{{Short description|Genus of plants}} '''''Tetraplasandra''''' is a no longer recognised genus of plants in the ivy family, Araliaceae. They are small to medium trees, (rarely shrubs or large trees) of mesic to wet forests.<ref name="lowry1990">Porter P. Lowry II. 1990. "Araliaceae", pages 224-237. In: Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu</ref>
Some authors have recognized as many as 19 species in ''Tetraplasandra'',<ref name="sherff1955">Earl Edward Sherff. 1955. "Revision of the Hawaiian members of the genus ''Tetraplasandra'' A. Gray". ''Fieldiana: Botany'' '''29'''(2):49-142.</ref> while others have recognized as few as six.<ref name="lowry1990"/> In 2007, the authors of a scientific paper recommended that the genus be divided into nine species.<ref name="costello2007">Annemarie Costello and Timothy J. Motley. 2007. "Phylogenetics of the Tetraplasandra Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology". ''Systematic Botany'' '''32'''(2):464-477.</ref> In 2010, all of these nine species were included in ''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra'', a subgenus of 21 species in the large genus ''Polyscias'', which will comprise about 250 species, when about 90 undescribed species are published.<ref name="lowry2010">Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') '''128'''(1-2):55-84. {{doi|10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0003}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
The range of variation in ''Tetraplasandra'' is unusually large for a genus in Araliaceae <ref name="frodin2003">David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-048-1}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Most of the species were originally described in other genera which were later merged with ''Tetraplasandra''.
The type species for the genus is ''T. hawaiensis''.<ref name="ingtetraplasandra">''Tetraplasandra'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
As defined by {{ill|William R. Philipson|es|William R. Philipson}} in 1970, ''Tetraplasandra'' is endemic to Hawaii<ref name="philipson1970redefinition">William R. Philipson. 1970. "A redefinition of ''Gastonia'' and related genera (Araliaceae)". ''Blumea'' '''18'''(2):497-505.</ref> and occurs on six of the eight main islands. Ni{{okina}}ihau and Kaho{{okina}}olawe are low-lying and dry; consequently, they do not support ''Tetraplasandra''. ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. kavaiensis'', and ''T. hawaiensis'' are found on six, five, and four of the islands, respectively. The other species are single-island endemics.<ref name="lowry1990"/>
''T. oahuensis'' and ''T.kavaiensis'' have done well in cultivation in Southern California. They are sensitive to heat, but very tolerant of shade, and they need some wind protection.<ref name="lilleeng-rosenberger2005">Kerin E. Lilleeng-Rosenberger. 2005. ''Growing Hawai{{okina}}i's Native Plants''. Mutual Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-56647-716-1}}</ref> In horticulture, ''T. kavaiensis'' has often been misidentified as ''T. meiandra''. True ''T. meiandra'' is now treated as a synonym of ''T. oahuensis''.<ref name="rhs">Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref>
''T. gymnocarpa'', a rare tree of O{{okina}}ahu, is considered an oddity, since it is the only species in Araliaceae whose flowers have a completely superior ovary.<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
The genus ''Tetraplasandra'' has long been known as a close relative of the obsolete genera ''Gastonia'', ''Reynoldsia'', and ''Munroidendron''. This was confirmed by a pollen study in 1971.<ref name="tseng1971">Charles C. Tseng. 1971. "Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Pollen of ''Tetraplasandra'' (Araliaceae) and Relatives". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''58'''(6):505-516.</ref> In 2010, those four genera, along with ''Arthrophyllum'' and ''Cuphocarpus'', were all sunk into ''Polyscias'', raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159.<ref name="lowry2010"/>
Four Hawaiian names are applied to groups of ''Tetraplasandra'' species. ''T. hawaiensis'' is known as {{okina}}ohe. ''T. kavaiensis'' and ''T. gymnocarpa'' are called {{okina}}ohe{{okina}}ohe. ''T. waimeae'' is called {{okina}}ohe kiko{{okina}}ola. ''T. oahuensis'' and ''T. lydgatei'' are called {{okina}}ohe mauka. The related name, {{okina}}ohe makai, is applied to ''Polyscias sandwicensis'', formerly known as ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis''.<ref name="lilleeng-rosenberger2005"/> These names closely correspond to clades currently recognized within ''Tetraplasandra''.<ref name="costello2007"/>
