{{Short description|Genus of ferns}} {{Redirect|Hemionitis cordata|''Hemionitis caudata''|Cheilanthes caudata}} {{Speciesbox |image = Hemionites arifolia-fren-yercaud-salem-India.JPG |image_caption = Growing in Yercaud, India |genus = Parahemionitis |species = arifolia |authority = (Burm.f.) Panigrahi |display_parents = 2 |synonyms = {{Species list |Acrostichum ramentaceum|Roxb. |Asplenium arifolium|Burm.fil. |Gymnogramma sagittata|(Fée) Ettingsh. |Hemionitis cordata|Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev. |Hemionitis cordifolia|Roxb. ex Wall. |Hemionitis cumingiana|Fée |Hemionitis hastata|R.Br. ex Wall. |Hemionitis intermedia|Fée |Hemionitis sagittata|Fée |Hemionitis toxotis|Trevis. |Hemionitis trinervis|Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn |Mickelopteris cordata| (Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. |Parahemionitis cordata|(Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name=WF/> }}
'''''Parahemionitis arifolia''''' is a species of ferns in the subfamily Cheilanthoideae and the family Pteridaceae; it was placed previously in a monotypic genus '''''Mickelopteris''''' with the species ''M. cordata''.<ref name=POWO_77164315-1>{{citation |title=''Mickelopteris cordata'' (Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164315-1 |access-date=2020-01-07 }}</ref> Other synonyms include ''Parahemionitis cordata'' and various species names in the now much reduced genus ''Hemionitis''. This species is native to South and south-eastern Asia, from India to Taiwan and the Philippines.<ref name=CFLW/><ref name=POWO_17117160-1/>
This is the type species of genus ''Parahemionitis'',<ref name=WF>[https://www.worldplants.de/world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list#1773290287 World Ferns: ''Parahemionitis arifolia''] (retrieved 12 March 2026)</ref> which was initially published as ''Asplenium arifolium'' in 1768; the taxonomy of this whole subfamily is not not accepted by all sources.
==Description== ''Parahemionitis arifolia'' grows from short erect rhizomes covered with brownish narrow scales. The fronds are of two types. Fertile (spore-bearing) fronds have stipes (stalks) that are usually much longer than those of sterile fronds. The blade (lamina) of the frond is usually {{cvt|3|–|6|cm|in|1}} long by about {{cvt|2|–|4|cm|in|1}} wide, with a heart-shaped base and a somewhat rounded apex. It is held at an angle to the stipe. Fronds are brownish green on the upper side, brown on the lower side.<ref name=FoC/> thumb|center|upright|Frond shape
==Taxonomy== The nomenclature and taxonomy of the species is somewhat tangled. A species of fern native to the Indian subcontinent and other parts of tropical Asia was described in 1828 as ''Hemionitis cordata''.<ref name=IPNI_17117150-1/> This name was later considered to be a (heterotypic) synonym of ''Hemionitis arifolia''. As this was an older name, being based on ''Asplenium arifolium'' published in 1768, the species was known as ''Hemionitis arifolia''. In 1974, John T. Mickel considered that the species he called ''Hemionitis arifolia'' might be sufficiently different from the other (American) species placed in ''Hemionitis'' to require a new genus. The differences included frond morphology and which flavonoids were present.<ref name=Mick74/> Molecular phylogenetic studies have since confirmed the distinctiveness of the species.<ref name=FrasGandKholBenn16/>
Accordingly, in 1993, Gopinath Panigrahi created a new genus for the species, ''Parahemionitis''. He typified the genus using ''Asplenium arifolium'' <small>Burm.f.</small>, and called the sole species ''Parahemionitis arifolia''.<ref name=IPNI_17562160-1/> However, it has since become clear that the original type of ''Asplenium arifolium'' is actually a specimen of a completely different species, ''Acrostichum aureum'', which would mean that ''Asplenium arifolium'' is not a synonym of ''Hemionitis cordata''.<ref name=FrasGandKholBenn16/><ref name=MazuCallFume19/> Three alternative approaches have been taken to fix this problem. In 2015, Mazumdar designated a lectotype and an epitype for ''Asplenium arifolium'', and regarded Panagrahi's use of the name ''Parahemionitis arifolia'' as acceptable.<ref name=MazuCallFume19/> In 1997, Christopher Fraser-Jenkins regarded Panagrahi's genus name as acceptable, but not the epithet, and called the species ''Parahemionitis cordata''. In 2016, Fraser-Jenkins rejected the genus name, and published a new one, ''Mickelopteris'', with the sole species being called ''Mickelopteris cordata''.<ref name=FrasGandKholBenn16/> {{As of|2020|January}}, the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' followed Fraser-Jenkins (2016), treating the species as ''Mickelopteris cordata'', and ''Hemionitis arifolia'' and ''Parahemionitis arifolia'' as a synonyms of ''Acrostichum aureum''.<ref name=CFLW_Mc/>
