Pteridaceae

{{Short description|Family of ferns}} {{Automatic taxobox | oldest_fossil = Cenomanian | image = Starr 051122-5326 Pityrogramma austroamericana.jpg | image_caption = ''Pityrogramma austroamericana'' | parent_authority = J.Prado & Schuettp. | taxon = Pteridaceae | authority = E.D.M.Kirchn.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1270 |title=Family: ''Pteridaceae'' E. D. M. Kirchn. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2001-08-14 |access-date=2011-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527120131/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1270 |archive-date=2012-05-27 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = *Cryptogrammoideae * Parkerioideae * Pteridoideae * Cheilanthoideae * Vittarioideae | synonyms = * Acrostichaceae A.B.Frank * Actiniopteridaceae Pic. Serm. * Adiantaceae Newman nom. cons. * Anopteraceae Doweld * Antrophyaceae Ching * Ceratopteridaceae Underw. * Cheilanthaceae M.P.Nayar * Cryptogrammaceae Pic.Serm. * Hemionitidaceae Pic.Serm. * Negripteridaceae Pic.Serm. * Parkeriaceae Hook. * Platyzomataceae Nakai * Sinopteridaceae Koidz. * Taenitidaceae Pic.Serm. * Vittariaceae Ching<ref name="GRIN"/> }}

[[File:Adiantum lunulatum W IMG_2336.jpg|thumb|240px|''Adiantum lunulatum'' ]] '''Pteridaceae''' is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales,{{sfn|Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group|2016}} including some 1150 known species in ca 45 genera<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C | doi-access = free }}</ref> (depending on taxonomic opinions), divided over five subfamilies.<ref name="Christenhusz-chase">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Chase, M. W. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2014 | title = Trends and concepts in fern classification | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 113 |issue=4 | pages = 571–594 | doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 | pmid=24532607 | pmc=3936591}}</ref> The family includes four groups of genera that are sometimes recognized as separate families: the adiantoid, cheilanthoid, pteridoid, and hemionitidoid ferns. Relationships among these groups remain unclear, and although some recent genetic analyses of the Pteridales suggest that neither the family Pteridaceae nor the major groups within it are all monophyletic, as yet these analyses are insufficiently comprehensive and robust to provide good support for a revision of the order at the family level.

