifolia'' |2=''P. monophylla'' }} |2={{clade |2={{clade |1=''P. edulis'' |2=''P. cembroides'' }} |1={{clade |2=''P. remota'' |1={{clade |1=''P. culminicola'' |2=''P. discolor'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=section |sublabel2=''Quinquefoliae'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Gerardiana'' |1={{clade |1=''P. bungeana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. squamata'' |2=''P. gerardiana'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Krempfii'' |1=''P. krempfii'' |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Strobus'' |2={{clade |1=''P. peuce'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. lambertiana'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. strobus'' |2=''P. chiapensis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. monticola'' |2={{clade |1=''P. flexilis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. strobiformis'' |2=''P. ayacahuite'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. albicaulis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. koraiensis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. sibirica'' |2=''P. cembra'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''P. parviflora'' |2={{clade |1=''P. wallichiana'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |2=''P. dabeshanensis'' |1=''P. armandii'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. fenzeliana'' |2=''P. mastersiana'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''P. bhutanica'' |2={{clade |1=''P. morrisonicola'' |2={{clade |1=''P. wangii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. kwangtungensis'' |2=''P. dalatensis'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=('''''Pinus''''') |2={{clade |label1=section |sublabel1=''Pinus'' |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Pinaster'' |1={{clade |1=''P. heldreichii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. pinaster'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. halepensis'' |2=''P. brutia'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. pinea'' |2={{clade |1=''P. canariensis'' |2=''P. roxburghii'' }} }} }} }} }} |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Pinus'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. latteri'' |2=''P. merkusii'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. resinosa'' |2={{clade |1=''P. nigra'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. densiflora'' |2={{clade |1=''P. sylvestris'' |2={{clade |1=''P. mugo'' |2=''P. uncinata'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. massoniana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. thunbergii'' |2=''P. luchuensis'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. kesiya'' |2={{clade |1=''P. yunnanensis'' |2=''P. densata'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. henryi'' |2=''P. tabuliformis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. hwangshanensis'' |2=''P. taiwanensis'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=section |sublabel2=''Trifoliae'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Sabiniana'' |1={{clade |1=''P. jeffreyi'' |2={{clade |1=''P. coulteri'' |2={{clade |1=''P. torreyana'' |2=''P. sabiniana'' }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Ponderosae'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. washoensis'' |2=''P. ponderosa'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. hartwegii'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. engelmannii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. durangensis'' |2=''P. arizonica'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. devoniana'' |2=''P. montezumae'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. pseudostrobus'' |2={{clade |1=''P. gordoniana'' |2=''P. maximinoi'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Attenuata'' |1={{clade |2=''P. muricata'' |1={{clade |1=''P. radiata'' |2=''P. attenuata'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Contorta'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. contorta'' |2=''P. banksiana'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. virginiana'' |2=''P. clausa'' }} }} |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Australes'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. pungens'' |2={{clade |1=''P. serotina'' |2=''P. rigida'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''P. glabra'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. taeda'' |2=''P. echinata'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. elliottii'' |2=''P. palustris'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. caribaea'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. oocarpa'' |2=''P. tecunumanii'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. greggii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. patula'' |2=''P. teocote'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. lawsonii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. herrerae'' |2=''P. pringlei'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. leiophylla'' |2=''P. lumholtzii'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. praetermissa'' |2=''P. jaliscana'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. luzmariae'' |2=''P. georginae'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:75% |label1='''''Pinus''''' |1={{clade |label1=('''''Strobus''''') |1={{clade |label1=section |sublabel1='''''Parrya''''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Nelsonii'' |1=''P. nelsonii'' |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Balfouriana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. aristata'' |2={{clade |1=''P. balfouriana'' |2=''P. longaeva'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Cembroides'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. monophylla'' |2={{clade |1=''P. juarezensis'' |2=''P. quadrifolia'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |2=''P. maximartinezii'' |1=''P. pinceana'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. rzedowskii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. edulis'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. discolor'' |2=''P. johannis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. culminicola'' |2={{clade |1=''P. cembroides'' |2=''P. remota'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=section |sublabel2='''''Quinquefoliae''''' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Gerardiana'' |1={{clade |1=''P. bungeana'' |2=''P. gerardiana'' }} }} |2={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Krempfii'' |1=''P. krempfii'' |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Strobus'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Macedonia'' |1=''P. peuce'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Strobi'' |1={{clade |1=''P. strobus'' |2={{clade |1=''P. flexilis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. ayacahuite'' |2=''P. strobiformis'' }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Cembrae'' |1={{clade |1=''P. parviflora'' |2={{clade |1=''P. monticola'' |2={{clade |1=''P. cembra'' |2={{clade |1=''P. lambertiana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. albicaulis'' |2=''P. dalatensis'' }} }} }} }} }} |label2=series |sublabel2=''Pumilae'' |2={{clade |1=''P. pumila'' |2={{clade |1=''P. wallichiana'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. koraiensis'' |2=''P. sibirica'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. squamata'' |2={{clade |1=''P. morrisonicola'' |2={{clade |1=''P. armandii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. fenzeliana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. kwangtungensis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. bhutanica'' |2=''P. wangii'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=('''''Pinus''''') |2={{clade |label1=section |sublabel1=''Pinus'' |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Pinaster'' |1={{clade |1=''P. heldreichii'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. halepensis'' |2=''P. brutia'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. pinaster'' |2=''P. pinea'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. canariensis'' |2=''P. roxburghii'' }} }} }} }} |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Pinus'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Pinus'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. densata'' |2={{clade |1=''P. latteri'' |2=''P. kesiya'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. nigra'' |2=''P. resinosa'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. sylvestris'' |2={{clade |1=''P. mugo'' |2=''P. uncinata'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Tropicales'' |1={{clade |1=''P. tropicalis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. hwangshanensis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. massoniana'' |2=''P. merkusii'' }} }} }} |label2=series |sublabel2=''Tabuliformes'' |2={{clade |1=''P. densiflora'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. thunbergii'' |2=''P. taiwanensis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. yunnanensis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. luchuensis'' |2=''P. tabuliformis'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=section |sublabel2=''Trifoliae'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Contorta'' |1={{clade |1=''P. virginiana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. contorta'' |2=''P. clausa'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Ponderosae'' |1={{clade |1=''P. maximinoi'' |2={{clade |1=''P. montezumae'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. sabiniana'' |2=''P. torreyana'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. ponderosa'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. gordoniana'' |2=''P. yecorensis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. cooperi'' |2={{clade |1=''P. durangensis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. nubicola'' |2={{clade |1=''P. coulteri'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. jeffreyi'' |2=''P. washoensis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''P. arizonica'' |2={{clade |1=''P. engelmannii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. devoniana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. hartwegii'' |2=''P. pseudostrobus'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=subsection |sublabel1=''Attenuata'' |1={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Leiophyllae'' |1={{clade |1=''P. patula'' |2=''P. leiophylla'' }} |label2=series |sublabel2=''Attenuatae'' |2={{clade |1=''P. tecunumanii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. muricata'' |2={{clade |1=''P. radiata'' |2={{clade |1=''P. attenuata'' |2=''P. glabra'' }} }} }} }} }} |label2=subsection |sublabel2=''Australes'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Palustres'' |1={{clade |1=''P. herrerae'' |2={{clade |1=''P. caribaea'' |2={{clade |1=''P. palustris'' |2={{clade |1=''P. echinata'' |2=''P. occidentalis'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''P. praetermissa'' |2={{clade |label1=series |sublabel1=''Taeda'' |1={{clade |1=''P. serotina'' |2={{clade |1=''P. rigida'' |2={{clade |1=''P. pungens'' |2=''P. taeda'' }} }} }} |label2=series |sublabel2=''Oocarpae'' |2={{clade |1=''P. elliottii'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''P. teocote'' |2={{clade |1=''P. greggii'' |2=''P. lumholtzii'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''P. jaliscana'' |2={{clade |1=''P. luzmariae'' |2={{clade |1=''P. georginae'' |2={{clade |1=''P. maestrensis'' |2={{clade |1=''P. pringlei'' |2={{clade |1=''P. lawsonii'' |2={{clade |1=''P. cubensis'' |2=''P. oocarpa'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |}

