{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Bellardia trixago (flowers).jpg |image_upright = 0.75 |display_parents = 2 |genus = Bellardia (plant) |parent_authority = All.<ref name=powo-genus>{{Cite POWO | id = 37456-1 | title = ''Bellardia'' All. | access-date = 28 October 2024 }}</ref> |species = trixago |authority = (L.) All.<ref name=powo-species/> |synonyms_ref = <!-- see in section --> |synonyms = '''Genus'''<ref name=powo-genus/> * ''Lasiopera'' {{Small|Hoffmanns. & Link}} * ''Trixago'' {{Small|Steven}} {{Collapsible list | title = Species<ref name=powo-species>{{Cite POWO | id = 799723-1 | title = ''Bellardia trixago'' (L.) All. | access-date = 28 October 2024 }}</ref> | {{Species list | Alectorolophus trixago | (L.) M.Bieb. | Bartsia bicolor | DC. | Bartsia capensis | (L.) Spreng. | Bartsia maxima | Pers. | Bartsia rhinanthoides | Hochst. ex Benth. | Bartsia trixago | L. | Bartsia versicolor | (Lam.) Pers. | Bellardia carnea | (Griseb.) Wettst. | Bellardia trixago subvar. alba | Rouy | Bellardia trixago subvar. bicolor | (DC.) Rouy | Bellardia trixago subvar. flaviflora | Rouy | Bellardia trixago var. flaviflora | (Boiss.) Maire | Bellardia trixago var. maxima | Rouy | Bellardia trixago f. stricta | Esteve | Bellardia trixago var. versicolor | (Lam.) Cout. | Bellardia trixago subvar. versicolor | (Lam.) Rouy | Buchnera africana | L. | Euphrasia trixago | (L.) Vis. | Euphrasia versicolor | Bubani, nom. illeg. | Glossostylis abyssinica | Hochst. ex A.DC. | Lasiopera rhinanthina | Hoffmanns. & Link | Rhinanthus bicolor | Poir. | Rhinanthus capensis | L. | Rhinanthus creticus | F.Dietr. | Rhinanthus maritimus | Lam. | Rhinanthus maximus | Willd., nom. illeg. | Rhinanthus trixago | (L.) L. | Rhinanthus versicolor | Lam. | Trixago apula | Steven | Trixago apula var. flaviflora | Boiss. | Trixago apula var. lutea | Lange | Trixago apula var. versicolor | (Lam.) Lange | Trixago carnea | Griseb. | Trixago maxima | (Pers.) Webb & Berthel. | Trixago rhinanthina | Link ex Spreng. | Trixago versicolor | (Lam.) Webb & Berthel. }} }} }}
'''''Bellardia trixago''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. The only member of the monotypic genus '''''Bellardia''''', it is known as '''trixago bartsia'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''Mediterranean lineseed'''.<ref>{{Cite PLANTS|id=BETR|taxon=Bellardia trixago|access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> This plant is native to the Mediterranean Basin, but it is known in other places with similar climates, such as California and parts of Chile, where it is an introduced species and noxious weed.{{not verified in body|date=October 2024}}
== Description == {{no citations section|date=October 2024}} ''Bellardia trixago'' is an erect plant often reaching over half a meter in height. Its foliage is rich green and dotted with glands and hairs. The sawtoothed leaves extend about halfway up the plant, with the upper half of the stem being occupied with a stout inflorescence which narrows to a point. The inflorescence has rows of leaflike bracts, between which emerge showy purple and white lipped, hooded flowers, each over two centimeters wide. The fruit is a smooth, green capsule. Mediterranean lineseed, like other broomrapes, is parasitic; this species is hemiparasitic in that it is green and photosynthetic but also taps into the roots of other plants to extract nutrients.
