Surabaya

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of East Java, Indonesia}} {{other uses}} {{use American English|date=June 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Surabaya | official_name = City of Surabaya {{nobold|{{lang|id|Kota Surabaya}}}} | settlement_type = City | translit_lang1 = Regional | translit_lang1_type1 = Javanese | translit_lang1_info1 = {{resize|10pt|''Kuthå Suråbåyå''}} {{font|size=60%|(Gêdrig)}} {{lang|jv-arab|{{Script|Arab|{{resize|11pt|كوڟا سورابايا}}}}}} {{font|size=60%|(Pégon)}} {{lang|jv|{{Script|Java|{{resize|10pt|ꦏꦸꦛꦯꦸꦫꦨꦪ}}}}}} {{font|size=60%|(Hånåcåråkå)}} | translit_lang1_type2 = Madurese | translit_lang1_info2 = {{resize|10pt|''Kottha Sorbhâjâ''}} {{font|size=60%|(Latèn)}} {{lang|mad-arab|{{Script|Arab|{{resize|11pt|كَوڟّا سَوربۤاجۤا}}}}}} {{font|size=60%|(Pèghu)}} {{lang|mad|{{Script|Java|{{resize|10pt|ꦏꦺꦴꦛ꧀ꦛꦯꦺꦴꦂꦧꦗ}}}}}} {{font|size=60%|(Carakan)}} | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 300 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Central Surabaya view taken from JW Marriott Surabaya.jpg | alt1 = Downtown Surabaya | caption1 = Downtown Surabaya skyline | image2 = Balai Pemuda.jpg | alt2 = Alun Alun Surabaya | caption2 = Balai Pemuda | image3 = Tunjungan Siola di 2022 (infobox).jpg | alt3 = Jalan Tunjungan | caption3 = Tunjungan Street | image4 = Tugu Pahlawan dari dekat.jpg | alt4 = Heroes Monument | caption4 = Heroes Monument | image5 = Contrasty Architecture (231605753).jpeg | alt5 = Hotel Majapahit | caption5 = Hotel Majapahit }} | image_shield = City of Surabaya Logo.svg | image_flag = Flag of Surabaya City.png | nicknames = {{lang|id|Kota Pahlawan}} "City of Heroes" | motto = {{lang|kaw|Sura ing Baya}} (Old Javanese) "Daring to face Danger" {{force singular}} | image_map = Locator kota surabaya.png | map_caption = Location within East Java | image_map1 = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|zoom=10|frame-lat=-7.2462836|frame-long=112.7377674|id=Q11462|title=Surabaya}} | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Indonesia_Java#Indonesia | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Java and Indonesia | pushpin_label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|07|14|45|S|112|44|16|E|region:ID|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Indonesia}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|East Java}} | subdivision_type2 = Metropolitan area | subdivision_name2 = Gerbangkertosusila | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1037<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munoz |first1=Paul Michel |title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|date=2006 |publisher=Continental Sales, Incorporated |isbn=9789814155670 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ }}</ref> | government_type = Mayor–council | governing_body = Surabaya City Government | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Eri Cahyadi (PDI-P) | leader_title2 = Vice Mayor | leader_name2 = Armuji | leader_title3 = Legislature | leader_name3 = Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) | area_total_km2 = 335.93 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 2246.53 | area_metro_km2 = 6309.34 | elevation_m = 5 | elevation_ft = | population_total = 3018022 | population_density_km2 = 8,583.47 | population_as_of = mid 2024 estimate <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kota Surabaya Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3578)</ref> | population_demonyms = Surabayan | population_urban = 6,373,373 (3rd) | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Demog16th">{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas, 18th Annual Edition|url=https://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|date=July 2022|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_metro = 10,081,343 (2nd) | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/1|title=PU-net|website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411105430/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = 1,615 | population_demonym = | population_note = | population_rank = 2nd in Indonesia | timezone1 = | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = 60111 – 60299 | area_code = (+62) 31 | area_code_type = Area code | registration_plate = L | website = {{URL|https://www.surabaya.go.id/|www.surabaya.go.id}} | footnotes = | registration_plate_type = Vehicle registration | population_density_urban_mi2 = | timezone = Indonesia Western Standard Time | utc_offset = +07:00 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | blank_name = Nominal GDP<ref>{{Cite book|title=Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2024|author=Badan Pusat Statistik|author-link=Statistics Indonesia|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2024|location=Surabaya|url=https://jatim.bps.go.id/publication/2024/02/28/53a51c3ca566561a72d10bde/provinsi-jawa-timur-dalam-angka-2024.html}}</ref> | blank_info = 2023 | blank1_name =  - Total | blank1_info = {{increase}}Rp 715.294 trillion (2nd) {{increase}}US$ 46.928 billion {{increase}}Int$ 150.294 billion (PPP) | blank2_name =  - Per capita | blank2_info = {{increase}}Rp 245,685 thousand (5th) {{increase}}US$ 16,118 {{increase}}Int$ 51,622 (PPP) | blank3_name =  - Metro | blank3_info = {{Increase}}Rp 2,037.09 trillion {{Increase}}US$ 133.647 billion {{Increase}}Int$ 428.025 billion (PPP) | blank4_name =  - Growth | blank4_info = {{increase}} 6.1% | blank5_name = HDI (2024) | blank5_info = {{increase}} 0.841 (10th) {{fontcolor|#007B00|very high}} | established_title1 = Settled | established_date1 = 31 May 1293<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://pasarsurya.surabaya.go.id/index.php/pasar-keputran-utara/ |title = Pasar Keputran Utara | Pasar Surya}}</ref> | established_title2 = Incorporated | established_date2 = 1 April 1906 (as ''Gemeente'')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouDVAAAAMAAJ&q=gemeente+1906|title=Perkembangan Kota Dan Arsitektur Kolonial Belanda Di Surabaya, 1870–1940|date=January 1, 1996|publisher=Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Kristen PETRA Surabaya dan Penerbit ANDI Yogyakarta|isbn=9789795333739|via=Google Books}}</ref> | blank_name_sec2 = Largest district by area | blank_info_sec2 = Benowo – {{convert|23.73|km2|sqmi}} | blank1_name_sec2 = Largest district by population | blank1_info_sec2 = Tambaksari (215.457 – 2023 est) }}

'''Surabaya'''{{efn|({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|s|ʊər|ə|ˈ|b|aɪ|ə}} {{respell|SOOR|ə|BY|ə}}; {{IPA|id|suraˈbaja|audio=Id-Surabaya.ogg|lang}}; {{IPA|jv|surɔˈbɔjɔ|lang}}), Van Ophuijsen Spelling: ''Soerabaja''}} is the capital and largest city of East Java province and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strait, it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Medan, and Makassar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/2713/5227/9312/bag-z-74-75-cek__20090130070903__25.doc|title=26. Z. Irian Jaya|website=bappenas.go.id|type=Word DOC|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Geografi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMaqCLchf9UC&pg=PT114|publisher=Grasindo|isbn=978-979-759-619-4|page=114}}</ref> The city covers a land area of 335.93 km2, and had a population of 2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> With 3,018,022 people living in the city as of mid 2024 (comprising 1,494,734 males and 1,523,288 females) <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> and over 10 million in the extended Surabaya metropolitan area, according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya is the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia.<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-jawa-admin.php | title=Indonesia: Java (Regencies, Cities and Districts) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref> Surabaya metropolitan is also ASEAN's 6th largest economy ahead of Hanoi. In 2023, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$150.294 billion.

The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala, one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy, a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the Majapahit empire.<ref name="Howard" /> At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea. During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530.{{sfn|Pigeaud|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=39}} Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.{{sfn|Pigeaud|1976|p=28}}{{sfn|Akhmad Saiful Ali|1994|p=32}}

From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the main trading hub for the Indonesian archipelago, competing with Shanghai and Hong Kong.<ref name="Howard">{{cite book|last=Dick|first=Howard W.|title=Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYDMiLErKg8C|series=Research in international studies: Southeast Asia series|volume=106|year=2003|publisher=Singapore University Press|isbn=978-9971-69-264-3}}</ref>

Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia.<ref name="world-guides.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.world-guides.com/asia/indonesia/east-java/surabaya/surabaya_history.html|title=Surabaya History Facts and Timeline: Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia|website=www.world-guides.com|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epW9ZWZ_fsUC&pg=PA60|title=An Economic History of Indonesia: 1800–2010|last1=Zanden|first1=Jan Luiten van|last2=Marks|first2=Daan|date=2013-05-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45460-8}}</ref> Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools.<ref name="surabaya.go.id">{{Cite web|url=https://www.surabaya.go.id/id/page/0/8177/sosial-ekonomi|title=Sosial Ekonomi|last=surabaya.go.id|website=www.surabaya.go.id|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia.<ref name="Primadhyta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20180515114307-92-298312/teror-bom-bi-pastikan-surabaya-jadi-pusat-ekonomi-syariah|title=Teror Bom, BI Pastikan Surabaya Jadi Pusat Ekonomi Syariah|last=Primadhyta|first=Safyra|website=ekonomi|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><ref name="Indonesia">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.rimanews.com/ekonomi/bisnis/read/20141105/181410/Surabaya-Pusat-Ekonomi-Syariah-di-Indonesia|title=Surabaya Pusat Ekonomi Syariah di Indonesia|last=Indonesia|first=Rima News|website=Rimanews.com|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201156/http://archive.rimanews.com/ekonomi/bisnis/read/20141105/181410/Surabaya-Pusat-Ekonomi-Syariah-di-Indonesia|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Name == [[File:Taman suroboyo.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Sura and Baya Statue]] The name Surabaya, derived from the Javanese phrase "''{{lang|jv|sura ing baya}}''," translates to "bravely facing danger."<ref name="EastJava" /> Its origins trace back to the Pali words "''sura''," referring to the figure "''Asura''" from Buddhist beliefs, and ''bhaya'', meaning "fear," "perils," or "danger." This name is connected to a prophecy by Jayabaya, a 12th-century psychic king of the Kediri kingdom, whose name itself means "conquering fear or perils, drawn from the Pali words "''jaya''" or "''vijaya''" (victory or conqueror) and ''bhaya'' (fear or peril). Jayabaya predicted a battle between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hananto |first=Akhyari |title=Asal Nama "Surabaya", Ternyata bukan Hiu dan Buaya |url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2016/02/26/asal-nama-surabaya-bukan-hiu-dan-buaya |access-date=2019-01-03 |website=Good News From Indonesia |language=id}}</ref>

The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java, a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit on 31 May 1293,<ref name="EastJava">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Surabaya City, East Java|publisher=Surabaya Tourism, EastJava.com |url=https://www.eastjava.com/tourism/surabaya/|access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Irwan Rouf & Shenia Ananda 60">{{cite book |title=Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia dari Sabang sampai Merauke: Asal Usul Nama Kota Surabaya|author= Irwan Rouf & Shenia Ananda|publisher=MediaKita| language=id| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPJqcwuSOUkC&pg=PA64|page=60|isbn=9786029003826|access-date=17 November 2014|date= 2013-01-01}}</ref> which is now considered the date of the city's founding.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graf |first1=Arndt |last2=Chua |first2=Beng Huat |author-link2=Chua Beng Huat |title=Port Cities in Asia and Europe |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-78478-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFORAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT165 }}</ref>

The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jalanjalanyuk.com/patung-suro-dan-boyo-di-surabaya/|title=Patung Suro dan Boyo di Surabaya {{!}} Jalan Jalan Yuk!|website=www.jalanjalanyuk.com|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

Some people consider Jayabaya's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies, though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suaramuslim.net/soerabaia-tempo-doeloe-lambang-kota-surabaya/|title=Soerabaia Tempo Doeloe "Lambang Kota Surabaya"|last=Suaramuslim.net|date=2018-06-01|website=Suara Muslim|language=id|access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref>

Surabaya was previously known as ''Soerajabaya'', a name written using the van Ophuijsen spelling system, an older form of Indonesian orthography.