== Species in ''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra'' == Most of the information in the species list is from Lowry and Plunkett (2010).<ref name="lowry2010"/> Synonyms are names of species accepted by Sherff (1955)<ref name="sherff1955"/> or by Frodin and Govaerts (2003),<ref name="frodin2003"/> except for ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' and ''Tetraplasandra bisattenuata'', which were resurrected after 2003. For complete synonymy and distribution within the Hawaiian Islands, see Lowry (1990).<ref name="lowry1990"/>
* ''Polyscias belensis'' {{au|Philipson}} – New Guinea * ''Polyscias bisattenuata'' {{au|(Earl Edward Sherff) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Tetraplasandra bisattenuata'') – Kaua{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias borneensis'' {{au|Philipson}} – Borneo, Philippines * ''Polyscias florosa'' {{au|Philipson}} – Philippines * ''Polyscias flynnii'' <small>(Lowry & K.R.Wood) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''Tetraplasandra flynnii'') – Kaua{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias gymnocarpa'' <small>(Hillebrand) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa'') – (O{{okina}}ahu) * ''Polyscias hawaiensis'' <small>(Asa Gray) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''Tetraplasandra hawaiensis'') – Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui, island of Hawai{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias kavaiensis'' <small>(H.Mann) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''T. micrantha'', ''T. turbans'') – Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui, island of Hawai{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias lanutoensis'' {{au|(Hochreutiner) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Reynoldsia lanutoensis'', ''Reynoldsia grayana'', ''Reynoldsia tauensis'') – Samoa * ''Polyscias lydgatei'' {{au|(Hillebrand) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'') – O{{okina}}ahu * ''Polyscias marchionensis'' {{au|(F.B.H. Brown) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Reynoldsia marchionensis'') – Marquesas * ''Polyscias oahuensis'' <small>(A.Gray) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''T. kaalae'', ''T. kahanana'', ''T. kohalae'', ''T. lanaiensis'', ''T. meiandra'', ''T. munroi'', ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. pupukeensis'', ''T. waianensis'') – Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui, island of Hawai{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias philipsonii'' {{au|Bernardi}} – New Guinea * ''Polyscias pleiosperma'' {{au|(Asa Gray) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Reynoldsia pleiosperma'') – Samoa * ''Polyscias racemosa'' {{au|(C.N.Forbes) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Munroidendron racemosum'') – Kaua{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias sandwicensis'' {{au|(Asa Gray) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis'') – O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui, island of Hawai{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias serratifolia'' {{au|(Miquel) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Gastonia serratifolia'') – Malesia to Solomon Islands * ''Polyscias spectabilis'' {{au|(Harms) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Gastonia spectabilis'') – New Guinea to Solomon Islands * ''Polyscias verrucosa'' {{au|(Seemann) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett}} (= ''Reynoldsia verrucosa'', ''Reynoldsia tahitiensis'') – Tahiti * ''Polyscias waialealae'' <small>(Rock) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''Tetraplasandra waialealae'', ''T. lihuensis'') – Kaua{{okina}}i * ''Polyscias waimeae'' <small>(Wawra) Lowry & G. M. Plunkett</small> (= ''Tetraplasandra waimeae'') – Kaua{{okina}}i
