{{Short description|Species of tree}} {{Speciesbox |image = Munroidendron racemosum.jpg |image_caption = ''Polyscias racemosa'' growing in Maui Nui Botanical Gardens, Maui, Hawaii. |status = CR |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Adams, J.W.A. |date=2016 |title=''Polyscias racemosa'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T34055A83787166 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T34055A83787166.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> |genus = Polyscias |species = racemosa |authority = (C.N.Forbes) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett |synonyms = *''Munroidendron racemosum'' {{au|(C.N.Forbes) Sherff}} *''Tetraplasandra racemosa'' {{au|C.N.Forbes}} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=TPL>{{ThePlantList|id=kew-463847|taxon=Polyscias racemosa|authority=(C.N.Forbes) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett|access-date=3 April 2014}}</ref> }}
'''''Polyscias racemosa''''', or '''false 'ohe''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=MURA3|taxon=Munroidendron racemosum|accessdate=14 July 2015}}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae. As '''''Munroidendron racemosum''''', the species was until recently considered to be the only species in the monotypic genus '''''Munroidendron'''''. With the change in classification, ''Munroidendron'' is now obsolete. ''Polyscias racemosa'' is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai.<ref name="frodin2003">David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-048-1}}. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> It is very rare in the wild and some of its original habitat has been replaced by sugar cane plantations.<ref name="sherff1956">{{cite journal |last1=Sherff |first1=Earl Edward |title=Some Recently Collected Dicotyledonous Hawaiian Island and Peruvian Plants |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=1956 |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=475–478 |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1956.tb10520.x |jstor=2438886}}</ref> It was thought for some time to be probably extinct, but was rediscovered a few years prior to 1967.<ref name="stone1967botrev">{{cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Benjamin C. |title=A review of the endemic genera of Hawaiian plants |journal=The Botanical Review |date=1967 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=216–259 |doi=10.1007/BF02858638 |jstor=4353741}}</ref>
Using cladistic methods, phylogenetic studies of DNA have shown that the closest relative of ''Munroidendron racemosum'' is ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis''.<ref name="plunkett2010">{{cite journal |last1=Plunkett |first1=Gregory M. |last2=Lowry |first2=Porter P. |title=Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: Molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae |journal=Plant Diversity and Evolution |date=2010 |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=23–54 |doi=10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0002 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233608430}}</ref> These two species are now known as ''Polyscias racemosa'' and ''Polyscias sandwicensis'', respectively. They are two of the 21 species now placed in ''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Tetraplasandra''.<ref name="lowry2010">{{cite journal |last1=Lowry |first1=Porter P. |last2=Plunkett |first2=Gregory M. |title=Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species |journal=Plant Diversity and Evolution |date=2010 |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–84 |doi=10.1127/1869-6155/2010/0128-0003 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228835198}} (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
''Polyscias racemosa'' is known in cultivation in Hawaii.<ref name="imada-undated">Clyde T. Imada, George W. Staples, and Derral R. Herbst. undated. Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawaiʻi. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> Cultivation procedures for ''Polyscias racemosa'' have been studied.<ref name="lilleeng-rosenberger2005">Kerin E. Lilleeng-Rosenberger. 2005. ''Growing Hawai{{okina}}i's Native Plants''. Mutual Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-56647-716-1}}</ref>
==Description== ''Polyscias racemosa'' is a small tree growing to {{cvt|25|ft|order=flip}} tall, with a straight trunk, spreading branches, and smooth, grey bark.<ref name="WHS1999">Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu</ref> Like many members of ''Polyscias'', it is sparingly branched and thick-stemmed, with large imparipinnate leaves, but not as extreme in these characteristics as is ''Polyscias nodosa''.