== History == {{Further|Timeline of Surabaya}}

=== Early history === The Kingdom of Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne of the Kingdom of Kahuripan in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book ''Zhu Fan Zhi'' written by Zhao Rukuo, in which it was called Zhòng Jiā Lú (重迦庐).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xin |first=Guancan |date=2015 |title=Chinese Ceramics and Trade in 14th Century Southeast Asia–––A Case Study of Singapore |url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/122571 |journal=ScholarBank@NUS Repository}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">F. Hirth and W.W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, St Petersburg, 1911</ref> The name Janggala is derived from the Old Javanese name Hujung Galuh ({{Lit|Cape Diamond|Cape Gemstone}}). Hujung Galuh was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://duniakeris.com/bagaimana-bika-ujung-galuh-bukan-surabaya-kini/|title=Bagaimana Bika Ujung Galuh Bukan Surabaya Kini|last=duniakeris|date=2018-01-19|website=DUNIA KERIS-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban, Gresik, and Hujung Galuh (modern Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He's treasure ships in his 1433 book ''Yingya Shenglan.<ref name="Ying-yai Sheng-lan p. 90">Ma Huan Ying-yai Sheng-lan, ''The Overall Survey of Ocean Shore'', translated by J.V.G. Mills, p. 90, 1970, Hakluyt Society, reprint by White Lotus, 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}}.</ref>''

{{Blockquote|text=After travelling south for more than 20 ''li'', the ship reached Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh.|author=Ma Huan|title=''Yingya Shenglan''}}

Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana. He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of ''Tupan'' (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou. Then, he sailed east to the thriving new trading town of ''Koerhhsi'' (Gresik), ''Supaerhya'' (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of ''Changku'' (Canggu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in ''ManchepoI'' (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed.<ref name="Chao-Wa">{{cite web|author2=JVG Mills|author1=Ma Huan |title=Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores | year=1970 |work= Washington.edu| pages=86–97 (Country of Chao–Wa) |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/qing/huan_ying-yai_sheng-lan%5B1%5D.pdf}}</ref>

=== Pre-colonial era === [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Poort bij de Ampel Moskee in de Arabische wijk van Soerabaja TMnr 60037907.jpg|thumb|220px|Ampel Mosque built in 1421]] The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of ''Kali Mas'' river. The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion. Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as ''Sura'' (sharks/brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as ''Baya'' (crocodiles/danger), literally translating to brave to face the dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya.

By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel, located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel village, Semampir District, northern Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pecintaulama.id/2017/10/sejarah-singkat-masjid-agung-sunan-ampel-surabaya.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Masjid Agung Sunan Ampel (MASA) Surabaya|last=ID|first=Pecinta Ulama|website=Pecinta Ulama|access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref>

In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to a duchy, a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.{{sfn|Pigeaud|1976|p=16}} By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port,{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=43}} owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea.{{sfn|Akhmad Saiful Ali|1994|p=31}} During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530.{{sfn|Pigeaud|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=39}} Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.{{sfn|Pigeaud|1976|p=28}}{{sfn|Akhmad Saiful Ali|1994|p=32}}

Following the collapse of Demak, Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate, under the leadership of ''Panembahan Senopati'' in 1598, and invaded by ''Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak'' in 1610, An article by the VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region.''<ref>M. C. Ricklefs, ''A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200'', 2008</ref>''

The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung.<ref name="Drakeley">Drakeley S. ''The History of Indonesia''. Greenwood, 2005. {{ISBN|9780313331145}}</ref>{{rp|31}} It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura, and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except the Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.<ref name=Drakeley />{{rp|31}}

=== Colonial era === thumb|220px|Coat of Arms of Soerabaja (old spelling of Surabaya) during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1931

The expanding Dutch East India Company took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful Han family of Lasem.<ref name="Margana (2007)">{{cite book|last1=Margana|first1=Sri|title=Java's last frontier : the struggle for hegemony of Blambangan, c. 1763–1813|date=2007|publisher=TANAP|location=Leiden|pages=210–236|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12547|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Salmon (1997)">{{cite journal|last1=Salmon|first1=Claudine|title=La communauté chinoise de Surabaya. Essai d'histoire, des origines à la crise de 1930|journal=Archipel|date=1997|volume=53|pages=121–206|doi=10.3406/arch.1997.3396}}</ref>

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies, becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter James Rimmer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oIyKT1MOA4C&pg=PA32 |title=The City in Southeast Asia: Patterns, Processes and Policy |author2=Howard W. Dick |publisher=NUS Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-9971-69-426-5 |page=32}}</ref>

During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Jombang. In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia.

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Pasar Besar met op de achtergrond het spoorwegviaduct de zogenoemde Hogeweg Soerabaja TMnr 10014832.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The ''Pasar Besar'' with the OJS railway viaduct in the background, the so-called ''Hogeweg'', Surabaya circa between 1900 and 1940]] Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the ''Jembatan Merah'' ({{Lit|Red Bridge}}). In 1910, a modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew.

Surabaya was an early center for leftist political organizing in colonial Indonesia. In the 1910s, Dutch colonists founded the predecessor to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), the ISDV. The success of organizing with sailors and local Indonesians led to a crackdown in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/the-pre-history-of-indonesian-communism-and-the-dutch-apostles-cyZN|title=The Pre-history of Indonesian Communism and the Dutch Apostles|first=Andi|last=Achdian|website=tirto.id}}</ref>

=== Independence era === Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endofempire.asia/japanese-hand-over-power-in-surabaya-and-yogyakarta/|title=Japanese hand over power in Surabaya and Yogyakarta|date=2015-10-02|website=End of Empire-US|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

[[File:LaSalle 1940 Series 52 Sedan of Brigadier-Mallaby - Burnt Car - 194511.jpg|thumb|220px|The burnt-out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro-independence Indonesian soldiers during the Battle of Surabaya on 31 October 1945]] The Battle of Surabaya, started after the ''Arek-Arek Suroboyo'' ({{Lit|Young People (or just people) of Surabaya}}) killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near ''Jembatan Merah'', allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as ''Hari Pahlawan'' (Heroes' Day). The incident of the red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesianpod101.com/lesson/culture-class-holidays-in-indonesia-18-indonesian-memorial-day/|title=Indonesian Memorial Day|website=IndonesianPod101|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

The city is known as ''Kota Pahlawan'' ({{Lit|The City of Heroes}}) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/17298/hari-pahlawan-battle-of-surabaya-the-story-behind-indonesias-heroes-day/|title=[Hari Pahlawan] Battle of Surabaya, the Story behind Indonesia's Heroes Day|date=2014-11-09|website=Global Indonesian Voices – GIV-US|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

=== Modern history === After the independence era, population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in the suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air.

On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah, the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS, followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several of whom where in a critical condition.

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2020/gubernur-afirmasi-enam-kasus-positif-covid-19-pertama-di-jatim/|title=Khofifah Benarkan Kasus Positif COVID-19 Pertama di Jatim|website=Suara Surabaya|language=id-ID|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417155121/https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2020/gubernur-afirmasi-enam-kasus-positif-covid-19-pertama-di-jatim/|archive-date=2020-04-17|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> In May 2020, Surabaya became the epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia.

== Geography == {{Wide image| Surabaya Central Park.jpg|800px|Panorama of Central Surabaya at night with Sura and Baya Statue}}

Surabaya, the capital of East Java province, extends over {{cvt|335.93|km2|}}, its metropolitan area covers {{cvt|6,309.34|km2|}}, which includes the satellite cities of Mojokerto, Gresik, Sidoarjo, Bangkalan, and Lamongan, and has an estimated population of 10.08 million {{as of|2024|lc=y}}, making it the Second largest urban area in Indonesia and the Top 50 largest in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icatech.itats.ac.id/1st/venue/about-surabaya/|title=About Surabaya |date=2018-08-12|website=INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY|language=en|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> Surabaya ranks 11th among the Indonesian city in the human development index. Surabaya's offer business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sidi.its.ac.id/conference/en/places |title=SIDI International Conference 2019 |date=2019-03-23 |publisher=SIDI Conference International 2019 |access-date=2020-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626211811/https://sidi.its.ac.id/conference/en/places |archive-date=2019-06-26}}</ref>

The city is referred to as ''Kota Pahlawan'' (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution. The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/share/ozjlmv|title=Surabaya Siap Jadi Penghubung Perdagangan Indonesia Timur|date=2017-11-17|website=Republika Online|language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to Indonesia's second-busiest seaport, the Port of Tanjung Perak, which is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/berita-daerah/surabaya-kota-terbaik-dunia-kategori-global-green-city|title=Surabaya Kota Terbaik Dunia Kategori "Global Green City"|date=2017-11-03|website=Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform|language=id|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>

=== Architecture === [[File:Wisma Intiland (30277155100).jpg|thumb|Wisma Intiland, most famous Brutalist architecture in Surabaya. It is one of the last buildings designed by Paul Rudolph.]]

Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, most colonial buildings were built around the 17th century to the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dreamofacity.com/2012/09/19/the-colonial-city-or-old-town-west-surabaya/|title=The Colonial City, or Old Town West – Surabaya|last=Ting|first=Kennie|date=2012-09-19|website=Dream of a City|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-3679805/mengenal-bangunan-kolonial-belanda-surabaya-karya-estourgie|title=Mengenal Bangunan Kolonial Belanda Surabaya Karya Estourgie|last=Alda|first=Michelle|website=detiknews|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

thumb|Resident's house along the Ketabang River in Surabaya (late 19th century) '''Ketabang''' is an area of Genteng District of Surabaya which was planned by Dutch architect Cosman Citroen.

Before the Second World War, there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondasiregar.com/postcards-from-surabaya/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224115943/http://mondasiregar.com/postcards-from-surabaya/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 February 2016|title=Keunikan Kota Tua Surabaya|last=Monda|date=2016-02-21|website=Berbagi Kisahku-US|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/travel/destination/habibah-sofi/bangunan-tua-di-surabaya-c1c2|title=10 Bangunan Tua Ini Bukti Surabaya Punya Warisan Sejarah yang Epik|last1=Times|first1=I. D. N.|last2=Sofi|first2=Habibah|website=IDN Times|date=8 March 2018 |language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>

After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In the 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence–Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/parade-gedung-pencakar-langit-bDws|title=Parade Gedung Pencakar Langit|last=Suhendra|website=tirto.id|date=24 August 2016 |language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