=== Taxonomy === {{Main list|List of Pinus species | l1 = List of ''Pinus'' species }}

Pines are gymnosperms. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on the number of fibrovascular bundles in the needle, and the presence or absence of a resin seal on the scales of the mature cones before opening. The subgenera can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters:<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

* ''Pinus'' subg. ''Pinus'', the yellow, or hard pine group, with cones with a resin seal on the scales, and generally with harder wood; the needle fascicles mostly have a persistent sheath (two exceptions, ''Pinus leiophylla'' and ''Pinus lumholtzii'', have deciduous sheaths).<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/> * ''Pinus'' subg. ''Strobus'', syn. ''Pinus'' subg. ''Ducampopinus'', the white or soft pine, and pinyon pine groups, with cones without a resin seal on the scales, and usually have softer wood; the needle fascicles mostly have a deciduous sheath (one exception, ''Pinus nelsonii'', has a persistent sheath).<ref name="RHS-Dict-1992"/>

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the subgenera diverged anciently from one another.<ref name="Stull-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |display-authors=5 |date=19 July 2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 |pmid=34282286 |bibcode=2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278 |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Each subgenus is further divided into sections and subsections.<ref name="Gernandt-2005">{{cite journal |last1=Gernandt |first1=David S. |last2=López |first2=Gretel Geada |last3=García |first3=Sol Ortiz |last4=Liston |first4=Aaron |title=Phylogeny and classification of Pinus |journal=Taxon |volume=54 |issue=1 |date=2005 |doi=10.2307/25065300 |doi-access=free |pages=29–42 |jstor=25065300 |bibcode=2005Taxon..54...29G |url=https://rc.upr.edu.cu/jspui/bitstream/DICT/2586/1/Geada-LopezTAXON2005.pdf}}</ref>