== Description ==

Members of Pteridaceae have creeping or erect rhizomes. The leaves are almost always compound and have linear sori that are typically on the margins of the leaves and lack a true indusium, typically being protected by a false indusium formed from the reflexed margin of the leaf.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== Taxonomy == ===Traditional groups=== [[image:Curtis's botanical magazine (Plate 3055) (8411478488).jpg|thumb|Curtis's botanical magazine, ''Argyrochosma nivea'' var. ''tenera'']] As traditionally defined, the groups within Pteridaceae are as follows: * '''Adiantoid''' ferns (tribe ''Adianteae'' {{small|Gaudich. 1829}}<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/42000429 ''Adianteae''] Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 14 Jan 2012</ref>); epipetric, terrestrial or epiphytic in moist habitats, rachis often dichotomously branching; sori relatively small and discrete with sporangia born on the false indusium rather than the leaf blade proper; only one genus: ** ''Adiantum'' L. – maidenhair ferns<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=500073 |taxon=Pteridaceae |access-date=2011-11-04}}</ref><ref name="GRINGenera">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1270 |title=GRIN Genera of ''Pteridaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051032/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1270 |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> * '''Cheilanthoid''' ferns; primarily epipetric in semiarid habitats; leaves mostly with well-developed scales or trichomes, often bipinnate or otherwise highly compound; sporangia mostly born in marginal sori with false indusia that are ± continuous around the leaf margins; several genera, including: ** ''Argyrochosma'' (J.Sm.) Windham – false cloak ferns ** ''Aspidotis'' (Nutt. ex Hook.) Copel. – lace ferns ** ''Astrolepis'' D.M.Benham & Windham – cloak ferns ** ''Cheilanthes'' Sw. – lip ferns ** ''Myriopteris'' Fée – lace lip ferns ** ''Notholaena'' R.Br. – cloak ferns ** ''Pellaea'' Link – cliff brakes<ref name="ITIS"/><ref name="GRINGenera"/> * '''Pteridoid''' ferns (tribe ''Pterideae'' {{small|J. Sm 1841}}<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50104020 ''Pterideae''] Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 14 Jan 2012</ref>); terrestrial and epipetric in moist habitats; leaves mostly without prominent scales or trichomes, most often pinnate but sometimes more compound; sporangia born in marginal sori with false indusia that are ± continuous around the leaf margins; several genera, including: ** ''Pteris'' L. – brakes ** ''Onychium'' Kaulf.<ref name="ITIS"/><ref name="GRINGenera"/> * '''Parkerioid''' ferns (tribe ''Parkerieae'' {{small|Brongn. 1843}}<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50104554 ''Parkerieae''] Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 14 Jan 2012</ref>); aquatic in swamps and/or mangroves, including: ** ''Acrostichum'' L. – leather ferns ** ''Ceratopteris'' Brongn.