{{As of|2026|March}},<ref name=POWO_17117020-1/> ''Plants of the World Online'' maintains a much broader circumscription of ''Hemionitis'', and so retained the species as ''Hemionitis arifolia''.<ref name=POWO_17117160-1/>
==Distribution and habitat== ''Parahemionitis arifolia'' is native to the Indian subcontinent (Assam, Bangladesh, the region of India, Sri Lanka), Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam), south-central China and Hainan, the Philippines and the Lesser Sunda Islands.<ref name=POWO_17117160-1/> It is found in damp locations, such as the wet soil and rocks of river valleys in dense forests and shrublands, growing below elevations of 1000 m.<ref name=FoC/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=CFLW>{{Citation |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=January 2020 |contribution=Mickelopteris |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |at=8.20 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2020-01-06 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=CFLW_Mc>{{Citation |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=January 2020 |contribution=Mickelopteris cordata |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |at=8.20 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=2020-01-06 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=FoC>{{citation |first1=Gangmin |last1=Zhang |first2=Tom A. |last2=Ranker |contribution=Parahemionitis cordata |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250098305 |access-date=2020-01-09 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=FrasGandKholBenn16>{{Citation |last1=Fraser-Jenkins |first1=C.R. |last2=Gandhi |first2=K.N. |last3=Kholia |first3=B.S. |last4=Benniamin |first4=A. |date=2016 |title=An Annotated Checklist of Indian Pteridophytes, Part 1 |publication-place=Dehra Dun, India |publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh |isbn=978-81-211-0952-9 |pages=246–248 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=IPNI_17117150-1>{{citation |title=''Hemionitis cordata'' Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev. |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/17117150-1 |access-date=2020-01-09 }}</ref>
<ref name=IPNI_17562160-1>{{Citation |title=''Parahemionitis arifolia'' (Burm.f.) Panigrahi |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/17562160-1 |access-date=2020-01-09 }}</ref>
<ref name=MazuCallFume19>{{Citation |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Jaideep |last2=Callmander |first2=Martin |last3=Fumeaux |first3=Nicolas |date=2019 |title=Typification and nomenclature of the ferns described in N.L. Burman's Flora Indica |journal=Candollea |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=93–109 |doi=10.15553/c2019v741a10 |s2cid=190861944 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333295319 |access-date=2020-01-09 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=Mick74>{{Citation |last1=Mickel |first1=John T. |date=1974 |title=A Redefinition of the Genus ''Hemionitis'' |journal=American Fern Journal |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=3–12 |doi=10.2307/1546715 |jstor=1546715 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230341 }}</ref>
<ref name=POWO_17117020-1>{{citation |title=''Hemionitis arifolia'' (Burm.f.) T.Moore |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17117160-1 |access-date=2020-01-07 }}</ref>
<ref name=POWO_17117160-1>{{citation |title=''Hemionitis cordata'' Roxb. ex Hook. & Grev. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17117160-1 |access-date=2020-01-07 }}</ref> }}
==External links== *{{commonscat inline}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q15345442|from2=Q81272907|from3=Q15345589|from4=Q11145394|from5=Q81274037|from6=Q23654835}}
Category:Pteridaceae Category:Ferns of Asia