''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as current, with additional synonyms,<ref name="World Flora Online-2022">{{cite web |title=''Pinus'' (L.) |url=https://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000029794 |date=2022 |website=World Flora Online |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> and ''Plants of the World Online'' 126 species-rank taxa (113 species and 13 nothospecies),<ref name="Plants of the World Online-2013">{{cite web | title=Plants of the World Online | website=Plants of the World Online |date=14 October 2013 |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A328247-2 | access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> making it the largest genus among the conifers. The highest species diversity of pines is found in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wehenkel |first1=C. |last2=Mariscal-Lucero |first2=S. |last3=Jaramillo-Correa |first3=J.P. |last4=López-Sánchez |first4=C.A. |title=Genetic diversity and conservation of Mexican forest trees |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/55167#:~:text=The%20highest%20diversity%20of%20pine,exists%20in%20Mexican%20tree%20species. |website=Forest Service |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Biodiversity of Pinus (Pinaceae) in Mexico: speciation and palaeo-endemism |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=1996 |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00762.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/121/4/365/2607921?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=1 November 2024 |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos |bibcode=1996BJLS..121..365F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romero-Sanchez |first1=Martin Enrique |last2=Perez-Miranda |first2=Ramiro |last3=Gonzalez-Hernandez |first3=Antonio |last4=Valerio Velasco-Garcia |first4=Mario |last5=Velasco-Bautista |first5=Efraín |last6=Andrés |first6=Flores |title=Current and Potential Spatial Distribution of Six Endangered Pine Species of Mexico: Towards a Conservation Strategy |journal=Forests |date=2018 |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=767 |doi=10.3390/f9120767 |bibcode=2018Fore....9..767R |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Distribution ==

Pines are native to the Northern Hemisphere, with the most species in North America, some in Asia, and a few in Europe. Only two species, ''Pinus sylvestris'' and ''Pinus sibirica'', occur in more than one of those regions (Asia and Europe).<ref name="Nobis-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Nobis |first1=Michael P. |last2=Traiser |first2=Christopher |last3=Roth-Nebelsick |first3=Anita |title=Latitudinal variation in morphological traits of the genus Pinus and its relation to environmental and phylogenetic signals |journal=Plant Ecology & Diversity |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2012 |doi=10.1080/17550874.2012.687501 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239793366_Latitudinal_variation_in_morphological_traits_of_the_genus_Pinus_and_its_relation_to_environmental_and_phylogenetic_signals/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ  |pages=1–11 |bibcode=2012PlEcD...5....1N }}</ref> They occupy large areas of boreal forest (taiga) in latitudes between 50° and 60° N; about a third of this biome is in North America and Scandinavia, the rest in Siberia.<ref name="UCMP">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |title=The forest biome |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620145416/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/forests.php#boreal |archive-date=20 June 2019 }}</ref> The northernmost species is Scots pine, reaching just north of 70° N in Stabbursdalen National Park in Norway.<ref name="Stabbursdalen Nasjonalpark">{{cite web |title=Stabbursdalen Nasjonalpark |url=https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/globalassets/dokumenter/publikasjoner/brosjyrer/stabbursdalen_np_e_nett-110811.pdf |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> One species, ''Pinus merkusii'', crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S.<ref name="Critchfield-1966">{{cite book |last1=Critchfield |first1=William B. |last2=Little |first2=Elbert L. |title=Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World |date=1966 |publisher=USDA Forest Service}}</ref> In North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66° N<ref name="Critchfield-1966"/> to as far south as 12°N.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Surendra P. |last2=Inderjit |last3=Singh |first3=Jamuna S. |last4=Majumdar |first4=Sudipto |last5=Moyano |first5=Jaime |last6=Nuñez |first6=Martin A. |last7=Richardson |first7=David M. |date=21 September 2018 |title=Insights on the persistence of pines (''Pinus'' species) in the Late Cretaceous and their increasing dominance in the Anthropocene |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=10345–10359 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4499 |doi-access=free |pmc=6206191 |pmid=30398478 |bibcode=2018EcoEv...810345S |bibcode-access=free }}</ref>

Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. A number of such introduced species have become naturalised, and species such as ''Pinus radiata'' are considered invasive in some regions.<ref name="Global Invasive Species Database-2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |title=''Pinus ssp''. (tree), General Impact |publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group |date=13 March 2006 |work=Global Invasive Species Database |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195335/http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=890&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=EN |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=180> File:Pinus sylvestris - Furu Stabbursdalen.jpg|Most northerly: ''Pinus sylvestris'' in Stabbursdalen National Park, Norway, at 70° North File:Lake Baikal, Siberian mixed forest, Taiga, Siberia, Russia.jpg|Pines and birches in the Siberian taiga by Lake Baikal File:Pines plant.jpg|''Pinus merkusii'' in Sumatra: the only pine whose range extends south of the equator File:Prospectsydneypineforest.jpg|''Pinus radiata'' in Australia, where it was introduced in the late 19th century. </gallery>