<ref name="ITIS"/><ref name="GRINGenera"/> * '''Hemionitidoid''' ferns; terrestrial, epipetric or epiphytic in moist or semiarid habitats; leaves simple, pinnate, or more compound; sporangia born in linear non-marginal, exindusiate sori or sometimes in marginal sori; several genera, including: ** ''Anogramma'' Link ** ''Cryptogramma'' R.Br. – rock brakes ** ''Eriosorus'' Fée ** ''Hemionitis'' L. ** ''Jamesonia'' Hook. & Grev. ** ''Pityrogramma'' Link – gold ferns<ref name="ITIS"/><ref name="GRINGenera"/> * '''Vittarioid''' ferns (tribe ''Vittarieae'' {{small|C. Presl 1836}}<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50104025 ''Vittarieae''] Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 14 Jan 2012</ref>); primarily epiphytic in tropical regions and all have simple leaves with sori that follow the veins and lack true indusia: ** ''Anetium'' {{small|Splitg. 1840}} ** ''Antrophyum'' {{small|Kaulf. 1875}} ** ''Hecistopteris'' {{small|(L.) Sm. 1842}} ** ''Monogramma'' {{small|Comm. ex Schkuhr 1809}} ** ''Vittaria'' {{small|(L.) Sm. 1793}} – Shoestring fern

===Subfamilies=== Based on phylogenetic research, Christenhusz ''et al.'' (2011) divided the Pteridaceae genera into five subfamilies.<ref name=Chr>{{cite journal | first1=Maarten J. M. | last1=Christenhusz | first2=Xian-Chun | last2=Zhang | first3=Harald | last3=Schneider | title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=19 | pages=7–54 | date=18 February 2011 | url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf | issn=1179-3163 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 | bibcode=2011Phytx..19....7C }}</ref> These roughly correspond with the groups listed above, with the main difference being that ''adiantoid'' and ''vittarioid'' ferns are combined under the Vittarioideae subfamily name. The approach was followed by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).{{sfn|Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group|2016}} * Cryptogrammoideae {{au|S.Linds.}} {{syns| ''Cryptogrammaceae'' |Pic. Serm.}} :Genera: ''Coniogramme'', ''Cryptogramma'', ''Llavea'' * Parkerioideae {{au|(J.Sm.) R.M.Tryon}} {{syns|Ceratopteridoideae| | ''Parkeriaceae'' |Hook. | ''Ceratopteridaceae'' |Underw.}} :Genera: ''Acrostichum'', ''Ceratopteris'' * Pteridoideae {{au|C.Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel}} :Genera: ''Actiniopteris'', ''Anogramma'', ''Austrogramme'', ''Cerosora'', ''Cosentinia'', ''Gastoniella'', ''Jamesonia'' (incl. ''Eriosorus'' and ''Nephopteris''), ''Onychium'', ''Pityrogramma'', ''Pteris'' (incl. ''Neurocallis'' & ''Platyzoma''), ''Pterozonium'', ''Syngramma'', ''Taenitis'', ''Tryonia'' * Cheilanthoideae {{au|W.C.Shieh}} {{syns| ''Cheilanthaceae'' |B.K. Nayar}} :Genera: ''Adiantopsis'', ''Aleuritopteris'', ''Allosorus'', ''Argyrochosma'', ''Aspidotis'', ''Astrolepis'', ''Bommeria'', ''Calciphilopteris'', ''Cheilanthes'', ''Cheiloplecton'', ''Doryopteris'', ''Gaga'', ''Hemionitis'', ''Lytoneuron'', ''Mildella'', ''Myriopteris'', ''Notholaena'', ''Ormopteris'', ''Paragymnopteris'', ''Parahemionitis'', ''Pellaea'', ''Pentagramma'', ''Trachypteris'' * Vittarioideae {{au|(C.Presl) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel}} {{syns|Adiantoideae|(C.Presl) R.M.Tryon | ''Adiantaceae'' |Newman}} :Genera: ''Adiantum'', ''Ananthacorus'', ''Antrophyopsis'', ''Antrophyum'', ''Haplopteris'', ''Hecistopteris'', ''Polytaenium'', ''Radiovittaria'', ''Rheopteris'', ''Scoliosorus'', ''Vaginularia'', ''Vittaria''