Its leaves are pinnate, {{cvt|12|in|order=flip}} long, with oval leaflets, each of which is over {{cvt|3|in|order=flip}} long. These trees are dry season deciduous, dropping most of their leaves during their summer blooming season. Its small, pale yellow flowers hang in long, rope-like strands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/mun-race.htm |title=Munroidendron racemosum |work=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |access-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> The inflorescence is racemose in form, with up to 250 flowers.<ref name="green1996">Peter S. Green (author) and Mary Grierson (illustrator). 1996. ''A Hawaiian Florilegium: Botanical Portraits from Paradise''. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu, Hawaii. {{ISBN|978-0-915809-20-2}}.</ref> <gallery> File:Polyscias racemosa (5454956091).jpg|Flowers File:Polyscias racemosa (5455568842).jpg|Inflorescence File:Starr-090421-6250-Polyscias racemosa-leaves-Keikilani Rd Pukalani-Maui (24952473915).jpg|Leaves File:Starr 061108-9821 Munroidendron racemosum.jpg|New Leaves </gallery>
==Habitat and range== ''Polyscias racemosa'' occurs in coastal mesic and mixed mesic forests at elevations of {{convert|120|-|400|m|ft|abbr=on}}, where it grows on exposed cliffs and ridges. Associated plant species include papala kepau (''Pisonia umbellifera''), {{okina}}āwikiwiki (''Canavalia galeata''), {{okina}}ilima (''Sida fallax''), {{okina}}ōlulu (''Brighamia insignis''), alahe{{okina}}e (''Psydrax odorata''), kōpiko (''Psychotria'' spp.), olopua (''Nestegis sandwicensis''), {{okina}}ahakea (''Bobea timonioides''), hala pepe (''Pleomele aurea''), and {{okina}}āla{{okina}}a (''Planchonella sandwicensis'').<ref name="CPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=29063 |title=Munroidendron racemosum |work=CPC National Collection Plant Profiles |publisher=Center for Plant Conservation |date=2008-07-22 |access-date=2009-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223190857/http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=29063 |archive-date=2012-02-23 }}</ref> It occurs naturally in only three locations on Kaua{{okina}}i: Nounou Mountain, the cliffs of the Nā Pali Coast, and Ha{{okina}}upu Ridge near Nāwiliwili Bay.
==History== ''Polyscias racemosa'' first entered the botanical literature in 1917, when it was described and named as ''Tetraplasandra racemosa'' by Charles Noyes Forbes.<ref name="forbes1917">Charles Noyes Forbes. 1917. "New Hawaiian Plants.-VI." ''Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum'' 6(4):51. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>
Earl Edward Sherff felt that this species was uniquely distinct from the rest of ''Tetraplasandra'', so he erected a new genus for it, ''Munroidendron'', in 1952.<ref name="ipnimunroidendron">''Munroidendron'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> The genus was named for George Campbell Munro (1866-1963), described by Umberto Quattrocchi as "a pioneer in Hawaiian ornithology, botany, and horticulture; plant collector in the Hawaiian Islands".<ref name="quattrocchiIII">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'', volume III. CRC Press: Baton Rouge, New York, London, Washington DC. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2673-8}} (vol. III). (see ''External links'' below).</ref> ''Dendron'' is a Greek word for "tree". Munro was apparently the first collector to see his eponymous genus, ''Munroidendron''.<ref name="sherff1952">Earl Edward Sherff. 1952. "''Munroidendron'', a new genus of Araliaceous trees from the island of Kauai". ''Botanical Leaflets'' 7(section V):21-24. published by the author.</ref>
Sherff separated ''Munroidendron'' from ''Tetraplasandra'' on the basis of five characters: the absence of umbellules, the arrangement of the flowers in a raceme, the sunken, diamond-shaped pedicel scars, the long persistence of the subtending floral bracts, and the insertion of the stamens in only one whorl, even when numerous.<ref name="sherff1952"/> It has been shown that, in spite of its appearance, the inflorescence is not truly a raceme because it is determinate.<ref name="WHS1999"/>
Sherff divided the species now known as ''Polyscias racemosa'' into three varieties: var. ''racemosa'', var. ''forbesii'', and var. ''macdanielsii''. These have been described as "not sufficiently distinct to be retained".<ref name="WHS1999"/>
The establishment of ''Munroidendron'' was contentious from the beginning. William R. Philipson said that ''Munroidendron'' "comprises a single species with such a distinct inflorescence and corolla that it can well claim generic status.<ref name="philipson1970redefinition">{{cite journal |last=Philipson |first=William R. |year=1970 |title=A redefinition of ''Gastonia'' and related genera (Araliaceae) |journal=Blumea |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=497–505 |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/526055}}</ref> In 1971, a pollen study indicated that ''Munroidendron'' might be embedded in ''Tetraplasandra''.<ref name="tseng1971">{{cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Charles C. |title=Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Pollen of ''Tetraplasandra'' (Araliaceae) and Relatives |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=1971 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=505–516 |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1971.tb09998.x |doi-access=free |jstor=2441032}}</ref> This result was not supported by molecular phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences of nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions.<ref name="plunkett2010"/> These studies show that ''Polyscias sandwicensis'' (formerly ''Reynoldsia sandwicensis'' is not most closely related to other species of ''Reynoldsia'', but is sister to ''Polyscias racemosa'', (formerly ''Munroidendron'').<ref name="costello2007">{{cite journal |last1=Costello |first1=Annemarie |last2=Motley |first2=Timothy J. |title=Phylogenetics of the ''Tetraplasandra'' Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology |journal=Systematic Botany |date=2007 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=464–477 |doi=10.1600/036364407781179626 |jstor=25064256}}</ref> This pair is then sister to a monophyletic ''Tetraplasandra'' as described by Philipson (1970).