== Ecology ==

=== Environmental factors ===

Pines grow in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to {{convert |5200 |m |ft |abbr=on}}, from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. They often occur in mountainous areas with favourable soils.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basicbiology.net/plants/gymnosperms/pine-trees |date=30 August 2020 |title=Pine Trees |website=Basic Biology |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

''Pinus contorta'' is a fire-dependent species, requiring wildfires to maintain healthy populations of diverse ages.<ref name="Schoennagel-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Schoennagel |first1=Tania |author1-link=Tania Schoennagel |last2=Veblen |first2=Thomas |title=The Interaction of Fire, Fuels and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests |journal=BioScience |volume=54 |issue=7 |year=2004 |pages=661–676 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Pinus canariensis'' is highly fire-resistant,<ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=The most fire-resistant pine in the world |url=https://www.forest-monitor.com/en/most-fire-resistant-pine-pinus-canariensis/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Forest Monitor}}</ref> with adaptations such as growing epicormic sprouts after losing its needles in a fire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=P. J. |last2=Lawes |first2=M. J. |last3=Midgley |first3=J. J. |last4=Lamont |first4=B. B. |last5=Ojeda |first5=F. |last6=Burrows |first6=G. E. |last7=Enright |first7=N. J. |last8=Knox |first8=K. J. E. |display-authors=5 |date=January 2013 |title=Resprouting as a key functional trait: how buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire |journal=New Phytologist |volume=197 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1111/nph.12001 |pmid=23110592 |bibcode=2013NewPh.197...19C |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some species such as ''Pinus muricata'' need fire to open their cones, allowing them to disperse their seeds.<ref name="Block, Andrew-2008">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first2=Gerry |last2=Kershner, Bruce |author3=Craig Tufts |author4=Daniel Mathews |author5=Gil Nelson |author6=Spellenberg, Richard |author7=Thieret, John W. |author8=Terry Purinton |author9=Block, Andrew |display-authors=5 |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |year=2008 |page=90 |isbn=978-1-4027-3875-3}}</ref> Other pines such as ''Pinus mugo''<ref name="Solár-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Solár |first1=Jaroslav |last2=Janiga |first2=Marián |title=Long-term Changes in Dwarf Pine ( Pinus mugo ) Cover in the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=33 |issue=1 |date=2013 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1 |doi-access=free |pages=51–62 |bibcode=2013MRDev..33...51S |url=https://bioone.org/journals/mountain-research-and-development/volume-33/issue-1/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1/Long-term-Changes-in-Dwarf-Pine-Pinus-mugo-Cover-in/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00079.1.pdf}}</ref> and ''Pinus yunnanensis'' can grow at high elevation.<ref name="Sun-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Yan-Qiang |last2=Zhao |first2=Wei |last3=Xu |first3=Chao-Qun |last4=Xu |first4=Yulan |last5=El-Kassaby |first5=Yousry A. |last6=De La Torre |first6=Amanda R. |last7=Mao |first7=Jian-Feng |title=Genetic Variation Related to High Elevation Adaptation Revealed by Common Garden Experiments in Pinus yunnanensis |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=10 |date=11 February 2020 |article-number=1405 |pmid=32117429 |pmc=7027398 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.01405 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some pines, such as ''Pinus sabiniana'', are adapted to growth in hot, dry semidesert climates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinus sabiniana Dougl |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/sabiniana.htm |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=www.srs.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Бор кривул 01.JPG|''Pinus mugo'', a dwarf mountain species at altitude in Macedonia File:Prescribed burn in a Pinus nigra stand in Portugal.JPG|A controlled burn in a ''Pinus nigra'' stand, Portugal File:Lodgepole pine Yellowstone 1998 near firehole.jpg|A stand of ''Pinus contorta'' regenerating 10 years after a major fire at Yellowstone National Park </gallery>

