{{Short description|Peranakan Chinese magnate, government official and landlord}} {{family name hatnote|Han (Chinese surname)|lang=Chinese}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Majoor Han Chan Piet | image = | caption = | birth_date = 1759 | birth_place = Surabaya, East Java | death_date = 1827 | death_place = Surabaya, East Java | office = Kapitein der Chinezen of Surabaya | term_start = 1778 | term_end = 1810 | predecessor = Kapitein Han Bwee Kong | successor = unknown | constituency = | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | constituency2 = | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | constituency3 = | party = | occupation = Majoor der Chinezen, landlord | majority = | relations = Han Siong Kong (grandfather)<br/> Han Kik Ko, ''Majoor der Chinezen'' (brother)<br/> ''Ngabehi'' Soero Pernollo (uncle)<br/> ''Adipati'' Soero Adinegoro (cousin) | father = Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen | spouse = | children = Han Kok Tie, ''Luitenant der Chinezen''<br/> Han Kok Ping, ''Kapitein der Chinezen'' | website = | footnotes = }}
'''Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen''' (1759 – 1827), also spelt '''Han Tjan Piet''' or '''Han Tian Pit''', was a Peranakan Chinese magnate, government official and landlord in East Java.<ref name="Salmon (1991)">{{cite journal|last1=Salmon|first1=Claudine|title=The Han Family of East Java. Entrepreneurship and Politics (18th-19th Centuries)|journal=Archipel|date=1991|volume=41|issue=1|pages=53–87|doi=10.3406/arch.1991.2711|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1991_num_41_1_2711|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Salmon (1997)">{{cite journal|last1=Salmon|first1=Claudine|title=La communauté chinoise de Surabaya. Essai d'histoire, des origines à la crise de 1930|journal=Archipel|date=1997|volume=53|issue=1|pages=121–206|doi=10.3406/arch.1997.3396|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1997_num_53_1_3396}}</ref><ref name="Han (2001)">{{cite journal|last1=Han|first1=Bing SIong|title=A Short Note on a Few Uncertain Links in the Han Lineage|journal=Archipel|date=2001|volume=62|issue=1|pages=43–52|doi=10.3406/arch.2001.3660|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2001_num_62_1_3660|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Kwee (2006)">{{cite book|last1=Kwee|first1=Hui Kian|title=The Political Economy of Java's Northeast Coast, C. 1740-1800: Elite Synergy|date=2006|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004150900|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CuxAAAAIAAJ&q=%22han+chan+piet%22|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Margana (2007)">{{cite book|last1=Margana|first1=Sri|title=Java's last frontier : the struggle for hegemony of Blambangan, c. 1763-1813|date=2007|publisher=TANAP|location=Leiden|pages=210–236|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/12547|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Setyautama (2008)">{{cite book|last1=Setyautama|first1=Sam|title=Tokoh-tokoh etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia|date=2008|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|location=Jakarta|isbn=978-9799101259|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEGrOWWEvswC&q=%22han+tjan+piet%22|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hannigan (2012)">{{cite book|last1=Hannigan|first1=Tim|title=Raffles and the British Invasion of Java|date=2012|publisher=Monsoon Books|location=Singapore|isbn=978-9814358866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqJAAAAQBAJ&q=%22han+chan+piet%22|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Dobbin (2013)">{{cite book|last1=Dobbin|first1=Christine|title=Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities: Conjoint Communities in the Making of the World Economy, 1570-1940|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1136786938|pages=57–58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUEYAgAAQBAJ&q=%22han+chan+piet%22|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> He is best remembered for having bought the districts of Besuki and Panarukan in 1810 from the colonial government.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /><ref name="Dobbin (2013)" />
==Family background== Han Chan Piet ''Sia'' was born in 1759 in Surabaya, the third of twelve sons, to Han Bwee Kong (1727 – 1778), and was as such a grandson of the Chinese-born migrant Han Siong Kong (1672 – 1743), founder of the powerful Han family of Lasem.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /> His father, Han Bwee Kong, held the civil government position of ''Kapitein der Chinezen'', which gave him legal and political authority over the Chinese community of Surabaya as part of the Dutch colonial policy of ''Indirect Rule''.<ref name="Blussé & Chen (2003)">{{cite book|last1=Blussé|first1=Leonard|last2=Chen|first2=Menghong|title=The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia|date=2003|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004131574|pages=1–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTnrUMIpwIYC&q=%22kapitan+cina%22|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> The Kapitein was also ''Pachter'', or leaseholder, of the districts of Besuki (from 1768) and Panarukan (from 1777).<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /> As the son of a Chinese officer, Han Chan Piet bore the hereditary title 'Sia'.<ref name="Blussé & Chen (2003)" />
