{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family}} {{Speciesbox |image = Tozzia alpina.jpg |image_upright = 0.75 |display_parents = 2 |genus = Tozzia |parent_authority = L. |species = alpina |authority = L. }}
'''''Tozzia''''' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, '''''Tozzia alpina'''''.
While the plant in its young, vegetative stage is holoparasite, it becomes hemiparasite in its flowering stage. The originality of this species is therefore to combine half and full parasitism.<ref name="Weber1973">{{cite journal |last=Weber |first=Hans Christian |title=Zur Biologie von ''Tozzia alpina'' L. (Standort, Wirtspflanzen, Entwicklung, Parasitismus) |journal=Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen |volume=49 |year=1973 |pages=237–249 |issn=0005-8041 }}</ref><ref name="Weber1975">{{cite journal |last=Weber |first=Hans Christian |title=Vergleichende Betrachtungen über die unterirdischen Organe von ''Lathraea squamaria'' L. und ''Tozzia alpina'' L. (Scrophulariaceae) |journal=Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen |volume=51 |year=1975 |pages=1–15 |issn=0005-8041 }}</ref><ref name="Hartl1975">{{Cite book|title=Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa / Teil 1. (Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Globulariaceae, Plantaginaceae) |date=1975 |publisher=Parey |last=Hartl |first=Dimitri |isbn=3489800206 |edition=2nd, völlig neu bearb. Aufl. / hrsg. von Dimitri Hartl |location=Berlin |oclc=180568319}}</ref>
The range of ''Tozzia alpina'' extends from the Pyrenees and the Alps to the Balkans and the Carpathians.<ref name="Marhold2011">{{cite web |last=Marhold |first=Karol |date=2011 |url=http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=33387&PTRefFk=7200000 |title=''Tozzia'' |website=Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity}}</ref>
== Description == === Vegetative features === ''Tozzia alpina'' is a herbaceous, perennial plant, reaching heights of {{convert|10 to 50|cm|in}}. The quadrangular stem is hairless in the lower part, hairy on the edges in the middle and upper part.<ref name="Hartl1975"/> The simple, bright green leaves are broad, ovate, serrate, with a length of 1 to 3.5 centimeters, a rounded or slightly heart-shaped basis, and a sharp upper end.<ref name="Hartl1975"/>
=== Reproductive features === thumb|200px|left|The zygomorphic flowers The flowering period is from June to August. The hermaphroditic zygomorph flowers are organized into a raceme inflorescence. The bracts have a 3 to 10 millimeters long, thin, one-sided hairy stalk.<ref name="Hartl1975"/> The fruit is spherical with a diameter of 2 to 2.5 millimeters. The seeds are almost spherical, smooth and white with a round black spot.<ref name="Hartl1975" />
== Systematics == The genus name ''Tozzia'' was given in 1729 by Pier Antonio Micheli. It is a taxonomic patronym in honor of Bruno Tozzi, a monk and later abbot of the monastery Vallombrosa at Reggello in Tuscany, who published in 1703 a work about Tuscan plant species.
The first description of the species ''Tozzia alpina'' was made in 1753 by Carl von Linné.
Two subspecies have been described:<ref name="Marhold2011"/> * ''Tozzia alpina'' L. subsp. ''alpina'', occurring in Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, and former Yugoslavia; * ''Tozzia alpina'' subsp. ''carpathica'' (Wolł.) Pawlł. (Syn: ''Tozzia carpathica'' Wolł.), occurring in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
== Phylogeny == The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters.<ref name="Tesitel2010"/><ref name="Scheunert2012"/> ''Tozzia'' belongs to the core Rhinantheae. ''Tozzia'' is closely related to ''Odontites'', ''Bellardia'', and ''Hedbergia''. In turn, these genera share phylogenetic affinities with ''Euphrasia'', and then with ''Bartsia''.
{{cladogram | title= {{anchor|Clad}}Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae. | caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, ''rps16'' intron and ''trnK'' region).<ref name="Tesitel2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Těšitel |first1=Jakub |last2=Říha |first2=Pavel |last3=Svobodová |first3=Šárka |last4=Malinová |first4=Tamara |last5=Štech |first5=Milan |date=2010-10-28 |title=Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae |journal=Folia Geobotanica |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=347–367 |doi=10.1007/s12224-010-9089-y |bibcode=2010FolGe..45..347T |s2cid=39873516 |issn=1211-9520}}</ref><ref name="Scheunert2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Scheunert |first1=Agnes |last2=Fleischmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Olano-Marín |first3=Catalina |last4=Bräuchler |first4=Christian |last5=Heubl |first5=Günther |date=2012-12-14 |title=Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts |journal=Taxon |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1269–1285|doi=10.1002/tax.616008 }}</ref> | align=center | cladogram={{Cladogram of Rhinantheae genera}} }}
== Ecology == ''Tozzia alpina'' is a geophyte. In the first year of its growth, ''Tozzia'' feeds as holoparasite on large-leaved herbaceous plants, such as species of the genera ''Rumex'', ''Adenostyles'' and ''Petasites''. As of the second year, it becomes a hemiparasite with its own assimilation, but still receives nutrients from the host plant.
It thrives at altitudes of {{Convert|800 to 2600|m|sp=us}}. In the Allgäu Alps it rises at the Linkerskopf in Bavaria up to an altitude of {{Convert|2200|m|sp=us}}.<ref name="Dörr-Lippert">{{Cite book |last1=Dörr |first1=Erhard |last2=Lippert |first2=Wolfgang |title=Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung / 2 |date=2004 |publisher=IHW-Verl |isbn=3-930167-61-1 |location=Eching |oclc=163491621 }}</ref> It also prefers lime-rich and nutrient-rich, wet-fresh to moist clay soils, with northern exposures.<ref name="Weber1973" />
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q9089313|from2=Q159988}}
Category:Orobanchaceae Category:Orobanchaceae genera Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Monotypic Lamiales genera Category:Parasitic plants