== History == The genus name was erected by Asa Gray in 1854,<ref name="ipnitetraplasandra">''Tetraplasandra'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> in his account of the botany of the U.S. Exploring Expedition (1838-1842).<ref name="gray1854page727">Asa Gray. 1854. Series: ''United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842)''; Volume 15: ''Botany. Phanerogamia.'':727. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> The name is derived from Greek, ''tetraplasios'', "fourfold", and ''andros'', "male, stamen".<ref name="quattrocchiIV">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2673-8}} (set). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>
Asa Gray named only one species, ''T. hawaiensis'', in ''Tetraplasandra''. The tree that was later known as ''Tetraplasandra oahuensis'' (now ''Polyscias oahuensis''), he named ''Gastonia oahuensis'', but with considerable doubt about its placement.<ref name="frodin2003"/><ref name="gray1854page726">Asa Gray. 1854. Series: ''United States Exploring Expedition (1838-1842)''; Volume 15: ''Botany. Phanerogamia.'':726. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
In 1867, Horace Mann Jr. named two new species, ''H. kavaiensis'' and ''H. dipyrenum'' in ''Heptapleurum'', a genus that Joseph Gaertner had named in 1791,<ref name="ipniheptapleurum">''Heptapleurum'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> in ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''.<ref name="gaertner1791">Joseph Gaertner. 1791. ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum''. 2:472. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Mann created a new section in ''Heptapleurum'' for the two Hawaiian species. He named the new section "Pterotropia".<ref name="mann1867">Horace Mann Jr. 1867. page 168. In: "Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants" ''Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences'' 7:143-235. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> ''Heptapleurum'' is no longer recognized and its type species is now known as ''Schefflera stellata''.<ref name="ingheptapleurum">''Heptapleurum'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Earl Edward Sherff did not consider the two species named by Mann to be truly distinct. He included both in ''Tetraplasandra kavaiensis'', which he divided into eight varieties, including ''T. kavaiensis'' var. ''dipyrena''.<ref name="sherff1955"/>
From 1864 to 1868, Berthold Carl Seemann published a series of articles in the ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign'', all of which were entitled "Revision of the natural order Hederaceae".<ref name=seemann1864-1868>Berthold Carl Seeman. 1864 - 1868. "Revision of the natural order Hederaceae". ''Journal of Botany, British and Foreign'' vol. 2(1864):235-250, 289-309 – vol. 3(1865):73-81, 173-181, 265-276, 361-363 – vol. 4(1866):352-353 – vol. 5(1867):236-239, 285-286 – vol. 6(1868):129-142. (see External links below).</ref> In 1868, he published a book by the same title.<ref name="seemann1868">Berthold Carl Seemann. 1868. ''Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae: Being a Reprint, with Numerous Additions and Corrections, of a Series of Papers Published in the "Journal of Botany" British and Foreign''. Original publisher: Reeve and Company. Reprint: Book on Demand Pod. {{ISBN|978-5-87797-032-8}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> He divided what later became Hawaiian ''Tetraplasandra'' into four genera. He maintained ''Tetraplasandra'' for ''T. hawaiensis'' and created two new genera; ''Triplasandra'', for Asa Gray's ''Gastonia oahuensis'' and ''Dipanax'' for Mann's ''Tetraplasandra dipyrena''. He placed Mann's ''Tetraplasandra kavaiensis'' in ''Agalma'',<ref name="seemann1868page103">Page 103. In: Berthold Carl Seemann. 1868. ''Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae: Being a Reprint, with Numerous Additions and Corrections, of a Series of Papers Published in the "Journal of Botany" British and Foreign''. Original publisher: Reeve and Company. Reprint: Book on Demand Pod. {{ISBN|978-5-87797-032-8}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref> a genus that Friedrich A.W. Miquel had established in 1856.<ref name="ipniagalma">''Agalma'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name="miquel1856">Friedrich A.W. Miquel. 1856. ''Bonplandia'' '''4''':138. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
In 1873, Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee named a new species from Kaua{{okina}}i as ''Tetraplasandra waimeae''.<ref name="wawra1873">Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee. 1873. ''Beiträge zur flora der hawai'schen inseln''. 56:158.</ref>