<ref name="philipson1970redefinition"/> This pair of species and the nine species formerly in ''Tetraplasandra'' form a clade and comprise all of the Hawaiian species of ''Polyscias''.<ref name="costello2007"/> The 11 species of this "Hawaiian clade" and 10 species from Malesia, Melanesia, and southern Polynesia constitute ''Polyscias'' subgenus Tetraplasandra.<ref name="lowry2010"/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * {{commons category-inline|Polyscias racemosa}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Munroidendron racemosum|''Polyscias racemosa''}} * [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=440 World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/Search.asp?types=yes&type=World+Checklists World Checklists] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/ kewbooks] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140117072917/http://www.kew.org/about-kew/kew-publishing/index.htm Scientific Publications] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234208/http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~evogengp/assets/docs/Lowry2010Polyscias1.pdf Lowry & Plunkett.2010] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~evogengp/ Hawaii Barcoding] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/ University of Hawaii at Hilo] * [http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/?str=Munroidendron+&fld= ''Munroidendron''] {{color|green|At}} [http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants/ Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawaiʻi] {{color|green|At}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101214050118/http://bishopmuseum.org//research/natsci/botany/botdbhome.html Botany Databases] {{color|green|At}} [http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/hbsdb.html HBS Databases] {{color|green|At}} [http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/hbs1.html Hawaii Biological Survey] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.bishopmuseum.org/research/ Research] {{color|green|At}} [http://www.bishopmuseum.org/ Bishop Museum] * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91247#page/265/mode/1up New Hawaiian Plants - VI, page 51] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91247#page/5/mode/1up View Book] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/6999#/summary Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, vol. 6, part 4 (1917)] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/o#/titles O] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/a#/titles Titles] {{color|green|At}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ BHL] * [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Munroidendron+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Munroidendron''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI] * [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40023672 ''Munroidendron'' (Search Exact)] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx Names] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.tropicos.org Tropicos] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/default.asp Science and Conservation] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden] * [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326776 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: M-Q] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press] * [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?7865 ''Munroidendron''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?87 List of Genera] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?87 Araliaceae] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/famlist.pl List of families] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxfam.pl?language=en Families and Genera in GRIN] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl?language=en Queries] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl GRIN taxonomy for plants] * [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/48066 subgenus Tetraplasandra] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/46406 ''Polyscias''] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4050 Araliaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/364270 Apiineae] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4036 Apiales] <span style="color:violet;">In: ···</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3193 Embryophyta] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/131221 Streptophytina] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/35493 Streptophyta] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/33090 Viridiplantae] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/2759 Eukaryota] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/ Taxonomy] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://www.uniprot.org/ UniProt] * [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/species/?q=polyscias+racemosa&o=plants ''Polyscias racemosa''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/family/?q=araliaceae&o=plants Araliacee] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/family_index/?o=plants Family Index] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/?o=plants Plants of Hawaii] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.starrenvironmental.com/resources/ Starr Environmental] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.hear.org/ Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk] * [http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=7754 ''Polyscias racemosa''] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20101126200020/http://ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php Choose a Plant] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184508/https://ntbg.org/plants/ Meet the Plants] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://ntbg.org/index.php National Tropical Botanical Garden]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q28527417|from2=Q254354|from3=Q28527431}}
racemosa Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii Category:Trees of Hawaii Category:Critically endangered flora of the United States Category:Taxa named by Charles Noyes Forbes