=== Species interactions ===

Pine needles serve as food for the caterpillar larvae of several moth species including the pine beauty, a pest of mature stands of pine trees,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hicks |first1=B. J. |last2=Barbour |first2=D. A. |last3=Evans |first3=H. F. |last4=Heritage |first4=S. |last5=Leather |first5=S. R. |last6=Milne |first6=R. |last7=Watt |first7=A. D. |title=The history and control of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Scotland from 1976 to 2000 |journal=Agricultural and Forest Entomology |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=2001 |doi=10.1046/j.1461-9555.2001.00106.x |doi-access=free |pages=161–168}}</ref> and the pine hawk-moth, a large species which causes only occasional damage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sphinx pinastri: Pine hawk-moth |url=https://www.forestpests.eu/pest/sphinx-pinastri |website=Forest Pests Europe |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> Some moths, notably the pine processionary, whose caterpillars can completely defoliate pine trees,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thaumetopoea pityocampa Pine processionary moth |url=https://www.forestpests.eu/pest/thaumetopoea-pityocampa |website=Forest Pests Europe |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bonnet-2008">{{cite journal |url=http://www.prodinra.inra.fr/prodinra/pinra/data/2008/07/PROD20086c1fb7e_20080709010355455.pdf |title=La Processionnaire du Pin |language=fr |trans-title=The Pine Processionary |publisher=INRA |journal=Stantari |issue=14 (August–October 2008) |date=2008 |access-date=2 October 2021 |last1=Bonnet |first1=Catherine |last2=Martin |first2=Jean-Claude |last3=Mazet |first3=René |pages=29–33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004145101/http://www.prodinra.inra.fr/prodinra/pinra/data/2008/07/PROD20086c1fb7e_20080709010355455.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Kerdelhué-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kerdelhué |first1=Carole |last2=Zane |first2=Lorenzo |last3=Simonato |first3=Mauro |last4=Salvato |first4=Paola |last5=Rousselet |first5=Jérôme |last6=Roques |first6=Alain |last7=Battisti |first7=Andrea |title=Quaternary history and contemporary patterns in a currently expanding species |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=220 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-220 |pmid=19732434 |pmc=2753568 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..220K |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref> and the pine-tree lappet, are serious pests of commercial forestry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pine tree lappet moth in Scotland |url=https://www.forestry.gov.scot/sustainable-forestry/tree-health/tree-pests-and-diseases/pine-tree-lappet-moth |publisher=Scottish Forestry |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Panolis.flammea.7102.jpg|Pine beauty moth (''Panolis flammea'') File:Sphinx pinastri 03.JPG|Pine hawk-moth (''Sphinx pinastri'') caterpillar feeding on pine needles File:Treviño - Cerro de Treviño - Nido de procesionaria 01 (cropped).jpg|Tent of pine processionary moth (''Thaumetopoea pityocampa'') caterpillars File:Dendrolimus pini larva.jpg|Pine-tree lappet (''Dendrolimus pini'') caterpillars on Scots pine with damage to needles </gallery>

Several species of pine are attacked by nematodes, causing pine wilt disease, which can quickly kill trees.<ref>[http://nematode.unl.edu/bursaphelenchusxylo.htm ''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus'', Pine Wilt Nematode.] Nematology. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.</ref><ref name="Bursaphelenchus">[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G145S1.HTM ''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104105627/http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G145S1.HTM |date=January 4, 2012 }} Nemaplex. UC Davis.</ref> The sawfly ''Diprion pini'' is likewise a serious commercial pest of pine forestry, especially of ''Pinus sylvestris''.<ref name="CAPS-2015">{{cite web |title=Diprion pini |url=https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Diprion-pini_CPHST-Datasheet_2015-version.pdf |website=Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=July 2015}}</ref> Some birds such as nutcrackers are specialist feeders on pine seeds, and are important in distributing the seeds widely.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lanner |first=Ronald M. |title=Made for each other: A symbiosis of birds and pines |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-508-903-0 |pages=61–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomback |first1=Diana F. |author-link=Diana Tomback |editor1-last=Sekercioglu |editor1-first=Cagan |editor2-last=Wenny |editor2-first=Daniel G. |editor3-last=Whelan |editor3-first=Christopher J. |title=Why birds matter: avian ecological function and ecosystem services |date=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-38263-0 |page=201 |chapter=7}}</ref> Crossbills rely on ''Pinus sylvestris'' seeds in Scotland, and similarly help significantly to disperse the seeds, whereas red squirrels feed on the seeds but do little for seed dispersal.<ref name="Summers-2011">{{cite journal |last=Summers |first=Ron W. |title=Patterns of exploitation of annually varying Pinus sylvestris cone crops by seed-eaters of differing dispersal ability |journal=Ecography |volume=34 |issue=5 |date=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06498.x |pages=723–728 |bibcode=2011Ecogr..34..723S }}</ref> Pine pollen may contribute to food webs involving detritivores. Nutrients from pollen aid detritivores in development, growth, and maturation, and may enable fungi to decompose plant litter which is low in nutrients.<ref name="Filipiak-2016">{{cite journal |last=Filipiak |first=Michał |date=1 January 2016 |title=Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |page=138 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00138 |bibcode=2016FrEEv...4..138F |url=http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/34844 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The edible<ref name="Sitta-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Sitta | first1=Nicola | last2=Floriani | first2=Marco |year=2008 |title=Nationalization and globalization trends in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy with emphasis on porcini (''Boletus edulis'' and allied species) |journal=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=307–22 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9037-4| bibcode=2008EcBot..62..307S |s2cid=44274570 }}</ref> basidiomycete fungus ''Boletus pinophilus'' (pine bolete) forms an ectomycorrhizal association with pines such as ''P. cembra'', ''P. nigra'', and ''P. sylvestris''.<ref name="Gallardi-2020">{{cite book |last=Gallardi |first=Matteo |chapter=Diversity, Biogeographic Distribution, Ecology, and Ectomycorrhizal Relationships of the Edible Porcini Mushrooms (''Boletus'' s. str., Boletaceae) Worldwide: State of the Art and an Annotated Checklist |title=Mushrooms, Humans and Nature in a Changing World: Perspectives from Ecological, Agricultural and Social Sciences |editor=Pérez-Moreno, Jesús |editor2=Guerin-Laguette, Alexis |editor3=Arzú, Roberto Flores |editor4=Yu, Fu-Qiang |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-37378-8 |pages=236–237 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3DgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Diprion pini 2 beentree.jpg|Mass of ''Diprion pini'' sawfly caterpillars on pine tree File:Spotted nutcracker with pine nut (cropped).jpg|Northern nutcracker with nut of ''Pinus sibirica'' File:Pinus pumila cone eaten by Nucifraga caryocatactes.JPG|''Pinus pumila'' cone opened by nutcrackers File:Boletus pinophilus3.JPG|The pine bolete ''Boletus pinophilus'' forms an ectomycorrhizal association with several pines. </gallery>