In 1888, in the first flora of the Hawaiian Islands, Wilhelm B. Hillebrand raised Horace Mann Jr's ''Pterotropia'' to generic rank as ''Pterotropia''. He added to it, a new species from O{{okina}}ahu, which he named ''Pterotropia gymnocarpa''.<ref name="hillebrand1888">Wilhelm B. Hillebrand (published posthumously by William Francis Hillebrand). 1888. ''Flora of the Hawaiian Islands'': 149-155.</ref> This work was published posthumously by his son, William Francis Hillebrand to whom the name ''Pterotropia'' is often incorrectly attributed. The name ''Pterotropia'' is now considered illegitimate because, while ''Pterotropia'' is an older name, ''Dipanax'' is older at generic rank and therefore has priority.<ref name="sherff1955"/><ref name="frodin2003"/>
Wilhelm B. Hillebrand put two species in ''Tetraplasandra'': ''T. hawaiensis'' and ''T. waimeae''. He placed four species in ''Triplasandra'': ''Tri. oahuensis'', ''Tri. meiandra'', ''Tri. lydgatei'', and ''Tri. kaalae''. Three of these were newly named.<ref name="hillebrand1888"/> ''Tetraplasandra waimeae'' is now known to be closer to ''T. oahuensis'' than to ''T. hawaiensis''.<ref name="costello2007"/>
In 1898, in a monograph on Araliaceae for ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'', Hermann Harms adopted Hillebrand's ''Pterotropia'', but sank ''Triplasandra'' back into ''Tetraplasandra''.<ref name="harms1898page29">Hermann A.T. Harms. 1898. pages 29-31 In: "Araliaceae". pages 1-62. In: H.G Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl. ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' III.Teil. 8. Abteilung. (volume 3, part 8). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany.</ref> Harms accepted the six species that Hillebrand had placed in ''Triplasandra'' and ''Tetraplasandra''. He also included in ''Tetraplasandra'', the Malesian species that was later called ''Gastonia serratifolia'' and then ''Polyscias serratifolia''.
In 1913, Joseph F.C. Rock described a new species from Kaua{{okina}}i, and named it ''Tetraplasandra waialealae''.<ref name="rock1913">Joseph F.C. Rock. 1913. ''Tetraplasandra'' In: ''The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands'': 337-349 and plates 135-139. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
In 1917, Charles Noyes Forbes named another species from Kaua{{okina}}i as ''Tetraplasandra racemosa''.<ref name="forbes1917">Charles Noyes Forbes. 1917. "New Hawaiian Plants.-VI." ''Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum'' 6(4):51. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Both of these are still recognized as distinct species, but in 1952, Earl Edward Sherff erected the new genus ''Munroidendron'' for ''T. racemosa''.<ref name="sherff1952">Earl Edward Sherff. 1952. "''Munroidendron'', a new genus of Araliaceous trees from the island of Kauai". ''Botanical Leaflets'' 7(section V):21-24. published by the author.</ref>
In 1955, Sherff wrote a revision of the Hawaiian species of ''Tetraplasandra''. It included a detailed taxonomic history. Sherff considered ''Tetraplasandra'' to consist of three species from Malesia and 19 from Hawaii.<ref name="sherff1955"/> In this treatment, he named several new species and included others that had been named by Joseph F.C. Rock, Otto Degener and Carl J.F. Skottsberg. Of all of the species named by Sherff, only ''T. bisattenuata'' is still recognized today.
Sherff recognized the uniqueness of ''T. hawaiensis'', a judgement that was corroborated by subsequent evidence. He understood that ''T. waimeae'' and ''T. waialealae'' are closely related and that these two belong in a group with ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. lydgatei'', and ''T. bisattenuata''. He placed ''Pterotropia'' in synonymy under ''Tetraplasandra'', writing that "a monographic study of ''Tetraplasandra'' reveals so much interlocking and overlapping of characters between ''Tetraplasandra'' and the species assigned to ''Pterotropia'' as to remove all warrant for their segregation".<ref name="sherff1955"/>
In 1990, ''Tetraplasandra'' was covered in a flora of Hawaii.<ref name="lowry1990"/> Only six species were recognized, pending further study.<ref name="lowry1986">Porter P. Lowry II. 1986. "A Synopsis of Native Hawaiian Araliaceae". ''Pacific Science'' '''40'''(1-4):79-87.</ref> These were ''T. gymnocarpa, T. hawaiensis, T. kavaiensis, T. oahuensis, T. waialealae,'' and ''T. waimeae''. A detailed description and full synonymy were given for each species.