=== Parks and Gardens === thumb|220px|Bungkul Park, one of the most visited parks in Surabaya Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/news/indonesia/rudy-bastam/jadi-nominasi-kota-terbersih-asean-ini-strategi-risma-1|title=Surabaya Jadi Nominasi Kota Terbersih ASEAN, Ini Strategi Risma|last1=Times|first1=I. D. N.|last2=Bastam|first2=Rudy|website=IDN Times|date=22 October 2017 |language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finansialku.com/27-taman-di-surabaya/|title=27 Taman di Surabaya yang Sangat Cantik dan Cocok Untuk Foto Instagram|last=Finansialku|date=2018-03-11|website=Finansialku Perencana Keuangan Independen|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hersyafrontoneinnsurabaya.com/en/taman-jayengrono-oldest-park-full-struggle-surabaya/|title=Taman Jayengrono, the Oldest Park Full of Struggle in Surabaya – HERSYA FRONT ONE INN SURABAYA|website=hersyafrontoneinnsurabaya.com|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044931/http://hersyafrontoneinnsurabaya.com/en/taman-jayengrono-oldest-park-full-struggle-surabaya/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and others. Bungkul Park was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area (street food centers), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet (Wi-Fi), and routine garden maintenance management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/533070/surabayas-bungkul-park-nabs-2013-asian-townscape-award|title=Surabaya's Bungkul Park Nabs 2013 Asian Townscape Award|date=2013-11-28|website=Tempo|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ngopibareng.id/timeline/malaysia-adopsi-pengelolaan-lingkungan-surabaya-3655695|title=Malaysia Berguru ke Pemkot Surabaya Soal Pengelolaan Lingkungan|last=Rahman|first=Farid|website=Ngopibareng.id|date=12 December 2018|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> The city has won many awards in the field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/777312/petaling-jaya-malaysia-adopsi-pengelolaan-lingkungan-surabaya|title=Petaling Jaya Malaysia adopsi pengelolaan lingkungan Surabaya|last=antaranews.com|website=Antara News|date=12 December 2018|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as the Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/788806/surabaya-raih-tujuh-adipura-berturut-turut|title=Surabaya Raih Tujuh Adipura Berturut-turut|last=Surabaya|first=Kukuh S. Wibowo|date=2016-07-19|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3098962/menhut-siti-bandung-dan-surabaya-jadi-kota-dengan-kualitas-udara-terbaik|title=Menhut Siti: Bandung dan Surabaya Jadi Kota dengan Kualitas Udara Terbaik|last=Khoiri|first=Ahmad Masaul|website=detiknews|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific" by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with the best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/tri-rismaharini|title=Tri Rismaharini|date=2014-09-25|website=World Bank Live|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg, Kazan, and Tokyo, on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://surabaya.bisnis.com/read/20180704/531/812878/surabaya-raih-penghargaan-lee-kuan-yew.-risma-akan-tampil-di-dua-forum|title=Surabaya Raih Penghargaan Lee Kuan Yew. Risma Akan Tampil di Dua Forum {{!}} Surabaya Bisnis.com|website=Bisnis.com|date=4 July 2018 |language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leekuanyewworldcityprize.com.sg/laureates/special-mentions/2018/2018-special-mentions/surabaya|title=2018 Special Mention: Surabaya|website=www.leekuanyewworldcityprize.com.sg|access-date=2019-01-03|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210303/https://www.leekuanyewworldcityprize.com.sg/laureates/special-mentions/2018/2018-special-mentions/surabaya|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2017/09/05/pemukiman-kumuh-di-surabaya-siapa-yang-salah|title=Pemukiman Kumuh di Surabaya, Siapa yang Salah?|last=Puruhito|first=Qowiy|website=Good News From Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rri.co.id/post/berita/425380/daerah/kawasan_kumuh_di_surabaya_capai_150_hektar.html|title=Kawasan Kumuh di Surabaya Capai 150 Hektar|website=rri.co.id|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/17/08/24/ov6358330-rusunawa-disiapkan-untuk-warga-di-daerah-kumuh-surabaya|title=Rusunawa Disiapkan untuk Warga di Daerah Kumuh Surabaya|last=Republika|date=2017-08-24|website=www.republika.co.id}}</ref>

=== Climate === Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: ''Aw''), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs from October through May, while the dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are the hottest months.

{{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |location = Surabaya (Juanda International Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1999–2023) |Jan record high C = 35.0 |Feb record high C = 34.7 |Mar record high C = 34.6 |Apr record high C = 34.8 |May record high C = 35.2 |Jun record high C = 34.0 |Jul record high C = 33.8 |Aug record high C = 34.4 |Sep record high C = 36.5 |Oct record high C = 36.7 |Nov record high C = 35.8 |Dec record high C = 36.7 |Jan high C = 32.1 |Feb high C = 32.0 |Mar high C = 32.1 |Apr high C = 32.0 |May high C = 31.9 |Jun high C = 31.4 |Jul high C = 31.1 |Aug high C = 31.3 |Sep high C = 32.4 |Oct high C = 33.5 |Nov high C = 33.5 |Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = |Jan mean C = 27.3 |Feb mean C = 27.2 |Mar mean C = 27.7 |Apr mean C = 28.2 |May mean C = 28.3 |Jun mean C = 27.7 |Jul mean C = 27.1 |Aug mean C = 27.1 |Sep mean C = 27.8 |Oct mean C = 28.9 |Nov mean C = 28.8 |Dec mean C = 27.9 | year mean C = |Jan low C = 24.6 |Feb low C = 24.5 |Mar low C = 24.8 |Apr low C = 25.3 |May low C = 25.0 |Jun low C = 24.2 |Jul low C = 23.3 |Aug low C = 22.8 |Sep low C = 23.1 |Oct low C = 24.7 |Nov low C = 25.4 |Dec low C = 25.0 | year low C = |Jan record low C = 19.3 |Feb record low C = 20.8 |Mar record low C = 21.9 |Apr record low C = 20.0 |May record low C = 20.1 |Jun record low C = 20.4 |Jul record low C = 18.2 |Aug record low C = 19.8 |Sep record low C = 18.2 |Oct record low C = 20.6 |Nov record low C = 22.2 |Dec record low C = 22.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 395.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 383.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 319.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 235.5 |May precipitation mm = 150.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 40.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 37.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 9.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 54.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 139.2 |Dec precipitation mm = 279.9 |year precipitation mm = | Jan precipitation days = 18.9 | Feb precipitation days = 17.7 | Mar precipitation days = 17.3 | Apr precipitation days = 13.5 | May precipitation days = 8.3 | Jun precipitation days = 4.9 | Jul precipitation days = 3.0 | Aug precipitation days = 0.9 | Sep precipitation days = 0.8 | Oct precipitation days = 2.9 | Nov precipitation days = 8.6 | Dec precipitation days = 14.9 | year precipitation days = |Jan sun = 141.1 |Feb sun = 138.1 |Mar sun = 159.5 |Apr sun = 172.4 |May sun = 219.7 |Jun sun = 221.5 |Jul sun = 250.1 |Aug sun = 269.7 |Sep sun = 261.5 |Oct sun = 250.6 |Nov sun = 199.4 |Dec sun = 134.4 |year sun = |source 1 = Starlings Roost Weather<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/worldclimate/graphs.php?climate=9120&code=96935 |title= JUANDA SURABAYA Climate: 1991–2020 |publisher=Starlings Roost Weather |access-date= 25 December 2024}}</ref> }}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |- !Colspan=14|Climate data for Surabaya |- !Month !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec !style="border-left-width:medium"|Year |- !Average sea temperature °C (°F) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.3 (84.7) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.9 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.4 (84.9) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.6 (85.3) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.5 (85.1) |style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|29.0 (84.2) |style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.3 (82.9) |style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;"|27.8 (82.0) |style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.1 (82.6) |style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;"|28.9 (84.0) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.1 (86.2) |style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;"|30.2 (86.4) |style="background:#FF2000;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium"|29.1 (84.4) |- !Mean daily daylight hours |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.5 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.3 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.1 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|11.9 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|11.8 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|11.7 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|11.7 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|11.9 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.1 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.3 |style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.5 |style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|12.5 |style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.1 |- !Average Ultraviolet index |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#FFFFFF;"|10 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#FFFFFF;"|10 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12 |style="background:#d8001d;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium"|11.6 |- !Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/surabaya-climate |title=Surabaya, Indonesia – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=24 January 2019 }}</ref> |}

== Government and politics == [[File:Surabaya City Hall by Yamin Nathaniel.jpg|thumb|220px|The Surabaya mayor’s office at the Surabaya City Hall]]

Surabaya is a city with a mayor–council form of government. The city government is responsible for the provision of public education, public health facilities, public safety, civic services, public welfare and public transportation.

The city council, namely the Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives is the unicameral legislative body consisting of 50 members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.bps.go.id/statictable/2016/07/25/344/jumlah-anggota-dewan-perwakilan-rakyat-daerah-menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-jenis-kelamin-di-provinsi-jawa-timur-2015.html|title=Jumlah Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Jenis Kelamin di Provinsi Jawa Timur, 2015|last=BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur|website=jatim.bps.go.id|language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Both the mayor and the city’s legislative officials are directly elected by the locals every five years, with an exception that the city’s mayor can only have a two consecutive-term limit.

=== Mayor === {{mainarticle|Mayor of Surabaya}}

The current mayor is Eri Cahyadi, who was elected in 2020 and has served the city since 26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini, who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards during her ten-year tenure, from 2010 to 2020. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award".

Besides representatives to the city council, Surabaya also sends 8 delegates to the East Java provincial parliament. On a national level, Surabaya is consolidated with the neighboring Sidoarjo Regency to form the East Java I constituency for the Indonesia House of Representatives. Together, they send 10 delegates to the lower house of the national legislature.

The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://polrestabessurabaya.com/main/artikel/baca/45/command-center-112--untuk-warga-kota-surabaya|title=Command Center 112 Untuk Warga Kota Surabaya|website=polrestabessurabaya.com|language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/features/17/07/2017/kisah-kisah-di-balik-beroperasinya-command-center-cc-112-surabaya|title=Kisah-Kisah di Balik Beroperasinya Command Center (CC) 112 Surabaya|last=JawaPos.com|website=www.jawapos.com|date=17 July 2017|language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as the champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/01/10/173630421/rahasia-tri-rismaharini-bangun-surabaya-juara-kota-cerdas|title=Rahasia Tri Rismaharini Bangun Surabaya Juara Kota Cerdas|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/01/11/154532421/sabet-juara-kota-cerdas-ini-penghargaan-yang-pernah-diterima-surabaya|title=Sabet Juara Kota Cerdas, Ini Penghargaan yang Pernah Diterima Surabaya|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions === thumb|Districts of Surabaya

Surabaya is divided into thirty-one ''kecamatan'' (districts),<ref name="Surabaya City Regulation No. 5 2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.surabaya.go.id/pdf/perda/perda2006/2006-05.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002540/http://www.surabaya.go.id/pdf/perda/perda2006/2006-05.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Surabaya City Regulation No. 5 2006|archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and subdivided into 154 ''kelurahan'' (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> and their populations at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> together with their official estimates as at mid 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban ''kelurahan'') in each district.

{| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Kode Wilayah|| Name of District (''kecamatan'') || Area in km2|| Pop'n Census 2010|| Pop'n Census 2020|| Pop'n Estimate mid 2024||Admin centre||No. of villages||Post codes |- | 35.78.01 || Karangpilang ꦄꦫꦤ꧀ꦒ꧀ꦥꦶꦭꦤ꧀ꦒ꧀ ||align="right"| 9.39||align="right"| 72,469||align="right"| 74,796||align="right"| 75,503||Kebraon ꦏꦧꦿꦲꦺꦴꦤ꧀||align="center"| 4 ||60221 - 60223 |- | 35.78.23 || Jambangan ꦏꦫꦁꦥꦶꦭꦁ ||align="right"| 4.10||align="right"| 46,430||align="right"| 50,470||align="right"| 54,202||Jambangan ꦏꦫꦁꦥꦶꦭꦁ||align="center"| 4 ||60232 - 60233 |- | 35.78.22 || Gayungan ꦒꦪꦸꦁꦔꦤ꧀ ||align="right"| 5.89||align="right"| 42,717||align="right"| 41,289||align="right"| 43,846||Gayungan ꦒꦪꦸꦁꦔꦤ꧀||align="center"| 4 ||60231 - 60235 |- | 35.78.02 || Wonocolo ꦮꦤꦕꦭ ||align="right"| 6.53||align="right"| 80,276||align="right"| 75,315||align="right"| 80,034||Jemur Wonosari ꦗꦼꦩꦸꦂꦮꦤꦱꦫꦶ||align="center"| 5 ||60236 - 60239 |- | 35.78.24 || Tenggilis Mejoyo ꦠꦼꦁꦒꦶꦭꦶꦱ꧀ꦩꦗꦪ ||align="right"| 5.81||align="right"| 72,467||align="right"| 61,187||align="right"| 58,932||Panjang Jiwo ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦁꦗꦶꦮ||align="center"| 4 ||60291 - 60299 |- | 35.78.25 || Gunung Anyar ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦲꦚꦂ ||align="right"| 10.15||align="right"| 62,120||align="right"| 62,482||align="right"| 62,342||Gunung Anyar ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦲꦚꦂ||align="center"| 4 ||60293 - 60294 |- | 35.78.03 || Rungkut ꦫꦸꦁꦏꦸꦠ꧀ ||align="right"| 22.91||align="right"| 121,084||align="right"| 123,757||align="right"| 123,653||Kali Rungkut ꦏꦭꦶꦫꦸꦁꦏꦸꦢ꧀||align="center"| 6 ||60293 - 60298 |- | 35.78.09 || Sukolilo ꦯꦸꦏꦭꦶꦭ ||align="right"| 30.15||align="right"| 119,873||align="right"| 110,557||align="right"| 115,913||Menur Pumpungan ꦩꦼꦤꦸꦂꦥꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁꦔꦤ꧀||align="center"| 7 ||60111 - 60119 |- | 35.78.26 || Mulyorejo ꦩꦸꦭꦾꦉꦗ ||align="right"| 17.37||align="right"| 94,728||align="right"| 86,545||align="right"| 88,214||Mulyorejo ꦩꦸꦭꦾꦉꦗ||align="center"| 6 ||60112 - 60116 |- | 35.78.08 || Gubeng ꦒꦸꦧꦼꦁ ||align="right"| 7.90||align="right"| 128,127||align="right"| 123,961||align="right"| 132,382||Airlangga ꦲꦻꦂꦭꦁꦒꦃ||align="center"| 6 ||60281 - 60286 |- | 35.78.04 || Wonokromo ꦮꦤꦏꦿꦩ ||align="right"| 8.26||align="right"| 133,211||align="right"| 144,650||align="right"| 153,563||Darmo ꦣꦂꦩ||align="center"| 6 ||60241 - 60246 |- | 35.78.21 || Dukuh Pakis ꦝꦸꦏꦸꦃꦥꦏꦶꦱ꧀ ||align="right"| 10.26||align="right"| 64,249||align="right"| 56,707||align="right"| 59,345||Pradah KaliKendal ꦥꦿꦝꦃꦏꦭꦶꦏꦼꦟ꧀ꦝꦭ꧀||align="center"| 4 ||60224 - 60226 |- | 35.78.20 || Wiyung ꦮꦶꦪꦸꦁ ||align="right"| 12.38||align="right"| 67,987||align="right"| 71,605||align="right"| 76,501||Wiyung ꦮꦶꦪꦸꦁ||align="center"| 4 ||60222 - 60229 |- | 35.78.18 || Lakarsantri ꦭꦏꦂꦯꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦶ ||align="right"| 18.90||align="right"| 51,195||align="right"| 59,256||align="right"| 65,013||Jeruk ꦗꦼꦫꦸꦏ꧀||align="center"| 6 ||60211 - 60215 |- | 35.78.31 || Sambikerep ꦯꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦏꦼꦉꦥ꧀ ||align="right"| 17.17||align="right"| 61,101||align="right"| 63,778||align="right"| 69,076||Sambikerep ꦯꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦏꦼꦉꦥ꧀||align="center"| 4 || 60216 - 60219 |- | 35.78.14 || Tandes ꦡꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦱ꧀ ||align="right"| 9.94||align="right"| 103,084||align="right"| 87,511||align="right"| 91,784||Balongsari ꦧꦭꦺꦴꦁꦱꦫꦶ||align="center"| 6 ||60184 - 60187 |- | 35.78.27 || Sukomanunggal ꦱꦸꦏꦩꦤꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ ||align="right"| 9.27||align="right"| 100,612||align="right"| 101,259||align="right"| 104,166||Simomulyo ꦱꦶꦩꦩꦸꦭꦾ||align="center"| 6 ||60187 - 60189 |- | 35.78.06 || Sawahan ꦯꦮꦃꦲꦤ꧀ ||align="right"| 7.18||align="right"| 170,605||align="right"| 188,693||align="right"| 198,516||Putat Jaya ꦥꦸꦠꦠ꧀ꦗꦪꦃ||align="center"| 6 ||60253 - 60256 |- | 35.78.05 || Tegalsari ꦠꦼꦒꦭ꧀ꦱꦫꦶ ||align="right"| 4.31||align="right"| 85,606||align="right"| 92,014||align="right"| 97,511||Keputran ꦏꦥꦸꦠꦿꦤ꧀||align="center"| 5 ||60261 - 60265 |- | 35.78.07 || Genteng ꦒꦼꦟ꧀ꦛꦺꦁ ||align="right"| 4.06||align="right"| 46,548||align="right"| 52,924||align="right"| 58,216||Ketabang ꦏꦼꦠꦧꦁ||align="center"| 5 ||60271 - 60275 |- | 35.78.10 || Tambaksari ꦠꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦶ ||align="right"| 8.97||align="right"| 204,805||align="right"| 214,966||align="right"| 227,025||Pacar Keling ꦥꦕꦂꦏꦼꦭꦶꦁ||align="center"| 8 ||60131 - 60138 |- | 35.78.17 || Kenjeran ꦏꦺꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦂꦫꦤ꧀ ||align="right"| 8.51||align="right"| 163,438||align="right"| 181,325||align="right"| 185,294||Tanah Kali Kedinding ꦠꦤꦃꦏꦭꦶꦏꦼꦝꦶꦟ꧀ꦝꦶꦁ||align="center"| 4 ||60126 - 60129 |- | 35.78.29 || Bulak ꦨꦸꦭꦏ꧀ ||align="right"| 6.24||align="right"| 37,214||align="right"| 43,764||align="right"| 47,839||Bulak ꦨꦸꦭꦏ꧀||align="center"| 4 ||60121 - 60125 |- | 35.78.11 || Simokerto ꦱꦶꦩꦏꦽꦠ ||align="right"| 2.61||align="right"| 79,319||align="right"| 86,897||align="right"| 92,057||Tambakrejo ꦠꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ꦉꦗ||align="center"| 5 ||60141 - 60145 |- | 35.78.16 || Semampir ꦱꦼꦩꦩ꧀ꦥꦶꦂ ||align="right"| 9.05||align="right"| 151,429||align="right"| 172,669||align="right"| 183,295||Ujung ꦲꦸꦗꦸꦁ||align="center"| 5 ||60151 - 60155 |- | 35.78.12 || Pabean Cantian ꦥꦧꦺꦪꦤ꧀ꦕꦤ꧀ꦠꦶꦪꦤ꧀ ||align="right"| 5.48||align="right"| 69,423||align="right"| 70,808||align="right"| 73,931||Krembangan Utara ꦏꦉꦩ꧀ꦧꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦫꦃ||align="center"| 5 ||60161 - 60165 |- | 35.78.13 || Bubutan ꦨꦸꦨꦸꦠ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ ||align="right"| 3.89||align="right"| 84,465||align="right"| 90,646||align="right"| 96,704||Bubutan ꦨꦸꦨꦸꦠ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀||align="center"| 5 ||60171 - 68174 |- | 35.78.15 || Krembangan ꦑꦉꦩ꧀ꦧꦔꦤ꧀ ||align="right"| 8.60||align="right"| 106,664||align="right"| 109,027||align="right"| 114,866||Morokrembangan ꦩꦫꦏꦉꦩ꧀ꦧꦁꦔꦤ꧀||align="center"| 5 ||60175 - 60179 |- | 35.78.28 || Asemrowo ꦄꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦬꦮ ||align="right"| 15.05||align="right"| 42,704||align="right"| 45,547||align="right"| 48,841||Asemrowo ꦄꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦬꦮ||align="center"| 3 ||60182 - 60184 |- | 35.78.19 || Benowo ꦨꦼꦤꦮ ||align="right"| 26.64||align="right"| 54,133||align="right"| 69,938||align="right"| 74,933||Sememi ꦱꦼꦩꦼꦩꦶ||align="center"| 4 ||60191 - 60199 |- | 35.78.30 || Pakal ꦦꦏꦭ꧀ ||align="right"| 18.57||align="right"| 47,404||align="right"| 59,971||align="right"| 64,515||Babat Jerawat ꦧꦧꦢ꧀ꦗꦿꦮꦠ꧀||align="center"| 4 ||60192 - 60197 |- | '''''Totals''''' || ||align="right"|''335.93''||align="right"|''2,768,225''||align="right"|''2,874,314''||align="right"|''3,018,022''||''Genteng'' ꦒꦼꦟ꧀ꦛꦺꦁ||align="center"| ''154'' |}

Notes: (a) except the 2 ''kelurahan'' of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281.

== Demographics == {{Historical populations|1945|618,000|1950|715,000|1961|1,008,000|1971|1,556,255|1980|2,008,335|1990|2,467,089|2000|2,610,519|2010|2,768,225|2020|2,874,314|2024|3,018,022|footnote=|source=''Various sources'' 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYDMiLErKg8C|title=Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000|last=Dick|first=Howard W.|date=2003|publisher=Singapore University Press|isbn=9789971692643}}</ref> 1971–2025 : Statistics Indonesia (BPS) |type=IDN}}

Surabaya is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits (''kota'') in the 2020 census;<ref name="Gatra.Com">{{cite web |url=https://www.gatra.com/2015-08-25/artikel.php?id=140930 |title=Gatra.Com |publisher=Gatra.Com |date=2015-08-25 |access-date=2013-03-04 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 3,018,022.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025"/> With the extended metropolitan development area called ''Gerbangkertosusila'' (derived from '''Gre'''sik-'''Bang'''kalan-Mojo'''kerto'''-'''Su'''rabaya-'''Si'''doarjo-'''La'''mongan) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only the metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya (''Zona Surabaya Raya'') with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2017/12/25/2017000000000000102368/statistik-komuter-gerbangkertosusila-hasil-survei-komuter-gerbangkertosusila-2017.html|title=Statistik Komuter Gerbangkertosusila Hasil Survei Komuter Gerbangkertosusila 2017|last=Statistics Indonesia|first=BPS|date=2017-12-25|website=bps.go.id}}</ref> The OECD recognizes a larger definition for the metropolitan area with a population of 10,695,358 (2020),<ref name="OECD-FUA">{{cite web|title=FUAs and Cities|url=https://regions-cities-atlas.oecd.org/EFUA/x/x/T_T/2020|publisher=OECD|page=77|date=|access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> while the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs recognizes a smaller-than-official definition with a population of approximately 6,844,000 (2025).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2025_wup2025_summary_of_results.pdf | title=World Urbanization Prospects 2025 - Summary of Results | website=www.un.org}}</ref> The city is highly urbanised, with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicc.jp/auick/database/ids/ids03/ids03_024.html|title=Migration to Surabaya City: 1996|website=www.kicc.jp|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511184925/http://www.kicc.jp/auick/database/ids/ids03/ids03_024.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population has continued to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indohoy.com/destinations/surabaya-old-city-the-swanky-city/|title=Surabaya Old City – The Swanky City|website=Indohoy|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity === thumb|220px|Manten Pegon, traditional wedding attire from Surabaya Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, with about 83 percent of the population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, each making up about 7 percent of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://surabaya.go.id/id/page/0/8228/demografi|title=Demografi Surabaya |website=Surabaya.go.id|publisher = Pemerintah Kota Surabaya |language=id|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> Smaller groups include Arabs, especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen, Armenians, and Jewish people. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Banjar, and Balinese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.rimanews.com/budaya/peradaban-sejarah/read/20140911/172275/Surabaya-Kota-Multi-etnis-Cermin-Indonesia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125192219/http://archive.rimanews.com/budaya/peradaban-sejarah/read/20140911/172275/Surabaya-Kota-Multi-etnis-Cermin-Indonesia|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 November 2017|title=Surabaya, Kota Multi-etnis Cermin Indonesia {{!}} Rimanews.com|last=Indonesia|first=PT Rima News|website=Rimanews.com|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

As one of Indonesia's educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions of the country, who may form communities based on the region they come from. Most come from the Eastern part of Indonesia, including those who are Papuan, Minahasan or Bugis, as well as people from Timor and others.

Because it is a regional trade hub, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of the city. There are also communities of Koreans, Japanese, Indians and westerners in the city.