== Uses ==

=== Timber ===

Pines are among the most commercially important tree species, valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timberframehq.com/timber-framing-101/timber-species/ |title=Choosing a Timber Species - Timber Frame HQ |work=Timber Frame HQ |access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf |title=Trees for pulp |website=Paper.org |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118044645/http://www.paper.org.uk/information/factsheets/trees.pdf }}</ref> In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing softwoods that grow in relatively dense stands. Commercial pines are grown in plantations for timber that is denser and therefore more durable than spruce (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors, and roofing due to its abundance and low cost.<ref>Wiemann, M. C. (2010). Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods. In ''Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material'' (pp. 2-2-2–45). Chapter, Forest Products Laboratory; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/37440</ref>

As pine wood has little resistance to insects or decay after logging, in its untreated state it is generally recommended for indoor construction purposes only, such as indoor drywall framing. It is commonly used in Canadian Lumber Standard graded wood.<ref name="Jenkins-2023">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Steve |title=What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for? |website=Homebuilding & Renovating |date=3 September 2023 |url=https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/what-is-cls-timber |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> For outside use, pine needs to be treated with copper azole, chromated copper arsenate or other suitable chemical preservatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timber treatment |url=https://www.weathertight.org.nz/new-buildings/timber-treatment/#h3-3 |publisher=weathertight.org.nz |access-date=18 May 2019 |date=18 October 2010 }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:John Deere 2054 DHSP forestry swing machine, Kaibab National Forest 1.jpg|Logging ''Pinus ponderosa'', Arizona File:100 mm furu.jpg|100 mm (4 inch) thick pine timber sawn in sawmill, Sweden File:Arquitectura en madera.jpg|Pine as an architectural material, Spain File:Interior of the IKEA Băneasa 14.jpg|Pine furniture, 2019 </gallery>

===Ornamental uses=== Many pine trees make attractive ornamental plantings for parks and larger gardens, while dwarf cultivars are suitable for smaller spaces. There are at least 818 named cultivars (or trinomials) recognised by the American Conifer Society ACS.<ref name="American Conifer Society"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Pinus parviflora Miyajima 2zz.jpg|''Pinus parviflora'' 'Miyajima' ornamental cultivar File:JBP_Kotobuki.jpg|''Pinus thunbergii'' 'Kotobuki' as a 65-year-old bonsai </gallery>

=== Food ===

The seeds (pine nuts) are generally edible; the young male cones can be cooked and eaten, as can the bark of young twigs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |others=United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |page=78 |oclc=277203364 }}</ref> Some species have large pine nuts, which are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. They are an ingredient of ''pesto alla genovese''.<ref name="CMPM">{{cite web |publisher=Campionato Mondiale Pesto al Mortaio |title=Pesto's official recipe|url=https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516204546/https://www.pestochampionship.it/championships-recipe/?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The soft, moist, white inner bark (cambium) beneath the woody outer bark is edible and very high in vitamins A and C.<ref name="American Conifer Society">{{cite web |title=Pinus / pine: Conifer Genus |url=https://conifersociety.org/conifers/pinus/ |website=American Conifer Society |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as an ersatz flour or thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as bark bread.<ref name="Angier-1974">{{cite book |last=Angier |first=Bradford |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/166/mode/2up |title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-8117-0616-8 |pages=166–167 |oclc=799792 |author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> The use of pine cambium gave the Adirondack Indians their name, from the Mohawk Indian word ''atirú:taks'', meaning "tree eaters".<ref name="Angier-1974"/>