In 2000, a new species from the island of Kaua{{okina}}i, ''Tetraplasandra flynnii'', was described in Novon.<ref name="lowry2000">Porter P. Lowry II and Kenneth R. Wood. 2000. "A New, Threatened Species of ''Tetraplasandra'' (Araliaceae) from Kaua{{okina}}i, Hawaiian Islands, and notes on its conservation status" ''Novon'' '''10'''(1):40-44. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> At that time, it was known from only three individuals. ''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' was resurrected in 2005 in a paper in Pacific Science.<ref name="motley2005">Timothy J. Motley. 2005. "''Tetraplasandra lydgatei'' (Araliaceae): taxonomic recognition of a rare endemic species". ''Pacific Science'' '''59'''(1):105-110.</ref> At that time, it was known from only six individuals on the island of O{{okina}}ahu.
In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study compared by cladistic methods, the DNA sequences of two regions of nuclear DNA for eight species of ''Tetraplasandra'' and their close relatives. The two DNA regions, known as Internal transcribed spacer and non-transcribed spacer are adjacent to genes for Ribosomal RNA. In this study, the former genus ''Tetraplasandra'' was resolved as monophyletic and consisting of three clades.<ref name="costello2007"/>
''T. hawaiensis'' was found to be sister to the rest of ''Tetraplasandra''. ''T. kavaiensis'', ''T. flynnii'', and ''T. gymnocarpa'' formed a strongly supported clade. The remaining clade consisted of ''T. bisattenuata'', ''T. oahuensis'', ''T. waimeae'', and ''T. waialealae''. ''T. bisattenuata'' was found to be distinct and the authors recommended that it be reinstated.<ref name="costello2007"/>
''Tetraplasandra oahuensis'' is heterogeneous and probably polyspecific, but the authors recommended that further studies be conducted before any attempt to divide it.<ref name="costello2007"/>
== ''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra'' == In 2010, a molecular phylogenetic study was published for the seven genera which at that time constituted the pinnate Araliaceae.<ref name="plunkett2010">Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):23-54. {{doi|10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0002}}.</ref> It was found that the six smaller genera are all embedded in the large genus ''Polyscias''. In a companion paper, published simultaneously, the six smaller genera (''Arthrophyllum, Cuphocarpus, Gastonia, Reynoldsia, Munroidendron,'' and ''Tetraplasandra'') were placed in synonymy under ''Polyscias'', thereby raising the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159.<ref name="lowry2010"/> About 80 species from Madagascar and ten from New Caledonia are known from recently collected specimens. They will be named and described in forthcoming papers. Many of these were photographed during field work.<ref name="tropicospolyscias">''Polyscias'' in Tropicos. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
''Polyscias'' has been divided into 11 subgenera, with seven species placed incertae sedis, that is, without decision on which part of ''Polyscias'' they should belong to.<ref name="lowry2010"/> ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra comprises 21 species, consisting of the former genera ''Tetraplasandra'', ''Munroidendron'', and ''Reynoldsia'', as well as the two Malesian species that were in ''Gastonia'', and four of the six species that Philipson had placed in ''Polyscias'' section Eupteron.<ref name="philipson1979">William R. Philipson. 1979. "Araliaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana'', series 1, volume 9, part 1: 1-105. {{ISBN|978-90-286-0629-6}} (part 1). (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
''Polyscias acuminata'' might also belong to ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra. It was placed incertae sedis, but has characters resembling those of subgenus Tetraplasandra. In other ways, however, it resembles ''Polyscias nodosa'', the sole member of ''Polyscias'' subgenus Eupteron.<ref name="lowry2010"/>
The former genus ''Tetraplasandra'' is a monophyletic group and is sister to a clade consisting of only two species: ''Polyscias racemosa'' and ''Polyscias sandwicensis''. The former had constituted the monospecific genus ''Munroidendron'' and the latter is the type species for the previously accepted genus ''Reynoldsia''. This "Hawaiian clade" of 11 species consists of all of the native Hawaiian members of ''Polyscias''.<ref name="costello2007"/>
The former genus ''Reynoldsia'' turned out to be diphyletic, with its single Hawaiian species not forming a clade with the four species from Samoa, Tahiti, and the Marquesas. Basal relationships in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra remain obscure because of insufficient taxon sampling in phylogenetic studies.