=== Language === Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called ''Suroboyoan'', a subdialect of the ''Arekan'' dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipwee.com/daripembaca/cuma-arek-arek-suroboyo-yang-mengalami-gejolak-perjuangan-hidup-seperti-ini/|title=Cuma Arek-Arek Suroboyo yang Mengalami Gejolak Perjuangan Hidup Seperti Ini!|last=Karina|first=Ernia|date=2015-01-09|website=Hipwee|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106104324/https://www.hipwee.com/daripembaca/cuma-arek-arek-suroboyo-yang-mengalami-gejolak-perjuangan-hidup-seperti-ini/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The use of register is less strict than the standardized Central Java dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2016/12/27/ini-keunikan-yang-hanya-dimiliki-masyarakat-jawa-timur|title=Ini Keunikan yang Hanya Dimiliki Masyarakat Jawa Timur|last=Budi|first=Arifina|website=Good News From Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese, which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called ''Ludruk''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://suroboyo.id/wawancara-sirkit-syah-bahasa-surabaya/|title=Sirikit Syah: Boso Suroboyoan Simbol Terus Terang – SUROBOYO.id|last=Rachman|first=Rio F.|date=2016-05-26|website=Berita Surabaya-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055124/http://suroboyo.id/wawancara-sirkit-syah-bahasa-surabaya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anwar |first=Luthfiatul Azizah Nuril |date=2021-12-09 |title=THE ROLE OF THE SURABAYA JAVANESE DIALECT (SUROBOYOAN DIALECT) |url=https://prosiding.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/celtall/article/view/561 |journal=Proceeding of Conference on English Language Teaching, Applied Linguistics, and Literature |language=en |volume=1 |pages=125–132}}</ref>

=== Religion === {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Surabaya (2019 Census)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/indicator/108/129/1/banyaknya|title=Religion in Surabaya 2019 Census}}</ref> |label1 = Islam |value1 = 86.05 |color1 = Green |label2 = Protestantism |value2 = 8.89 |color2 = DarkBlue |label3 = Roman catholic |value3 = 3.91 |color3 = Purple |label4 = Buddhism |value4 = 1.42 |color4 = Gold |label5 = Hinduism |value5 = 0.25 |color5 = DarkOrange |label6 = Confucianism and others |value6 = 0.03 |color6 = Red }}

Although around 85% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major religions include Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indoindians.com/indian-association-of-surabaya-ias/|title=Indian Association of Surabaya (IAS)|last=Jakarta|first=Indoindians|date=2019-01-23|website=Indoindians-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch Jews and Iraqi Jews follow Judaism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-indonesia/|title=The Jewish Community of Indonesia|website=Beit Hatfutsot-US|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>

The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://bimasislam.kemenag.go.id/post/berita/-napak-tilas-bimas-islam-ke-masjid-masjid-bersejarah-di-surabaya|title=Napak Tilas Bimas Islam Ke Masjid-masjid Bersejarah di Surabaya – Website Bimas Islam (Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Islam Kementerian Agama)|website=bimasislam.kemenag.go.id|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat).<ref name=":2" /> His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama, was established in Surabaya on 31 January 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/12674/sejarah-dan-gerakan-berdirinya-nu|title=Sejarah dan Gerakan Berdirinya NU|last=Online|first=N. U.|website=NU Online-us|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jawatimuran.net/2016/10/02/masjid-al-akbar-surabaya/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506055716/http://jawatimuran.net/2016/10/02/masjid-al-akbar-surabaya/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 May 2018|title=Masjid Al Akbar Surabaya|date=2016-10-02|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians, as well as native Javanese, Bataks, and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kabaremansipasi.com/2018/01/16/komite-perekat-persaudaraan-maluku-di-surabaya-gelar-perayaan-natal-2017/|title=Komite Perekat Persaudaraan Maluku di Surabaya Gelar Perayaan Natal 2017|date=2018-01-16|website=Kabar Emansipasi News|language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/segara-media/ketika-orang-batak-di-jatim-kukuhkan-pengurus-pesaudaraan-rantau|title=Ketika Orang Batak di Jatim Kukuhkan Pengurus Pesaudaraan Rantau|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> A minority of Javanese worship at Greja Kristen Jawi Wetan, a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/dakwah-kristen-jawa-ala-coenrad-laurens-coolen-cBLs|title=Dakwah Kristen Jawa ala Coenrad Laurens Coolen|last=Firman|first=Tony|website=tirto.id|date=15 December 2017 |language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of the Birth of Our Lady, also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actasurya.com/arsitektur-kastil-ala-gereja-kepanjen/|title=Arsitektur Kastil ala Gereja Kepanjen – actasurya.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Graha Bethany Nginden, is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia.<ref name="goodnewsfromindonesia.id">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2021/12/27/inilah-5-gereja-dengan-kapasitas-jemaat-terbesar-di-indonesia/|title=5 Gereja dengan Kapasitas Jemaat Terbanyak di Indonesia – goodnewsfromindonesia.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.<ref name="orthodox.or.id">{{cite web | title=Yayasan Orthodox Center Surabaya | website=orthodox.or.id | date=2010-04-18 | url=http://www.orthodox.or.id/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418155902/http://www.orthodox.or.id/ | archive-date=2010-04-18 | url-status=dead | language=id | access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>

Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Janggala and Majapahit era, Hinduism played a major role in traditional Surabayan culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.kumparan.com/potongan-nostalgia/kerajaan-janggala-bandar-perdagangan-terbesar-kedua-di-nusantara|title=Kerajaan Janggala, Bandar Perdagangan Terbesar Kedua di Nusantara|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> Small Hindu communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastjava.com/tourism/surabaya/ina/jagad-karana.html|title=Jagat Karana Adalah Tempat Ibadah Umat Hindu Di Kota Surabaya|website=www.eastjava.com|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42422076|title=Mengenal komunitas Yahudi di Indonesia|last=Lestari|first=Sri|date=2018-06-02|access-date=2019-03-06|language=id}}</ref> but it rarely obtained a ''minyan'' (quorum). The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified people while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.<ref name="timesofisrael.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/indonesias-last-synagogue-an-intended-heritage-site-destroyed/|title=Indonesia's last synagogue, an intended heritage site, destroyed|website=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> In the years before its demolition, it had been the site of many anti-Israel protests.<ref name="timesofisrael.com" /> A Jewish cemetery exists in the city.<ref name="bh.org.il">{{cite web|url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-indonesia/|title=The Jewish Community of Indonesia |work=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/misc_writings/jew_indonesia/latitudes.html|title=The Jews of Surabaya|last1=Champagne|first1=Jessica|last2=Aziz|first2=Teuku Cut Mahmud|date=2003|website=Latitudes Magazine}}</ref>

== Economy == Since the early 1900s, Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia.<ref name="world-guides.com"/> Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee.<ref name="auto"/> Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors. The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools.<ref name="surabaya.go.id"/> The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia.<ref name="Primadhyta"/><ref name="Indonesia"/>

[[File:Under construction of Tunjungan Plaza 5 and 6.jpg|thumb|220px|Tunjungan, main central business district of Surabaya]] As the provincial capital, Surabaya has numerous offices and business centers; as a metropolitan city, it became the center of economic, financial, and business activities in East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java, but also facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan, and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location in almost in the center of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the critical hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2018/05/31/surabaya-kota-ujung-tombak-poros-maritim-indonesia|title=Surabaya, Kota Ujung Tombak Poros Maritim Indonesia|last=Ramadhan|first=Bagus|website=Good News From Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> It is currently in the process of building high-rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels to attract foreign capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia. The city is also one of the most essential cities in supporting Indonesia's economy.

Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a fast-growing trading center. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as Sampoerna, Maspion, Wings Group, Unilever Indonesia, Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos Group, and PAL Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daftarperusahaan.com/area/surabaya|title=Daftar Perusahaan di Surabaya, Profil Perusahaan di Surabaya|website=www.daftarperusahaan.com|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qerja.com/journal/view/12218-catat-inilah-perusahaan-dan-startup-sukses-asal-surabaya-eu09/|title=Perusahaan dan Startup Asal Surabaya|date=2018-09-27|website=Qerja-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

=== Shopping === [[File:Pakuwon Trade Centre Ekspansi (30632349775).jpg|thumb|220px|Pakuwon Mall is the largest mall in Surabaya and also in Indonesia, followed by Tunjungan Plaza]] Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have a presence in modern shopping malls. There were about 100 hectares/one million square metres of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://properti.kompas.com/read/2016/07/13/193042621/luar.biasa.luas.seluruh.mal.di.surabaya.tembus.96.7.hektar|title=Luar Biasa, Luas Seluruh Mal di Surabaya Tembus 96,7 Hektar|newspaper=Kompas|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware.

Some important shopping malls of the city which are Ciputra World Surabaya, City of Tomorrow, Royal Plaza Surabaya, Pakuwon City Mall, Galaxy Mall, Grand City Mall,<ref name="grandcitymall">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grandcitysurabaya.com/index.php|title=Grand City Mall & Convex – Surabaya|last=W|first=Haryo JK, Aristian|website=www.grandcitysurabaya.com|access-date=2020-06-22}}</ref> Marvell City, Pakuwon Mall, and Tunjungan Plaza.

== Infrastructure == [[File:Jembatan Kenjeran pada malam hari di tahun 2018.jpg|thumb|220px|Kenjeran Bridge during night with dancing fountain]] Until 2009, the growth of road length in Surabaya was only about 0.01% per year. This is not comparable to the growth of motorized vehicles which reaches around 7–8% annually. Congestion that occurred in Surabaya was triggered by the growth of vehicles that were not proportional to the capacity of the road. To reduce congestion, the city government has built many new roads, including the construction of a frontage road on Ahmad Yani road which is divided into east and west sides of 4 km each. This slow lane is planned to penetrate to the Buduran area, Sidoarjo Regency. In addition, the municipal government has completed the construction of the Middle East Ring Road (MERR) or Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno Boulevard, which is a 10.98 km ring road between the Kenjeran area to Tambak Sumur that connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport; and the 780-meter Suroboyo Bridge that crosses the sea which is now a tourist icon in the Kenjeran Beach area. The city government has also intensified the construction of massive box culverts in Surabaya to reduce congestion while anticipating flooding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tri |first1=Rismaharini|date=1 March 2013 |title=PENGEMBANGAN INFRASTRUKTUR KOTA SURABAYA, ANTARA PROBLEM DAN SOLUSI|url=https://atpw.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/paper-keynote-risma-ok.pdf |journal=ATPW|volume= |issue=Departemen Teknik Infrastruktur Sipil Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember |pages= |doi= |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Suramadu 3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|220px|Suramadu Bridge, Indonesia's longest sea-bridge and connecting from Java to Madura Island]] The municipal government is also working on the construction of two new ring roads, namely the 17 km Outer East Ring Road (OERR) between the Kenjeran area to Gunung Anyar which also connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport and the West Outer Ring Road ( West Outer Ring Road (WORR) along 26.1 km between the Romokalisari area to Lakarsantri which connects the southern area of Surabaya with Teluk Lamong Harbor Terminal. In addition to building the ring road, the city government has completed the construction of an underpass on Jalan Mayjen Sungkono, and plans to build an underpass and flyover on Jalan Ahmad Yani. The problem of flooding is also a serious threat to city residents. To anticipate the occurrence of flooding, the city government has built many pump houses spread across several points in Surabaya, including Mulyorejo and Jemursari. In addition to pump houses, the city government has also built many parks that are used as sources of water absorption as well as areas for residents to interact, as well as carry out intensive cleaning and maintenance of major rivers in Surabaya. To accommodate the needs of pedestrians and tourists, the Surabaya city government has built bicycle lanes on many protocol roads in Surabaya, as well as pedestrian paths that are almost evenly distributed throughout the Surabaya area.

=== Highways === thumb|Birdview of Waru interchange at night The highways that are connected to Surabaya are the Surabaya-Gresik segment which connects Surabaya with Gresik and the northern part of East Java, Surabaya-Mojokerto which connects Surabaya with the western part of the province, Surabaya-Gempol which connects Surabaya with the southern part of the province, as well as Waru-Juanda Airport which connects Surabaya with Juanda International Airport. In 2018, President Joko Widodo inaugurated final segments of the Trans-Java Toll Road, fully connecting Jakarta and Surabaya with expressways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hari Ini, Jalan Tol Jakarta-Surabaya Akhirnya Tersambung |url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2018/12/20/151854115/hari-ini-jalan-tol-jakarta-surabaya-akhirnya-tersambung |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=KOMPAS |date=20 December 2018 |language=id}}</ref> The Surabaya-Gempol section is connected to the Gempol-Pandaan section. The Gempol-Pandaan section is connected to the Gempol-Pasuruan section which connects Surabaya with the ''Horseshoe'' ({{langx|id|Tapak Kuda}}) area in East Java and the Pandaan-Malang section which connects Surabaya with Malang, the second largest city in East Java.