===Phylogenic relationships=== Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era.{{sfn|Smith et al.|2006}} Smith referred to the ferns as monilophytes, dividing them into four groups. The vast majority of ferns were placed in the Polypodiopsida.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In 2016, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group divided order Polypodiales into six suborders. Pteridaceae is the sole family in suborder Pteridiineae, with 52 genera. The suborder has the same circumscription as Smith et al. used for the family. The phylogenetic relationship between these six suborders is shown in this cladogram:{{sfn|Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group|2016}} {{clade |label1=Polypodiales |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Saccolomatineae |2=Lindsaeineae }} |2={{clade |1=Pteridineae |2={{clade |1=Dennstaedtiineae |2={{clade |1=Aspleniineae |2=Polypodiineae }} }} }} }} }}

The oldest fossil of the family is ''Heinrichsia'' from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber of Myanmar, which cannot be assigned to modern grouping of the family. Molecular clock evidence suggests a diversification of the family during the Late Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Regalado|first1=Ledis|last2=Schmidt|first2=Alexander R.|last3=Müller|first3=Patrick|last4=Niedermeier|first4=Lisa|last5=Krings|first5=Michael|last6=Schneider|first6=Harald|date=July 2019|title=Heinrichsia cheilanthoides gen. et sp. nov., a fossil fern in the family Pteridaceae (Polypodiales) from the Cretaceous amber forests of Myanmar|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=57|issue=4|pages=329–338|doi=10.1111/jse.12514|bibcode=2019JSyEv..57..329R |issn=1674-4918|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Phylogeny of '''Pteridaceae'''.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 |Schuettpelz & Pryer 2008<ref>[http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1109.pdf Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008) "Fern phylogeny" in ''Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes'']{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1047.pdf Schuettpelz ''et al.'' (2007)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820183832/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1047.pdf |date=2008-08-20 }} Eric Schuettpelz, Harald Schneider, Layne Huiet, Michael D. Windham, Kathleen M. Pryer: "A molecular phylogeny of the fern family Pteridaceae: Assessing overall relationships and the affinities of previously unsampled genera." ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''44''' (2007) 1172–1185</ref> ! colspan=1 |Nitta et al. 2022<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |article-number= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= 2022FrPS...1309768N|doi-access=free}}</ref> and Fern Tree of life<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |display-authors=et al. |year=2024 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.7.0 (GenBank release 261) |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |label1=Cryptogrammoideae |1={{clade |1=''Llavea'' |2={{clade |1=''Coniogramme'' |2=''Cryptogramma'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Ceratopteridoideae |1={{clade |1=''Acrostichum'' |2=''Ceratopteris'' }} |label2=Pteridoideae |2={{clade }} }} |2={{clade |1=Cheilanthoideae |2=Vittarioideae }} }} }} }} | {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Ceratopteridoideae |1={{clade |1=''Acrostichum'' |2=''Ceratopteris'' }} |label2=Pteridoideae |2={{clade |2={{clade |label1=Pterideae |1=Pteris }} |1={{clade |label1=Onychieae |1={{clade |1=''Actiniopteris'' |2=''Onychium'' }} |label2=Taenitideae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Cosentinia'' |2=''Anogramma'' }} |2={{clade |1=''Gastoniella'' |2={{clade |1=''Cerosora'' |2=''Pityrogramma'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pterozonium'' |2={{clade |1=''Tryonia'' |2={{clade |1=''Taenitis'' |2={{clade |1=''Syngramma vittiformis'' |2={{clade |1=''Austrogramme'' |2=''Syngramma'' }} }} }} }} }} |2=''Jamesonia'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Cryptogrammoideae |1={{clade |1=''Llavea'' |2={{clade |1=''Coniogramme'' |2=''Cryptogramma'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Vittarioideae |1={{clade |label1=Vittarieae |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Rheopteris'' |2=''Vaginularia'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Hecistopteris'' |2=''Radiovittaria'' }} |2=''Haplopteris'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Vittaria'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Ananthacorus'' |2=''Scoliosorus'' }} |2=''Polytaenium'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Antrophyopsis'' |2=''Antrophyum'' }} }} }} }} |label2=Adianteae |2=''Adiantum'' }} |label2=Cheilanthoideae |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Calciphilopterideae |1=''Calciphilopteris'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Bommeria elegans'' |2={{clade |1=''Baja'' |2=''Bommeria'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Pellaeae |1={{clade |1=''Ynesmexia'' |2={{clade |1=''Myriopteris'' |2={{clade |1=''Argyrochosma'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pellaea breweri'' |2=''Paragymnopteris'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Pellaea'' species-group 2 |2=''Astrolepis'' }} |2=''Pellaea'' }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Cheilanthes bolborrhiza'' |2={{clade |label1=Notholaeneae |1={{clade |1=''Cheilanthes leucopoda'' |2={{clade |1=''Notholaena standleyi'' |2={{clade |1=''Notholaena'' species-group 2 |2={{clade |1=''Cheiloplecton'' |2=''Notholaena'' }} }} }} }} |label2=Cheilantheae |2={{clade |1=''Pentagramma'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Aspidotis'' |2=''Gaga'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Negripteris'' |2={{clade |1=''Aleuritopteris tamburii'' |2={{clade |1=''Mildella'' |2=''Oeosporangium'' species-group 2 }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Sinopteris'' |2=''Oeosporangium'' }} |2=''Aleuritopteris'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Cheilanthinae |1=''Cheilanthes'' |label2=Gymnopteridinae |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |2=''Hemionitis'' |1={{clade |1=''Mickelopteris'' |2=''Parahemionitis'' }} }} |2=''Pellaeopsis'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Trachypteris'' |2=''Adiantopsis'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Brasiliopteris'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Choristosoria namaquensis'' |2=''Mineirella'' }} |2=''Choristosoria'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Lytoneuron'' |2=''Ormopteris'' }} |2=''Doryopteris'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |}

== Distribution and habitat ==

Mostly terrestrial or epipetric (growing on rock).