==References== {{Reflist}}
== Sources == Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ??
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Tetraplasandra|''Tetraplasandra''}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Tetraplasandra|''Tetraplasandra''}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234208/http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~evogengp/assets/docs/Lowry2010Polyscias1.pdf Lowry & Plunkett.2010] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~evogengp/ Hawaii Barcoding] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/ University of Hawaii at Hilo] * [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=440 World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193712/http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=440 |date=2014-01-02 }} {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/Search.asp?types=yes&type=World+Checklists World Checklists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194127/http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/Search.asp?types=yes&type=World+Checklists |date=2014-01-02 }} {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/ kewbooks] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140117072917/http://www.kew.org/about-kew/kew-publishing/index.htm Scientific Publications] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens] * [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Tetraplasandra ''Tetraplasandra''] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Heptapleurum ''Heptapleurum''] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/ Index Nominum Genericorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116211833/http://botany.si.edu/ing/ |date=2018-11-16 }} {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927172741/http://botany.si.edu/index.htm?references |date=2010-09-27 }} {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001045837/http://botany.si.edu/index.htm |date=2010-10-01 }} {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc/ Research and Collections] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222183809/http://www.mnh.si.edu/ |date=2016-02-22 }} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ&dq=Mabberley%27s+plant+book+Tetraplasandra&pg=PT498 ''Tetraplasandra''] {{color|green|In:}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC Mabberley's Plant-Book] * [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=81208BD410974FA197974714C25A15E0?find_family=&find_genus=Tetraplasandra+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Tetraplasandra''] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=C21FE05BDAB35B7A8BB9F10F098C975E?find_family=&find_genus=Heptapleurum+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Heptapleurum''] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Agalma+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Agalma''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124832#page/731/mode/1up ''Gastonia'', page 726] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124832#page/732/mode/1up ''Tetraplasandra'', page 727] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124832#page/2/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/61410#/summary Botany. Phanerogamia.] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/172#/titles Gray, Asa, 1810-1888] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/g G] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/authors/a Authors] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library] * [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326783 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114452#page/528/mode/1up ''Heptapleurum'', page 472] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114452#page/1/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/53838#/summary ''De fructibus et seminibus plantarum'' vol. 2] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/d#/titles D] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22148#page/174/mode/1up ''Heptapleurum kavaiense'' and ''Heptapleurum dipyrenum'', page 168] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22148#page/149/mode/1up ''Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22148#page/5/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3934#/summary Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences vol. 7 (1865-1868)] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/p#/titles P] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53381#page/250/mode/1up ''Tetraplasandra'', vol. 2 page 238] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53381#page/311/mode/1up ''Agalma'', vol. 2 page 297] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54909#page/140/mode/1up ''Dipanax'', vol. 6 page 130] {{color|green|And}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54909#page/149/mode/1up ''Triplasandra'', vol. 6 page 139] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15787#/summary Journal of botany, British and foreign] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/j#/titles J] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a Titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=0JwHZdus2mkC ''Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceae''] {{color|green|At:}} Google Books * [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Revision-Natural-Order-Hederacea/dp/5877970321 ''Revision of the natural order Hederaceae''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.amazon.co.uk/ Amazon.com] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/26884#page/150/mode/1up ''Agalma'', page 138] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/26884#page/5/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5823#/summary Bonplandia. Zeitschrift für die gesammte Botanik. j.4 (1856)] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/b#/titles B] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/74466#page/351/mode/1up ''Tetraplasandra'', page 337] {{color|green|At}}[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53238#page/1/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15757#/summary The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands /by Joseph F. Rock ; with two hundred and fifteen photo-engravings.] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/i#/titles I] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91247#page/265/mode/1up New Hawaiian Plants - VI, page 51] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91247#page/5/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6999#/summary Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, vol. 6, part 4 (1917)] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/o#/titles O] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14670#page/40/mode/1up Lowry and Wood (2000)] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14661#page/1/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/744#/summary Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. volume 10 (2000)] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/n#/titles N] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40012145 ''Tetraplasandra'' (Search Exact)] <span style="color:green;">And</span> [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40014323 ''Polyscias'' (Search Exact)] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Names] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org Tropicos] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/default.asp Science and Conservation] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden] * [http://floramalesiana.org/ Flora Malesiana home page] * [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Tetraplasandra_hawaiiensis.pdf ''Tetraplasandra hawaiensis''] {{color|green|In:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/little_skolmen.html ''Common Forest Trees of Hawaii''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/index.html Trees for Hawaii Forestry] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/ Forestry Extension] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nrem/extension.html Extension and Outreach] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nrem/ NREM] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/Units.aspx Departments and Units] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/ CTAHR] {{color|green|At:}} [http://manoa.hawaii.edu/academics/colleges.html Colleges & Schools] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.manoa.hawaii.edu/academics/ Academics] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.manoa.hawaii.edu/ UH Manoa] * [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400749 ''Tetraplasandra oahuensis''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11996 Species Records of ''Tetraplasandra''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11996 ''Tetraplasandra''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?87 List of Genera] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?87 Araliaceae] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants] * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/48066 subgenus Tetraplasandra] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/46406 ''Polyscias''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4050 Araliaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/364270 Apiineae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4036 Apiales] <span style="color:violet;">In: ···</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] * [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=822365 ''Polyscias hawaiensis''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500501 ''Polyscias''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29371 Araliaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500017 Apiales] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=846535 Asteranae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18063 Magnoliopsida] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=846505 Angiospermae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/ItisDataTools/jsp/hierarchy.jsp Hierarchy List for Kingdom Plantae from Kingdom to Class] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/hierarchy.html Hierarchical Report] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/# Data Access and Tools] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.itis.gov/ ITIS] * [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/1140575 ''Polyscias hawaiensis''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2056038 ''Polyscias''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2008160 Araliaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2008159 Apiales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2575786 Magnoliopsida] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2619118 Tracheophyta] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2008197 Plants] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.globalspecies.org/ Global Species] * [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/species/?q=polyscias+hawaiensis&o=plants ''Polyscias hawaiensis''] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/species/?q=polyscias+kavaiensis&o=plants ''Polyscias kavaiensis''] {{color|green|And}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/species/?q=polyscias+oahuensis&o=plants ''Polyscias oahuensis''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/family/?q=araliaceae&o=plants Araliacee] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/family_index/?o=plants Family Index] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/?o=plants Plants of Hawaii] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/resources/ Starr Environmental] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.hear.org/ Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk] * [http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=d&ID=ohe_ohe ''Tetraplasandra''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=list&o=2 List by Scientific Name] {{color|green|At:}} [http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=list&o=1 Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database] {{color|green|At:}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101031072044/http://bishopmuseum.org//research/onlinedata.html Searchable Databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.bishopmuseum.org Bishop Museum]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7706661}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Historically recognized angiosperm genera Category:Araliaceae Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii Category:Trees of Hawaii Category:Apiales genera Category:Polyscias Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status