The Suramadu Bridge (abbreviated of '''''Sura'''''baya-'''''Madu'''''ra) connects Surabaya and Madura Island over the Madura Strait. A {{convert|16|km}} highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport-City in Pernajuh village, Kocah district, Bangkalan, Madura at the cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.<ref name="The Jakarta Post">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/surabaya%E2%80%99s-hotel-business-boom-%E2%80%98likely-continue%E2%80%99.html |title=Surabaya's hotel business boom "likely to continue" |work=The Jakarta Post |access-date=2013-03-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530040439/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/surabaya%E2%80%99s-hotel-business-boom-%E2%80%98likely-continue%E2%80%99.html |archive-date=2013-05-30 }}</ref>

=== Transportation === thumb|220px|upright|The map Transport of Surabaya Transportation in Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local, regional, and international journeys. Air transport is located at Juanda International Airport, in Sedati, Sidoarjo. Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles, motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available. Recently Surabaya has been declared as one of the cities with the worst congestion in Indonesia, according to a survey<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inrix.com/scorecard-city/?city=Surabaya&index=41|title=Surabaya's Score Card Report|date=2022|website=INRIX|access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref> Surabaya is also a transit city between Jakarta and Bali for ground transportation. Another bus route is between Jakarta and the neighboring island of Madura.

[[File:Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg|thumb|Surabaya Commuter rail with Surabaya–Sidoarjo railway line (''KA Jenggala'')]] Surabaya has three major train stations, being Surabaya Kota (also known as Semut), Surabaya Pasar Turi, and Surabaya Gubeng. The ''Argo Bromo Anggrek'' operated by Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) connects Surabaya from Surabaya Pasar Turi Station to Gambir Station in Jakarta. Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lapispahlawan.co.id/index.php/article/detail/8-pilihan-terbaik-untuk-naik-kereta-rute-jakarta-surabaya|access-date=2023-06-02|title=8 Pilihan Terbaik untuk Naik Kereta Rute Jakarta Surabaya}}</ref> Surabaya commuter rail has 7 separate lines (as of 2023) that connect Surabaya with surrounding regencies. Their services, also operated by KAI Commuter, have extended into Lamongan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Pasuruan. Surabaya will become the final destination for a Whoosh High speed rail initiative which connects Jakarta to Surabaya. The Indonesian government currently have a cooperation contract with the investors, and will begin construction in soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20231031175019-17-485285/sah-kereta-cepat-jakarta-surabaya-digarap-china |title= Sah! Kereta Cepat Jakarta Surabaya Digarap China |website=CNBC Indonesia |date=31 October 2023 |author=Romys Binekasri }}</ref>

{{multiple image | perrow = 2 | footer = Various bus and minibus-based means of transport in Surabaya; from up to down: Suroboyo Bus, Trans Semanggi Suroboyo, Trans Jatim, and Wirawiri Suroboyo | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220| | image1 = Armada Suroboyo Bus di Park N Ride ARH.jpg | alt1 = Suroboyo Bus | image2 = 01 Unit Trans Semanggi Suroboyo nomor lambung TB-II-07 terpantau melintasi Halte Babatan menuju ITS pada 3 Februari 2022.jpg | alt2 = Trans Semanggi Suroboyo | image3 = Halte Terminal Purabaya (Trans Jatim).jpg | alt3 = Trans Jatim | image4 = Unit HiAce Feeder Wirawiri Suroboyo (Maret 2023).jpg | alt4 = Wirawiri Suroboyo (operated by Suroboyo Bus) }}

The main bus terminal is Purabaya Bus Terminal (located in Bungurasih, Waru, Sidoarjo), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surabayarek.com/jalur-bus-kota-di-surabaya-bus|title=Rute Bus Kota di Surabaya {{!}} Surabaya Bus|last=Andy Kristono|date=2012-06-20|website=Surabaya Rek!-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> In Surabaya it is served by city buses such Suroboyo Bus, Trans Semanggi Suroboyo, Trans Jatim, shuttle bus service (Wira Wiri Suroboyo), and Share taxis is called ''Angkot'' as a means of choice for residents of Surabaya and surrounding cities for their daily activities. Surabaya has a number of terminals in the city, including Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Bus Stop, Ujung Baru Bus Stop, and so on. These terminals are meeting points between city buses and other modes of transportation within the city. Since 7 April 2018, the Surabaya city government has launched a city bus system named Suroboyo Bus which serves important points throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ini 5 Terminal Bus yang Tersedia di Surabaya |url=https://www.liputan6.com/surabaya/read/4059459/ini-5-terminal-bus-yang-tersedia-di-surabaya |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=Liputan Enam |date=14 September 2019 |language=id}}</ref> The Suroboyo Bus payment system is unique because it uses plastic waste making Surabaya the second city in the world to implement this system in mass transportation after the Beijing subway in 2014. Suroboyo Bus has small stops scattered throughout the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Utilization of Plastic Bottle Waste as Payment for Public Buses in Surabaya, Indonesia|url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2024/04/plastic_bottle_waste_as_payment.pdf|website=UN Habitat|access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>

Surabaya's Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Naval Airbase, operated by the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served Surabaya for many years and currently has two terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and Garuda Indonesia's domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=2023-08-14 |title=Apa Perbedaan Bandara Juanda Terminal 1 dan 2? Penumpang Wajib Tahu |url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2023/08/14/174000627/apa-perbedaan-bandara-juanda-terminal-1-dan-2-penumpang-wajib-tahu |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref>

Port of Tanjung Perak is the main trading port of Surabaya and East Java as a whole. It is one of the busiest ports in the country. It is the second-largest port of trade, container and passenger traffic in Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. Because of its strategic position and the existence of surrounding advantageous hinterlands, the port constitutes the center of inter island shipping for Eastern Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pelindo.co.id/en/profil-perusahaan/cabang-anak-perusahaan/cabang-perusahaan/q/tanjung-perak|title=Tanjung Perak|access-date=2017-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231754/https://www.pelindo.co.id/en/profil-perusahaan/cabang-anak-perusahaan/cabang-perusahaan/q/tanjung-perak|archive-date=2018-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Culture == [[File:Gedung Ludruk Irama Budaya oleh HS Sumiyani 2.jpg|thumb|Ludruk is a native Surabaya-genre play (theatre)]] [[File:Surabaya Chinatown.jpg|thumb|Kya Kya Surabaya (''Kembang Jepun'') is part of Surabaya’s Chinatown, it has chinese cuisine, barongsai attractions, and chinese heritage buildings.]] Javanese culture in Surabaya has distinctive characteristics compared to other regions, uniquely characterized as more egalitarian and open. Surabaya is known to have several distinctive arts, namely: * Ludruk, a cultural drama performance art that tells daily routine of working-class people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historia.id/budaya/articles/celetuk-dagelan-ludruk-vqj41|title=Celetuk Dagelan Ludruk|website=Historia – Obrolan Perempuan Urban|date=22 May 2018 |language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> * Remo Dance, a traditional welcome dance is generally dedicated to special guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/melestarikan-tari-remo-menjaga-identitas-bangsa-/4028964.html|title=Melestarikan Tari Remo, Menjaga Identitas Bangsa|website=VOA Indonesia|date=15 September 2017 |language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> * ''Kidungan'', musical poetry that contains elements of humor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rri.co.id/surabaya/hiburan/527831/kidungan-jula-juli-suroboyoan|title=Kidungan Jula Juli Suroboyoan|website=Radio Republik Indonesia|date=23 January 2024 |language=id|access-date=2024-09-05}}</ref>

In addition to the art above, the call culture of ''arek'' or ''rek'' (a distinctive call from Surabaya) is also a unique characteristic. There are other distinctive calls as well, namely Cak for men and Ning for women. In an effort to preserve culture, Cak & Ning Surabaya is selected once a year, and the selected finalists are tourism ambassadors and icons of the young generation of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jawatimuran.net/2016/10/15/cak-dan-ning-sapaan-akrab-arek-suroboyo/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430015540/http://jawatimuran.net/2016/10/15/cak-dan-ning-sapaan-akrab-arek-suroboyo/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 April 2018|title=Cak dan Ning Sapaan Akrab Arek Suroboyo|date=2016-10-15|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

Cak Durasim Festival (FCD) is held annually, which is an art festival to preserve the culture of Surabaya and East Java in general. The Cak Durasim Festival is usually held at Cak Durasim Building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cakdurasim.com/sejarah|title=Sejarah – Cak Durasim|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201934/https://cakdurasim.com/sejarah|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is also the Surabaya Art Festival (FSS) which raises all kinds of art forms such as theatre, dance, music, literary seminars, painting exhibitions. Event organisers usually aside from art groups in Surabaya also come from outside the city. Also enlivened is the screening of movie screens and T-shirt exhibitions. The Surabaya Art Festival is held once a year in June and is usually held at the Youth Hall.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In addition to Javanese culture, there has also been a mixture of various cultures such as from Madura, the Arab world, India, the Malay world, China and Europe. The Surabaya Cross Culture is an annual art and culture festival that show various cultures outside Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kelanakota.suarasurabaya.net/news/2018/206546-Surabaya-Cross-Culture-2018-Akan-Pamerkan-Lintas-Budaya-dari-10-Negara|title=Surabaya Cross Culture 2018 Akan Pamerkan Lintas Budaya dari 10 Negara|last=Suara Surabaya|first=(E100)|website=suarasurabaya.net|language=ID|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201243/http://kelanakota.suarasurabaya.net/news/2018/206546-Surabaya-Cross-Culture-2018-Akan-Pamerkan-Lintas-Budaya-dari-10-Negara|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cuisine === {{See also|Javanese cuisine}} {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | footer = Various Surabayan culinary items, from top left to right: Rujak Cingur, Rawon rice, Soto Lamongan and Bebek Madura | align = right | width = 170 | image1 = Rujak Cingur (cropped).jpg | alt1 = Rujak Cingur | link1 = | image2 = Rawon Bu Rima Leces (cropped).jpg | alt2 = Nasi Rawon | link2 = | image3 = Soto Lamongan.jpg | alt3 = Soto Lamongan | link3 = | image4 = Nasi Jagung dan Bebek Songkem Sampang Madura.jpg | alt4 = Bebek Madura | link4 = }}

As a metropolitan city, all types of Indonesian cuisine and other international cuisines have a presence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/indonesia/articles/surabaya-s-top-10-restaurants-eating-out-in-indonesia-s-second-city/|title=The 10 Best Restaurants in Surabaya|last=Putri|first=Edira|website=Culture Trip|date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> However, as the capital of East Java, cuisines from the rest of the province dominate the culinary culture of the city. East Javanese cuisine includes a variety of processed fruits, crispy tempeh, Bakpao telo, Bakso Malang, Rawon, tahu campur lamongan, Cwie noodles, tahu takwa, tahu pong, getuk pisang, pecel madiun, wingko, tape, nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, bonggolan, shrimp crackers, shrimp paste or petis, Tempeh Chips, tahu tepo, Nasi lethok, sego tempong, salad soup, pecel rawon, Suwar-suwir, tape proll, gaplek, lodho, goat satay, and pecel tulungagung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tasty-indonesian-food.com/indopedia/culinary-trip-in-indonesia/surabaya-culinary-trip/|title=Tasty Indonesian Food – Surabaya Culinary Trip|website=Tasty Indonesian Food-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

Surabaya is famous for Rawon, Rujak cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clams satay, mussels, and rice cake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trip101.com/article/5-lip-smacking-local-foods-you-must-try-in-surabaya|title=5 Lip-Smacking Local Foods You Must Try in Surabaya|website=Trip101|date=7 March 2016|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> * ''Rujak cingur'':<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tania |first=Vania |title=Djakabaia: Djalan-djalan dan Makan-makan| publisher = Gramedia Pustaka Utama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c33bzkrQ3vEC |isbn=978-979-223923-2|year=2008 }}</ref> a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (''cingur''), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelised fermented shrimp paste (''petis''), peanuts, chili, and spices. It is usually served with ''lontong'', a boiled rice cake. ''Rujak cingur'' is considered traditional food of Surabaya. * ''Rawon'': a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous ''sambal''. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (''Pangium edule'') nuts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://surabayatravel.com/indonesian-cuisine-rawon.html|title=Indonesian Cuisine: Rawon|date=2015-10-29|website=Surabaya Travel Guide-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> * ''Lontong kupang'': ''lontong'' with small cockles in ''petis'' sauce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/lontong-kupang-lontong-dengan-siraman-kerang-kecil-khas-surabaya|title=Lontong Kupang, Lontong dengan Siraman Kerang Kecil Khas Surabaya – Situs Budaya Indonesia|last=Kaya|first=Indonesia|website=IndonesiaKaya|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> * ''Semanggi'': a salad made of boiled ''semanggi'' (''Marsilea crenata'') leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce. It is usually eaten with rice crackers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alinea.id/gaya-hidup/mencicipi-semanggi-makanan-tradisional-khas-surabaya-b1U2C9cMm|title=Mencicipi Semanggi, makanan tradisional khas Surabaya|last=www.alinea.id|website=alinea.id|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