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Chase|first1=Mark W.|author-link1=Mark W. Chase|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|author-link2=James L. Reveal|year=2009|title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=122–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Christenhusz|first1=M. J. M.|author-link1=Christenhusz|last2=Zhang|first2=X. C.|last3=Schneider|first3=H.|title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns|journal=Phytotaxa|date=18 February 2011|volume=19|issue=1|page=7|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2|bibcode=2011Phytx..19....7C |ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al.|2011}}|doi-access=free|hdl=10138/28042|hdl-access=free}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Christenhusz | first1 = Maarten J.M. |author-link1=Christenhusz| last2 = Chase | first2 = Mark W. |author-link2=Mark W. Chase| year = 2014 | title = Trends and concepts in fern classification | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 113 | issue = 4| pages = 571–594 | doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 | pmid=24532607 | pmc=3936591}} * {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten JM|last2=Byng|first2= J. W. |author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=James W. Byng|name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C |doi-access= free }} * {{cite journal |last= Lehtonen|first= Samuli|title=Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |article-number=e24851 |year=2011 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024851 |pmid=22022365 |pmc=3192703|bibcode= 2011PLoSO...624851L|doi-access= free}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Pryer | first1 = Kathleen M. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Harald | last3 = Smith | first3 = Alan R. | last4 = Cranfill | first4 = Raymond | last5 = Wolf | first5 = Paul G. | last6 = Hunt | first6 = Jeffrey S. | last7 = Sipes | first7 = Sedonia D. | year = 2001 | title = Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants | journal = Nature | volume = 409 | issue = 6820| pages = 618–622 | doi=10.1038/35054555 | pmid=11214320| s2cid = 4367248 |ref={{harvid|Pryer et al.|2001}}}} * {{cite journal|author=Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group|title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|date=November 2016|volume=54|issue=6|pages=563–603|doi=10.1111/jse.12229|bibcode=2016JSyEv..54..563. |s2cid=39980610|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Ranker |editor1-first=Tom A. |editor2-last=Haufler |editor2-first=Christopher H. |title=Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js9JnwEACAAJ|date= 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87411-3}} * {{cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Harald|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Pryer|first3=Kathleen M.|last4=Cranfill|first4=Raymond|last5=Magallón|first5=Susana|last6=Lupia|first6=Richard|title=Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms|journal=Nature|date=1 April 2004|volume=428|issue=6982|pages=553–557|doi=10.1038/nature02361|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8643636|pmid = 15058303 |bibcode=2004Natur.428..553S |ref={{harvid|Schneider et al.|2004}}|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Schneider|first1=Harald|last2=Smith|first2=Alan R.|last3=Pryer|first3=Kathleen M.|title=Is Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 July 2009|volume=34|issue=3|pages=455–475|doi=10.1600/036364409789271209|bibcode=2009SysBo..34..455S |s2cid=85855934|ref={{harvid|Schneider et al.|2009}}}} * {{cite journal | last=Smith | first=Alan R.|author2=Kathleen M. Pryer |author3=Eric Schuettpelz |author4=Petra Korall |author5=Harald Schneider |author6=Paul G. Wolf | year=2006 | title= A classification for extant ferns | url= https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/9/95/Smith_et_al_2006.pdf| journal=Taxon | volume= 55 | issue=3 | pages= 705–731 | doi=10.2307/25065646 | jstor=25065646 | bibcode=2006Taxon..55..705S|ref={{harvid|Smith et al.|2006}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Alan R. |last2=Pryer |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Schuettpelz |first3=Eric |last4=Korall |first4=Petra |last5=Schneider |first5=Harald |last6=Wolf |first6=Paul G. |title= Fern classification|date=9 December 2024 |url=http://pryerlab.biology.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/smith-et-al-2008.original.pdf|pages=417–467 |ref={{harvid|Smith et al.|2008}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Ranker|Haufler|2008}} * [http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf Eric Schuettpelz. The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns. PhD Thesis Duke University 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427212432/http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~bj/fern/list.htm Michael Hassler and Brian Swale. Checklist of Ferns and Fern Allies 2001] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060354/http://www.anbg.gov.au/fern/taxa/classification.html Australian National Botanic Gardens. A classification of the ferns and their allies] {{Refend}}

==External links== * [http://tolweb.org/Pteridaceae/29352 Tree of Life: Pteridaceae]

{{Plant classification}} {{Fern classification}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1141315}} Category:Pteridaceae Category:Fern families Category:Polypodiales