== Phylogeny == The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters.<ref name="Tesitel2010"/><ref name="Scheunert2012"/> ''Bellardia'' belongs to the core Rhinantheae. ''Bellardia'' is closely related to ''Parentucellia'', to some ''Bartsia'' taxa, and to ''Odontites''.<ref name="Scheunert2012" /><ref name="UribeConvers2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Uribe-Convers |first1=Simon |last2=Tank |first2=David C. |date=2016-09-01 |title=Phylogenetic revision of the genus ''Bartsia'' (Orobanchaceae): disjunct distributions correlate to independent lineages |url=http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0363-6445&volume=41&issue=3&spage=672 |journal=Systematic Botany |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=672–684 |doi=10.1600/036364416x692299 |s2cid=88752480 |issn=0363-6445|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In turn, these genera share phylogenetic affinities with ''Tozzia'' and ''Hedbergia'', and then with ''Euphrasia'' and ''Bartsia''.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
{{cladogram | title= {{anchor|Clad}}Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae. | caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, ''rps16'' intron and ''trnK'' region).<ref name="Tesitel2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Těšitel |first1=Jakub |last2=Říha |first2=Pavel |last3=Svobodová |first3=Šárka |last4=Malinová |first4=Tamara |last5=Štech |first5=Milan |date=2010-10-28 |title=Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae |journal=Folia Geobotanica |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=347–367 |doi=10.1007/s12224-010-9089-y |s2cid=39873516 |issn=1211-9520}}</ref><ref name="Scheunert2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Scheunert |first1=Agnes |last2=Fleischmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Olano-Marín |first3=Catalina |last4=Bräuchler |first4=Christian |last5=Heubl |first5=Günther |date=2012-12-14 |title=Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts |journal=Taxon |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1269–1285|doi=10.1002/tax.616008 }}</ref> | align=center | cladogram={{Cladogram of Rhinantheae genera}} }}
== Etymology == The genus name ''Bellardia'' is a taxonomic patronym in honor of Carlo Antonio Lodovico Bellardi (1741–1826), an Italian botanist from Piedmont.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rameau |first1=Jean-Claude |last2=Mansion |first2=Dominique |last3=Dumé |first3=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P282nNjQq50C&pg=PA1261 |title=Flore forestière française: guide écologique illustré. Région méditerranéenne |date=2008 |page=1261 |publisher=Forêt privée française |isbn=978-2-904740-93-0 |language=fr}}</ref>
The species name ''trixago'' has two possible etymologies. * It derives from the Ancient Greek word {{wikt-lang|grc|θρίξ}} ({{grc-transl|θρίξ}}), meaning "hair",<ref name="Bailly1981">{{Cite book |title=Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-2010035289 |location=Paris |oclc=461974285 }}</ref><ref name="Tabularium">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |title=Greek-french dictionary online |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date= |website=www.tabularium.be |publisher= |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318000653/http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Latin suffix {{Lang|la|ago}}used to indicate a property, and refers to the glandular-hairy characteristic of the plant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page T |url=http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/pageT.html |website=www.calflora.net |access-date=2020-05-02 }}</ref><ref name="PlantMed">{{Cite web |title=''Bartsia'' |url=http://www.plante-mediterraneenne.fr/genres/bartsia/ |website=Plante Méditerranéenne |language=fr |access-date=2020-05-02 }}</ref> * It derives from the Ancient Greek word {{wikt-lang|grc|τριξός}}, {{wikt-lang|grc|τρισσός}}, or {{wikt-lang|grc|τριττός}} ({{grc-transl|τριξός}}, {{grc-transl|τρισσός}}, or {{grc-transl|τριττός}}), meaning "triple",<ref name="Bailly1981" /><ref name="Tabularium" /> and refers to the trilobate lower lip of the flower.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gentil |first=Ambroise |year=1923 |title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la flore française |page=229 |publisher=Paul Lechevalier |place=Paris |url=http://fmbds.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Dictionnaire%20etymologique%20de%20la%20flore%20francaise%20Gentil%201923.pdf }}</ref> It is also the old Latin name of germanders (genus ''Teucrium'').<ref name="PlantMed" />
== Distribution and habitat == This plant is native to the Mediterranean Basin, but it is known in other places with similar climates, such as California and parts of Chile, where it is an introduced species and noxious weed.
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == * {{Commons category-inline|Bartsia trixago}} * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=8635 Jepson Manual Treatment] * [https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/bellardia-trixago-profile/ California Invasive Plant Council] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Bellardia+trixago Photo gallery]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3637744|from2=Q15931230}}
Category:Orobanchaceae Category:Parasitic plants Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of Africa Category:Flora of temperate Asia