A herbal tea is made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as ''tallstrunt'' in Sweden).<ref name="Angier-1974" /> In eastern Asia, pine and other conifers are accepted among consumers as a beverage product, and used in teas, as well as wine.<ref name="Zeng-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Wei-Cai |last2=Jia |first2=Li-Rong |last3=Zhang |first3=Yan |last4=Cen |first4=Jia-Qi |last5=Chen |first5=Xi |last6=Gao |first6=Hong |last7=Feng |first7=Su |last8=Huang |first8=Yi-Na |display-authors=5 |title=Antibrowning and antimicrobial activities of the water-soluble extract from pine needles of Cedrus deodara |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=C318–23 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21535752 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02023.x }}</ref> In Greece, the wine retsina is flavoured with resin from ''Pinus halepensis'' (Aleppo pine).<ref name="Robinson-2006">{{cite book |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Robinson |year=2006 |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=568–569 |isbn=0-19-860990-6}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Christmas pinioli cookies.jpg|Pinolate biscuits with pine nuts File:BasilPesto.JPG|Pesto with basil and pine nuts File:Retsina.JPG|A bottle of retsina, a Greek wine flavoured with ''Pinus halepensis'' resin

</gallery>

=== Other uses ===

Turpentine oil, traditionally used as a solvent in paints, resins and varnishes, is extracted from pine resin<ref name="Chalier-2024">{{cite journal |last1=Chalier |first1=Pascale |last2=Martinez-Lopez |first2=Brais |last3=Lacour |first3=Marie Agnès |last4=Rigou |first4=Peggy |title=Extraction of turpentine essential oil from Pinus pinaster ait: Comparison of yield and composition between conventional- or microwave assisted-hydro-distillation and vacuum distillation |journal=Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy |volume=41 |date=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.scp.2024.101702 |article-number=101702 |bibcode=2024SusCP..4101702C }}</ref> or pine wood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Turpentine Production and Processing |url=https://www.nzic.org.nz/unsecure_files/book/4F.pdf |publisher=New Zealand Institute of Chemistry |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Pine needles are woven into baskets in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture Trunks |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/llilas/public-engagement/k-12-programming/culture-trunks.html |publisher=College of Liberal Arts, University of Texas |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> In traditional Chinese medicine, pine resin is used for burns, wounds and skin complaints.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ulukanli |first1=Zeynep |last2=KaraböRklü |first2=Salih |last3=Bozok |first3=Fuat |last4=Ates |first4=Burhan |last5=Erdogan |first5=Selim |last6=Cenet |first6=Menderes |last7=Karaaslan |first7=Merve Göksin |display-authors=5 |title=Chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Mediterranean Pinus brutia and Pinus pinea resin essential oils |journal=Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=901–910 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25556061 |doi=10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60133-3 }}</ref> Chinese ink sticks for calligraphy are often made of pine soot, producing a matt black ink when mixed with water.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Ink Stick Should You Choose For Japanese Calligraphy? |url=https://www.theartofcalligraphy.com/ink-stick |website=The Art of Calligraphy |access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref> Pine needles have been used by Latvian designer Tamara Orjola to create biodegradable products including paper, furniture, textiles and dyestuffs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Solanki |first=Seetal |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/why-materials-matter-design-innovation/index.html |title=5 radical material innovations that will shape tomorrow |date=2018-12-17 |website=CNN Style |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180"> File:Chipping a turpentine tree.jpg|Extracting resin to make turpentine and rosin (before 1920) File:TianguisArtesanalPatzcuaro2016 113.jpg|Pine needle baskets, Pátzcuaro, Mexico, 2016 File:胡开文龙翔凤舞柱形墨.jpg|Chinese ink sticks can be made of pine soot File:PineEssentialOil.png|Essential oil from ''Pinus sylvestris'' </gallery>

==Culture==

[[File:Villa Borghese Gardens 1 (5895905875).jpg|thumb|left|A movement of Respighi's tone poem ''Pines of Rome'' depicts the stone pines of the Villa Borghese gardens.<ref name="Dotsey 2020"/>]]

In ancient Egypt, the god Osiris was honoured with an image placed in a cavity inside a pine tree. In ancient Greece, the goddess Pitthea was linked with pines, while in ancient Rome, the tree was worshipped in the festival of the god Attis and the goddess Cybele.<ref name="Trees for Life"/> The Greek god of wine, Dionysus (also called Bacchus), was associated with pine as a symbol of fertility, and his devotees carried a stick topped with a pine cone (a ''thyrsus''), a phallic symbol.<ref name="Trees for Life"/> The Buryat people of Siberia revered groves of ''Pinus sylvestris'', while ancient Celtic Druids marked the midwinter solstice with fires of the same species.<ref name="Trees for Life">{{cite web |title=Scots pine mythology and folklore |url=https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/scots-pine/scots-pine-mythology-and-folklore/ |publisher=Trees for Life |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