=== Sports === [[File:GBT May 2018.jpg|thumb|220px|Ultras choreography of Persebaya]] Surabaya is a barometer and center of association football development in Indonesia. The city has many association football clubs founded in Surabaya, but Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium is the home of Persebaya Surabaya. The first club was founded by the youth of ''Hoogere Burger School'' (HBS) John Edgar with the Victoria club in 1895.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arifin|first=As'ad Syamsul|date=2012-01-10|title=PERKEMBANGAN KLUB SEPAK BOLA SURABAYA 1900–1942|url=http://karya-ilmiah.um.ac.id/index.php/sejarah/article/view/21212|journal=SKRIPSI Jurusan Sejarah – Fakultas Ilmu Sosial UM|language=id}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fandom.id/artikel/feature/kultur/kota-sepak-bola-itu-bernama-surabaya/|title=Kota Sepak Bola Itu Bernama Surabaya|last=Chusnuddin|first=Ahmad Arif|date=2016-08-02|website=Fandom Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> Others included Scoren Is Ons Doel (SIOD), Sparta, Rapiditas and Thot Heil Onzer Ribben (THOR). These are the pioneers of association football in Surabaya. The clubs then took management under Oost Java Voetbalbond (OJVB) in 1907. Two years later, the OJVB changed to ''Soerabajasche Voetbalbond'' (SVB). Starting in 1914, SVB was based on the Nederlandsch Indische Voetbalbond (NIVB), created by Dutch football federation (KNVB). The Surabaya Chinese and native people also founded their association football clubs by ethnicity. Oei Kwie Liem founded Hoa Soerabaja in 1914, while the Bumiputera through R Pamoedji and Paidjo founded the ''Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond'' (SIVB) on 18 June 1927 (now Persebaya), which three years later co-founded the PSSI.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WakCSQAACAAJ|title=Tionghoa Surabaya dalam sepak bola, 1915–1942|last=Aji|first=Rojil Nugroho Bayu|date=2010|publisher=Ombak|isbn=9786028335294|language=id}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 1950, the working-class people and office men founded ''Soerabajasche Kantoor Voetbalbond'' (SKVB).<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Jemmy Husny Mubarak|title=PERKEMBANGAN SIVB MENUJU KLUB PERSEBAYA TAHUN 1927–1978|date=2007|degree=skripsi|publisher=UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA|url=https://lib.unair.ac.id/|language=id}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://historia.id/olahraga/articles/surabaya-dan-sepakbolanya-Pzj2E|title=Surabaya dan Sepakbolanya|website=Historia – Obrolan Perempuan Urban|date=29 September 2018|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> The association football sector in Indonesia and specifically Surabaya became more developed, and the football association of Indonesia founded a semi-professional competition in 1979, which was named the Main Football League (Galatama). A new team emerged from Surabaya, NIAC Partners and the Salim Group Association. Besides Galatama, PSSI also formed a women's soccer competition called the Women's Football League (Galanita). Surabaya also has a women's soccer team, which was founded in 1977 and named Puteri Puspita. Clubs from Surabaya have also gained attention from the rest of the world. Persebaya has competed against European teams including Lokomotiv Moscow, Sturm Graz, Grasshoppers, Salzburg, Stade de Reims, Ajax Amsterdam, PSV Eindhoven, AC Milan, and lastly, Queens Park Rangers (QPR). Aside from European teams, there are several national teams outside the country competing against Persebaya, including Yugoslavia Olympics, Malaysia, Mozambique, Uruguay, Thailand, South Korea, and the Japanese national team.<ref name=":1" />

NIAC Mitra also competed against Arsenal and won the Aga Khan Gold Cup competition in 1979 in Bangladesh. The achievements of NIAC Mitra in the Galatama competition included three championships in 1980–1982, 1982–1983, and 1987–1988, and finishing as runners-up in 1988–89. However, NIAC Partners officially dissolved and withdrew from the Galatama competition held by PSSI in 1990 because they considered the policies issued by PSSI irrelevant. After being disbanded, the demands of the Surabaya community to revive the NIAC Partners were channelled when the Jawa Pos party weighed in and changed the name of the NIAC Partner to the Surabaya Partner.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saksono|first1=Devana Bramantya|last2=Santoso|first2=Edy Budi|date=2015-06-01|title=Niac Mitra Surabaya: Potret Pasang Surut Kesebelasan Sepak Bola Tahun 1979–1990|url=https://journal.unair.ac.id/VERLEDEN@niac-mitra-surabaya:-potret-pasang-surut-kesebelasan-sepak-bola-tahun-1979-1990-article-11006-media-47-category-8.html|journal=Verleden}}</ref> When the Union competition was merged with Galatama in 1994, the new Persebaya was able to win in 1997 and 2004. Persebaya was listed as the first team capable of winning the Indonesian League twice. Mitra Surabaya was only able to exist until the 1998–1999 season and it was re-established again in another city, Tenggarong and has not used the name of Surabaya again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/niac-mitra-klub-surabaya-penakluk-arsenal-cH9J|title=NIAC Mitra, Klub Surabaya Penakluk Arsenal|last=Teguh|first=Irfan|website=tirto.id|date=28 April 2018 |language=id|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref>

[[File:Gelora Bung Tomo 13Nov23.jpg|thumb|220px|Inside Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium in 2023]] Recently, only Persebaya has stable fans and achievements. Persebaya has won the Indonesian Premier Division three times–twice when the division was the first tier and once as the second tier. Fans refer to themselves as Bonek, an abbreviation for ''Bondo Nekat'' (which translates as "equipped by bravery"). The city is the home of CLS Knights Indonesia, a basketball club which participated in IBL (Indonesia basketball league) & Asean Basketball League.

Surabaya has a multi-purpose stadium, Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium. The stadium is used mostly for football matches. It is the new home stadium of Persebaya, replacing Gelora 10 November Stadium.<ref name="opening">{{cite web | last=Siberkom | first=Agranet Multicitra | title=Gelora Bung Tomo Diresmikan, Lalu Lintas Macet | website=us.surabaya.detik.com | date=2010-08-06 | url=http://us.surabaya.detik.com/read/2010/08/06/190519/1415316/466/gelora-bung-tomo-diresmikan-lalu-lintas-macet | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822181116/http://us.surabaya.detik.com/read/2010/08/06/190519/1415316/466/gelora-bung-tomo-diresmikan-lalu-lintas-macet | archive-date=2010-08-22 | url-status=dead | language=id | access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against then–English Premier League club Queens Park Rangers, held on 23 July 2012.

Another prevalent sport is badminton. There are numerous schools and clubs in the city that train students of various ages to reach the next level of the Badminton League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beritagar.id/data/bulutangkis/artikel/sejarah/geliat-klub-bulu-tangkis-di-nusantara-1|title=Geliat klub bulu tangkis di Nusantara (1)|website=beritagar.id|language=id|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> Many children start out their career from Surabaya and have made it to the national and sometimes international level.

=== Media ===

One of the largest circulating national newspapers in Indonesia, ''Jawa Pos'', is headquartered in Surabaya; alongside its media conglomerate Jawa Pos Group. Major newspapers include ''Surabaya Pagi'' and ''Surya''.

Surabaya is served by many radio and television networks. Radio networks affiliates include the public RRI Surabaya, Gen FM Surabaya 103.1 and Prambors FM Surabaya 89.3; as well as local stations Suara Surabaya 100.0, EBS FM and Radio Merdeka 106.7. Local television stations include JTV (both are regional stations serving East Java, which are based in the city), Jawa Pos TV, Surabaya TV and Nahdlatul Ulama-affiliated TV9.

== Education == [[File:Universitas Airlangga.jpg|thumb|Airlangga University (UNAIR) rectorate building]] [[File:ITS_Robotics_Center.jpg|thumb|ITS Robotics Center at Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS)]] [[File:Gedung Pascasarjana Unesa.jpg|thumb|Postgraduate building of State University of Surabaya (UNESA)]] One of the most well-liked educational locations in Indonesia is Surabaya, which is home to about 40 higher education institutions. In addition to various state-funded and -managed Junior High Schools (SMP Negeri), State High Schools (SMA Negeri), and State Vocational Schools (SMK), there are hundreds of public and private schools in the city. The city is home to at least seventeen universities, six of which are owned by the state, and sixty-four professional schools. These universities provide everything from natural, technology, and social sciences to tourism instruction.

Major universities and institutes can be found in Surabaya. Public universities in the city includes Universitas Airlangga (UNAIR), Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unair.ac.id/site/menu/show/92/history.html|title=History of Airlangga University|website=www.unair.ac.id|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (PENS) and Surabaya Shipbuilding State Polytechnic (PPNS) and State University of Surabaya (UNESA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selayang Pandang tentang UNESA |url=http://www.unesa.ac.id/page/tentang-unesa/selayang-pandang |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=www.unesa.ac.id |language=id}}</ref>

Several religious institutions are also located in Surabaya, including Petra Christian University, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, and Widya Mandala Catholic University. Private institutions in the city include University of Surabaya, Wijaya Putra University, Bhayangkara University, Ciputra University and Hang Tuah University. Surabaya also houses Western Sydney University's Indonesia Campus.

Additionally, there are several international schools here, which is Surabaya Intercultural School, Surabaya Japanese School (スラバヤ日本人学校), Surabaya Taipei International School (印尼泗水臺灣學校) , Surabaya European School, Merlion School, Ciputra School, and Spins Interactional School.

== International relations == Surabaya has cooperation between cities throughout the world as well as several state representative offices here, such as the General Consulates and Consulates, considering that this city is ranked second in terms of population and economy. And some of this list are overseas representative offices and city twin towns such are:

=== Diplomatic Missions === ==== General Consulates ==== [[File:Consulate-General of Japan in Surabaya, photo by Calla Clarissa (2018-04-26).jpg|thumb|right|230px|Consulate-General of Japan in Surabaya]]

* Australian Consulate-General, Surabaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://surabaya.consulate.gov.au/sbya/home.html|title=Australian Consulate-General in Surabaya|last=Australia|first=Department of Foreign Affairs|date=2019-02-23|website=surabaya.consulate.gov.au-AU|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Chinese Consulate-General, Surabaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://surabaya.china-consulate.org/eng/|title=Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Surabaya|website=surabaya.china-consulate.org|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat" /> * Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surabaya.id.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_id/konsulat.html|title=Mengenai kami : Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Surabaya|website=www.surabaya.id.emb-japan.go.jp|language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surabaya.id.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/consulate.html|title=総領事館について : 在スラバヤ日本国総領事館|website=www.surabaya.id.emb-japan.go.jp|language=JA|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Consulate General of the United States, Surabaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/surabaya/|title=U.S. Consulate General Surabaya|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Indonesia-US|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat" />

