Cuphocarpus

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{italic title}} '''''Cuphocarpus''''' is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. Mabberley (2008) treated it as a synonym of ''Polyscias'',<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> but other authors still recognized it at that time. In 2010, in a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, it was shown that ''Cuphocarpus'' was biphyletic and embedded in the large genus ''Polyscias''.<ref name="plunkett2010">Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):23-54. {{doi|10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0002}}.</ref> In an accompanying paper, ''Polyscias'' was divided into 11 subgenera, with seven species left incertae sedis.<ref name="lowry2010">Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') '''128'''(1-2):55-84. {{doi|10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0003}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

Since ''Cuphocarpus'' is no longer an accepted genus, its species will be referred to herein by their names in ''Polyscias''. ''Polyscias aculeata'' is the type species for ''Cuphocarpus''.<ref name="ingcuphocarpus">''Cuphocarpus'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below).</ref> It is now the sole species in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Cuphocarpus. Four other species, formerly in ''Cuphocarpus'', are now in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Maralia.<ref name="lowry2010"/> All species that have ever been placed in ''Cuphocarpus'' are endemic to Madagascar.<ref name=frodin2003>David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-048-1}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

''Polyscias inermis'' has been recognized by some authors, but others have regarded it as conspecific with ''Polyscias aculeata''.<ref name="lowry2010"/> ''Polyscias aculeata'' (sensu lato) is indigenous to the coastal forest of eastern Madagascar. ''Polyscias briquetiana'', ''Polyscias humbertiana'', ''Polyscias leandriana'', and ''Polyscias compacta'' (= ''Cuphocarpus commersonii'') are montane species of the Madagascan interior. They were transferred from ''Cuphocarpus'' to ''Polyscias subgenus Maralia'' in 2010.<ref name="lowry2010"/>

Recognizing six species, Frodin and Govaerts (2003) described ''Cuphocarpus'' as "shrubs or trees, closely related to ''Polyscias'', but fruits 1-seeded; these latter are moreover surmounted by the persistent calyptroid corolla". René Viguier thought that they were sometimes parthenocarpous.<ref name="viguier1905">René Viguier. 1905. "Sur les Araliacées du groupe ''Polyscias''". ''Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France'' 52():285-314. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

== History == The genus ''Cuphocarpus'' was erected by Decaisne and Planchon in 1854.<ref name="ipnicuphocarpus">''Cuphocarpus'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name="decaisne1854">Joseph Decaisne and Jules Émile Planchon. 1854. "Equisse d'une monographie des Araliacées". ''Revue Horticole; résumé de tout ce qui parait d'intérresant en jardinage [etc]''. Paris. series 4. '''3''':109.</ref> Quattrocchi writes that the name is "from the Greek ''kyphos'' "bent, curved, humped" and ''carpos'' "fruit"".<ref name="quattrocchiI">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2675-2}} (vol. I). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>

Decaisne and Planchon named only one species, ''Cuphocarpus aculeatus'' (now ''Polyscias aculeata''). ''Cuphocarpus inermis'' (now ''Polyscias inermis'') was added by John Gilbert Baker in 1884.<ref name="baker1884">John Gilbert Baker. 1884. page 350. In: "Further Contributions to the Flora of Central Madagascar". ''Journal of the Linnean Society'', Botany. London. 21(135):317-353.</ref> Hermann Harms put both of these in ''Polyscias'' in 1898, but his treatment was not followed by others.<ref name="harms1898">Hermann A.T. Harms. 1898. "Araliaceae". pages 1-62. In: H.G Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl. ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' III.Teil. 8. Abteilung. (volume 3, part 8). Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany.</ref>

In 1966, Luciano Bernardi described four new species in ''Cuphocarpus''.<ref name="bernardi1966">Luciano Bernardi. 1966. ''Berichte. Schweizerische Botanische Gesellschaft'' 76():352-395.</ref> When these were transferred to ''Polyscias'' in 2010, ''Cuphocarpus commersonii'' was renamed as ''Polyscias compacta'', because the name ''Polyscias commersonii'' already existed.<ref name="lowry2010"/> The latter is a synonym for ''Polyscias paniculata'',<ref name=frodin2003/> a Madagascan endemic in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Grotefendia. The four species described by Bernardi are now in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Maralia.

In 2003, Frodin and Govaerts stated that ''Cuphocarpus'' "is seen as biphyletic".<ref name=frodin2003/> It was confirmed to be so in 2010 in a molecular phylogenetic study of nuclear and chloroplast DNA.<ref name="plunkett2010"/> ''Polyscias aculeata'' (including ''Polyscias inermis'') was resolved as sister to ''Polyscias'' subgenus Sciadopanax, which consists of 13 species from Africa, Madagascar, and nearby islands. ''Polyscias aculeata'' was placed in its own subgenus, ''Polyscias'' subgenus Cuphocarpus. The four species described by Bernardi are now in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Maralia. This is the largest subgenus of ''Polyscias'' and will contain about 115 species, when all of the undescribed species are published.<ref name="lowry2010"/> Nearly all of them are restricted to Madagascar.

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ&dq=mabberley%27s+plant+book+Cuphocarpus&pg=PT431 ''Cuphocarpus''] {{color|green|In}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC Mabberley's Plant-Book] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234208/http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~evogengp/assets/docs/Lowry2010Polyscias1.pdf Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' by Lowry & Plunkett.2010] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~evogengp/ Hawaii Barcoding] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/ University of Hawaii at Hilo] * [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Cuphocarpus ''Cuphocarpus''] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/ Index Nominum Genericorum] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/rc/ Research and Collections] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.mnh.si.edu/ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193712/http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=440 World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194127/http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/Search.asp?types=yes&type=World+Checklists World Checklists] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194005/http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/ kewbooks] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140117072917/http://www.kew.org/about-kew/kew-publishing/index.htm Scientific Publications] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8674#page/252/mode/1up Sur les Araliacées du groupe ''Polyscias'', page 285] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8674#page/3/mode/1up volume 52 (1905)] {{color|green|Of:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/359#/summary ''Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France''] * [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=3155D57201A9C1E824031147CCBB0027?find_family=&find_genus=Cuphocarpus+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Cuphocarpus''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI] * [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Cuphocarpus&exact=true ''Cuphocarpus''] And [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40017707 ''Grotefendia''] And [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40000201 ''Palmervandenbroekia''] At: [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Names] At: [http://www.tropicos.org Tropicos] At: [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/default.asp Science and Conservation] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden] * [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326752 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140308013706/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?3181 ''Cuphocarpus''] At: [https://web.archive.org/web/20000516145559/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?87 List of Genera] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?87 Araliaceae] At: [https://web.archive.org/web/20000816163915/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227004053/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en |date=2013-02-27 }} At: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] At: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015103620/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants] * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/126686 ''Polyscias aculeata''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/126685 subgenus ''Cuphocarpus''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/46406 ''Polyscias''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4050 Araliaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/364270 Apiineae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4036 Apiales] In: ··· [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] At: [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt]

Category:Araliaceae Category:Historically recognized angiosperm genera Category:Polyscias

Cuphocarpus

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