{{listen |filename=The Pines of Rome - I. The Pines of the Villa Borghese - United States Army Band.mp3|title=The Pines of Rome |description=Respighi's tone poem played by the United States Army Band}}

In 1924, the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi completed his tone poem ''Pines of Rome''. Each of its four movements depicts a pine-clad setting in the city of Rome, namely the Villa Borghese gardens, near a catacomb, on the Janiculum Hill, and along the Appian Way.<ref name="Dotsey 2020">{{cite web |last=Dotsey |first=Calvin |title=The March of Time: Respighi's Pines of Rome |date=7 January 2020 |publisher=Houston Symphony |url=https://houstonsymphony.org/respighi-pines-rome/ |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

Pines are often featured in paintings. A 2021 study lists over a hundred works: many are by artists from the Mediterranean region, such as Paul Cézanne and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot; Northern Europe, such as Akseli Gallen-Kallela and James William Giles; and North America, with works by Tom Thomson and others. The paintings often depict ''Pinus pinea'' by the Mediterranean sea; other species include ''P. sylvestris'' and ''P. pinaster''.<ref name="Pinon-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pinon  |first1=Jean |title=Les Pins vus par les peintres |trans-title=Pines seen by Painters |journal=Revue forestière française |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=583–596 |doi=10.20870/revforfr.2021.7109 |url=https://revueforestierefrancaise.agroparistech.fr/article/view/7109/23322 |language=fr|doi-access=free }}</ref> The pine is a particular motif in Chinese art and literature, which sometimes combines painting and poetry in the same work. The pine symbolises longevity and steadfastness, as it retains its green needles throughout the year. Sometimes the pine and cypress are paired. At other times the pine, plum, and bamboo are considered as the "Three Friends of Winter".<ref>Eberhard, Wolfram (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), ''A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought''. London, New York: Routledge. {{ISBN |0-415-00228-1}}, ''sub'' "Pine".</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=170> File:Ménade relieve romano (Museo del Prado) 04b.jpg|A maenad (follower of Dionysus) holding a ''thyrsus'' topped with a pine cone. Roman, 120–140 AD File:Ikeno Taiga 池大雅 - Pines on Mount Tai (after Gao Qian (after Tang Yin)) - 1985.203 - Arthur M. Sackler Museum.jpg|''Pines on Mount Tai'', Ike no Taiga, Japan, 18th century File:Pissarro - the-pine-trees-of-louveciennes-1870.jpg|''The Pine Trees of Louveciennes'', Camille Pissarro, 1870 File:Le pin à l'Estaque (P. Cézanne, Musée de l'Orangerie) (4619406661).jpg|''Le pin à l'Estaque'', Paul Cézanne, 1875 File:Under the Pines PMA(15) (16982300531).jpg|''Under the Pines, Evening'', Claude Monet, 1888 File:'Pine Clouds', 1903 painting by Wu Ku-hsiang.jpg|"Pine Clouds", fan painting by Wu Ku-hsiang, China, 1903 File:Tom Thomson - The West Wind - Google Art Project.jpg|''The West Wind'', Tom Thomson, 1917, depicting ''Pinus resinosa'' </gallery>

== References ==

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Farjon |first=A. |date=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Pines |publisher=E. J. Brill |isbn=90-04-13916-8 |ref=none}} * {{cite report |last=Little |first1=Elbert L., Jr. |last2=Critchfield |first2=W.B. |date=1969 |title=Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines) |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |work=Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144) |ref=none}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=D. M. |date=1998 |title=Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=530 |isbn=0-521-55176-5 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Sulavik |first=Stephen B. |date=2007 |title=Adirondack; Of Indians and Mountains, 1535-1838 |publisher=Purple Mountain Press |pages=244 pages |isbn=978-1-930098-79-4 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Mirov |first=N. T. |date=1967 |title=The Genus Pinus |publisher=Ronald Press |ref=none }} * {{cite web |title=Classification of pines |url=http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |publisher=The Lovett Pinetum Charitable Foundation |access-date=17 January 2004 |archive-date=3 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603181329/http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm |url-status=live |ref=none }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mirov |first1=N. T. |last2=Stanley |first2=R.G. |doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.10.060159.001255 |title=The Pine Tree |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology |volume=10 |pages=223–238 |year=1959 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Philips |first=Roger |title=Trees of North America and Europe |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-394-50259-0 |date=1979 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treesofnorthamer00phil |ref=none }} * {{Gymnosperm Database |family=Pinaceae |genus=Pinus |ref=none }} {{refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.thespruce.com/pine-trees-from-around-the-world-3269718 40 Species of Pine Trees You Can Grow] by The Spruce * {{Jepson eFlora |10029 |Pinus |link=1 |type=key}}, covers Californian species * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125519 Pinus in Flora of North America] * [https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=PINUS Pinus in the USDA Plants Database] * [https://conifersgarden.us/conifer-genera/pinus Conifer Database]

Category:Pinaceae Pinus Category:Forestry