==== Consulates ==== * Austria<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/austrian-embassy-jakarta/about-us/|title=About Us – Honorary Consulates in Surabaya|last=Bundesministerium für Europa, Integration und Äußeres|website=www.bmeia.gv.at|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> * Belarus<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesia.mfa.gov.by/en/honorary_consul/|title=Contact details of the Honorary Consul of the Republic of Belarus in Surabaya (consular district – East Java)|website=indonesia.mfa.gov.by|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-3072563/republik-belarus-buka-kantor-konsul-kehormatan-di-surabaya|title=Republik Belarus Buka Kantor Konsul Kehormatan di Surabaya|first=Rois|last=Jajeli|website=detiknews}}</ref> * Belgium<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesia.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-consulates/honorary-consulates|title=Belgian Honorary Consulates|last=Kingdom of Belgium|date=2014-12-05|website=Belgium in Indonesia|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Czech Republic<ref name="konsulat" /> * Denmark<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indonesien.um.dk/en/about-us/contact/|title=Surabaya, Østjava, Consulate|last=Indonesia|first=Denmark in|website=Denmark in Indonesia|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat" /> * East Timor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=142&lang=en#id|title=Honorary Consulate – Surabaya|last=Timor-Leste Embassies and Consulates|website=timor-leste.gov.tl|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> * Finland * France<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.ambafrance.org/Alamat-dan-Kontak|title=Jaringan kerjasama Perancis di Indonesia|website=Ambassade de France en Indonésie, à Timor-Est et auprès de l’ASEAN|language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.id/articles/read/7/2017/4223/Konsul-Kehormatan-Prancis-Hadir-di-Surabaya|title=Konsul Kehormatan Prancis Hadir di Surabaya|last=Indonesia|first=Harper's BAZAAR|date=2017-07-11|website=Harper's Bazaar Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat" /> * Germany<ref name="konsulat" /> * Hungary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.mfa.gov.hu/idn/page/altalanos-orszagismerteto-indonezia|title=Diplomáciai kapcsolatok szintje|website=jakarta.mfa.gov.hu|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiayp.com/company/326990/Konsulat_Jenderal_India|title=Konsulat Jenderal India|website=IndonesiaYP|date=10 January 2018 |language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Mongolia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongolianconsulate.org/Pages/contact%20us.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928202147/http://mongolianconsulate.org/Pages/contact%20us.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2010|title=Consulate of Mongolia in Surabaya|last=Mongolian Consulate|website=mongolianconsulate.org}}</ref> * Netherlands<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.belandadananda.nl/negara-anda-dan-negeri-belanda/indonesia/tentang-kami/konsulat-surabaya|title=Konsulat Kerajaan Belanda di Surabaya – Indonesia – belandadananda.nl|last=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse|date=2012-11-01|website=www.belandadananda.nl|language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat" /> * New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.jawapos.com/baca/artikel/7486/selandia-baru-buka-konsul-kehormatan-di-surabaya|title=Selandia Baru Buka Konsul Kehormatan di Surabaya|website=Jawa Pos Online|language=id|access-date=2019-02-23|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817122805/http://www2.jawapos.com/baca/artikel/7486/selandia-baru-buka-konsul-kehormatan-di-surabaya|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Philippines * Poland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesia.trade.gov.pl/id/o_nas/120532,konsulat-kehormatan-republik-polandia-di-bandung-medan-surabaya-denpasar-dan-dili.html|title=Konsulat Kehormatan Republik Polandia di Bandung, Medan, Surabaya, Denpasar, dan Dili|last=JAKARTA|first=Migracja WPHI|website=Indonezja {{!}} Portal Promocji Eksportu|language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dzakarta.msz.gov.pl/in/berita_terkini/pertemuan_dengan_konsul_kehormatan_di_surabaya_|title=Pertemuan dengan Konsul Kehormatan di Surabaya|website=dzakarta.msz.gov.pl|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Russia<ref name="konsulat" /> * Slovakia<ref name="konsulat" /> * Sri Lanka<ref name="konsulat" /> * Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/indonesia/en/home/representations/embassy-jakarta/honorary-consulates/consulate-surabaya.html|title=Consulate of Switzerland in Surabaya|last=Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten|website=www.eda.admin.ch|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Sri Lanka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baligrouporganizer.com/sri-lanka-consulate-office/|title=Sri Lanka Honorary Consulate in Surabaya|website=-US|date=26 November 2015 |access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Sweden<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesiayp.com/company/326863/Konsulat_Jenderal_Swedia|title=Konsulat Jenderal Swedia|website=IndonesiaYP|date=23 November 2011 |language=id|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> * Thailand<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaiembassyjakarta.com/en/h-e-mr-songphol-sukchan-ambassador-of-thailand-to-indonesia-attended-the-dinner-with-consul-generals-and-honorary-consuls-of-foreign-countries-and-indonesian-businessmen-in-surabaya/|title=H.E. Mr. Songphol Sukchan, Ambassador of Thailand to Indonesia attended the dinner with Consul Generals and Honorary Consuls of foreign countries and Indonesian businessmen in Surabaya|date=2019-02-11|website=สถานเอกอัครราชทูต ณ กรุงจาการ์ตา-US|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat" /> * United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-ambassador-opens-new-visa-application-centre-in-surabaya|title=British Ambassador opens new Visa Application Centre in Surabaya|website=GOV.UK-GB|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref><ref name="konsulat">{{Cite web |url=https://surabaya.go.id/id/page/0/37275/daftar-perwakilan-negara-asing |title=Daftar Perwakilan Negara Asing|website=surabaya.go.id|publisher=Pemerintah Kota Surabaya|language=id|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

==== Other diplomatic offices ==== * Taiwan (Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/idsub_en/|title=首頁 – Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya 駐印尼泗水辦事處|website=www.roc-taiwan.org|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities=== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia}} Surabaya is twinned with: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Seattle, United States (1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=Seattle's Sister Cities|url=https://www.seattle.gov/oir/sister-cities/seattles-sister-cities|website=seattle.gov|publisher=City of Seattle|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Busan, South Korea (1994)<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Sister Cities|url=https://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities|website=busan.go.kr|publisher=Busan Metropolitan City|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Kōchi, Japan (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.city.kochi.kochi.jp/soshiki/7/english-vis-003-03.html|website=city.kochi.kochi.jp|publisher=Kōchi|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Monterrey, Mexico (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Nuevo León|url=https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/159-nuevo-leon|website=sre.gob.mx|publisher=Secretaría de relaciones exteriores|language=es|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Guangzhou, China (2005)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_253291.htm|website=eguangzhou.gov.cn|publisher=Guangzhou|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Xiamen, China (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.xmenglish.cn/en/aboutxm/sistercities/index_1.htm|website=xmenglish.cn|publisher=Xiamen|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Varna, Bulgaria (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Сурабая – Република Индонезия|url=https://live.varna.bg/bg/Varna-worldwide/pobratimeni-gradove/preview/103.html|website=live.varna.bg|publisher=Varna|language=bg|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Liverpool, England (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vice-mayor-of-liverpool-gary-millar-visit-to-surabaya|title=Vice Mayor of Liverpool Gary Miller visits Surabaya|work=GOV.UK|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref> * New Delhi, India (2021){{citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Shah Alam, Malaysia<ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Alam signs pact with South Korean city of Hanam|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/03/second-sister-city-shah-alam-signs-pact-with-south-korean-city-of-hanam/|website=thestar.com.my|publisher=The Star|date=2013-12-03|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Kaoshiung, Taiwan<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaohsiung's 25 Sister Cities|url=https://mykaohsiung.com/2019/05/30/how-many-of-kaohsiungs-25-sister-cities-have-you-been-to/|website=mykaohsiung.com|publisher=My Kaohsiung|date=2019-05-30|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> * Alexandria, Egypt{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Johor Bahru, Malaysia{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} * Kuala Belait, Brunei{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} {{div col end}}

Surabaya also has a friendship agreement with:

* Fremantle, Australia (1996)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fremantle fast facts |url=https://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/council/about-city-fremantle/fremantle-fast-facts |website=City of Fremantle |access-date=25 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people == {{Main category|People from Surabaya}}

== See also == {{Portal|Indonesia}} * Colonial architecture of Surabaya * List of tallest buildings in Surabaya * Surabaya metropolitan area

== Notes == {{notelist}}

== References == === Citations === {{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8NsvGQAACAAJ |title=Surabaya Punya Cerita: Vol. 1, Volume 1 |last=Adi|first=Dhahana|publisher=Indie Book Corner|year=2014|isbn=9786023090242|location=Yogyakarta|language=id}} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=erLkoAEACAAJ |title=Mengeja keseharian: Sejarah kehidupan masyarakat kota Surabaya|last=Airlangga University|first=Department of History|publisher=Departemen Ilmu Sejarah UNAIR|year=2013|isbn=9789791854115|location=Surabaya|language=id}} * {{cite thesis |author=Akhmad Saiful Ali |year = 1994 |title=Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17 |publisher=Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel|url=http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/11596/|location=Surabaya|language=id}} * {{cite book|url=https://www.otoresing.com/665/modifikasi-dan-spesifikasi-nissan-x-trail/|title=Merebut Ruang Kota: Berita Seputar Automotive|last=Basundoro|first=Purnawan|publisher=CV Marjin Kiri|year=2013|isbn=9789791260220|location=South Tangerang|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15NuAAAAMAAJ|title=Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000|last=Dick|first=Howard W.|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-89680-221-6|location=Athens, Ohio}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygPbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Workers, Unions and Politics: Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s|last=Ingleson|first=John|publisher=Brill Publishers|year=2014|isbn=9789004264762|location=Boston|pages=12|issn=2213-0527}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|publisher=Continental Sales, Incorporated|year=2006|isbn=978-98-141-5567-0|pages=246}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-bsAAAAMAAJ|title=Ekonomi Surabaya pada masa kolonial, 1830–1930|last=Nasution|publisher=Pustaka Intelektual|year=2006|isbn=9789792506808|language=id}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6udEvgAACAAJ|title=Revolution in the City of Heroes: A Memoir of the Battle That Sparked Indonesia's National Revolution|last=Padmodiwiryo|first=Suhario|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2016|isbn=978-1-5252-3028-8}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajc6DQAAQBAJ|title=Surabaya 1945: Sakral Tanahku|last=Palmos|first=Frank|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|year=2016|isbn=9789794616383}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA9blAEACAAJ|title=Surabaya, 1945–2010: Neighbourhood, State and Economy in Indonesia's City of Struggle|last=Peters|first=Robbie|publisher=Asian Studies Association of Australia|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8248-3864-5|location=Canberra}} * {{cite book |last=Pigeaud|first=Theodore Gauthier Thomas|author-link=Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud|title=Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H. J. de Graaf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVJCAAAQBAJ|date=1976|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|location=The Hague|isbn=978-90-247-1876-4}} * {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cH_vCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |title=Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History |edition = 3rd |last=Pigeaud |first=Theodore Gauthier Thomas |publisher=Springer Science Business Media|year=1962 |isbn=978-94-0177095-8|location=Leiden |page = 243 }} * {{cite book|author-link=M. C. Ricklefs|last=Ricklefs|first=M.C.|title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AAdBQAAQBAJ|date=2008-09-11|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-05201-8|pages=46–48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}}

==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite report |last=Fleming |first=Tom |date=10 June 2021 |title=Indonesia: Surabaya |url=https://www.britishcouncil.id/sites/default/files/d3_cultural_cities_indonesia_surabaya_.pdf |series=Cultural Cities Profile East Asia |location=Jakarta |publisher=British Council Indonesia |docket= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716073725/https://www.britishcouncil.id/sites/default/files/d3_cultural_cities_indonesia_surabaya_.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025}} {{refend}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Surabaya}} * {{wikivoyage inline|Surabaya}} * {{cite web|title=Official Site|website=Pemerintah Kota Surabaya|url=https://surabaya.go.id/|language=id}} * {{cite web | title=Surabaya News | website=kotacom.id | date=2015-12-09 | url=https://www.kotacom.id/pembuatan-website | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209133814/https://kotacom.id/ | archive-date=2015-12-09 | url-status=live | language=id}} * {{cite Collier's|wstitle=Surabaya|short=x}} * {{cite NIE|wstitle=Surabaya (city)|display=Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java|short=x}} {{Clear}}

{{Geographic location | Center =Surabaya | North = ''Madura Island'' | Northeast = ''Madura Island'' | East = ''Madura Strait'' | Southeast = ''Madura Strait'' | South = ''Sidoarjo'', Sidoarjo Regency | Southwest = ''Driyorejo'', Gresik Regency | West = ''Menganti'', Gresik Regency | Northwest = ''Gresik'', Gresik Regency }}

{{Districts of Surabaya}} {{East Java}} {{Navboxes | title = Articles related to Surabaya | list = {{Provincial capitals in Indonesia}} {{Most populous cities in Indonesia}} {{Megacities}} }}

Category:Surabaya Category:Populated places in East Java Category:Populated coastal places in Indonesia Category:Provincial capitals in Indonesia Category:Populated places established in the 13th century Category:Brantas basin Category:Megacities