Other prominent members of his family include his younger brother, Han Kik Ko, Majoor der Chinezen (1766 – 1813); his uncle, the Muslim convert and Javanese magnate Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720 – 1776); and his cousins, the Javanese noblemen and bureaucrats Adipati Soero Adinegoro (1752 – 1833) and Raden Soero Adiwikromo.<ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Zhuang (2001)">{{cite book|last1=Zhuang|first1=Wubin|title=Chinese Muslims in Indonesia|date=2001|publisher=Select Publishing|location=Singapore|isbn=981402273X|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIrSYgEACAAJ&q=soero+pernollo|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> His family played an important role in the consolidation of Dutch rule, as well as the subsequent administration and economic development, of East Java.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Dobbin (2013)" />
==Colonial career==
left|thumb|Country House of Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen
Han Chan Piet was first appointed to the colonial bureaucracy when he was made his father's deputy in Surabaya, at an unknown date, with the title of ''Luitenant der Chinezen''.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /> The Lieutenant succeeded his father on the latter's death in 1778 as both Kapitein der Chinezen of Surabaya and Pachter of the districts of Besuki and Panarukan.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /> In 1796, the Dutch East India Company further granted the Kapitein exclusive rights to the two districts for life.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" />
During the French and British Interregnum (1806 – 1815), Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, decided to fill up state coffers by selling government land, including in 1810 the districts of Besuki and Panarukan.<ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /><ref name="Dobbin (2013)" /> Kapitein Han Chan Piet bought both districts outright for 400,000 Spanish dollars, and was subsequently promoted by Daendels to the dignity of ''Majoor der Chinezen''.<ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /><ref name="Dobbin (2013)" />
The new Majoor resigned his Chinese Captaincy of Surabaya in 1810, and took up residence in his districts as landlord.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /> The traditional Javanese bureaucracy of the districts was maintained, but had to answer to their landlord.<ref name="Margana (2007)" /> From 1794 until 1813, Raden Panderman, son of the Majoor's cousin Adipati Soero Adinegoro, headed the Javanese bureaucracy of Besuki, first as ''Ronggo'', then from 1804 as ''Tumanggung''.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Zhuang (2001)" /> French and British travellers during the Interregnum remarked upon the agricultural and economic development of the region under the Majoor's rule, but criticised his creation of a state within a state.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /><ref name="Dobbin (2013)" /> At the same time, Majoor Han Chan Piet encountered difficulties raising enough funds to fulfil his financial obligations towards the colonial government.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /><ref name="Dobbin (2013)" />
In 1813, his younger brother, Han Kik Ko, Majoor der Chinezen, who had purchased the district of Probolinggo and had ruled in an apparently despotic manner, was killed in a local revolt — dubbed ''Kepruk Cina'' ('Attack on the Chinese').<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /> The British government under Sir Stamford Raffles, which had misgivings about Daendels' sale of government land, responded by repurchasing Probolinggo from the dead Majoor's heirs.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Hannigan (2012)" /> Beset by financial difficulties, Majoor Han Chan Piet took this opportunity to sell back the districts of Besuki and Panarukan as well.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" />
==Aftermath== Following the resale of Besuki and Panarukan, Majoor Han Chan Piet returned to the Residency of Surabaya, where he owned and leased a substantial amount of land, including some thirty markets and the country estate of Semimi.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /> He further acquired the estates of Manukan and Petunjungan outside Surabaya.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /> On the Majoor's death in 1827, his sons succeeded their father as Kapitein and Lieutenant der Chinezen of Surabaya, and inherited his estates.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Salmon (1997)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Setyautama (2008)" />
The family link with Besuki and Panarukan was maintained by the Muslim branch of the Han family of Lasem, descended from the Majoor's Javanese cousins, Adipati Soero Adinegoro and Raden Soero Adiwikromo.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Zhuang (2001)" /> Their descendants retained government positions in the Eastern Salient of Java, particularly in their stronghold of Besuki.<ref name="Salmon (1991)" /><ref name="Han (2001)" /><ref name="Margana (2007)" /><ref name="Zhuang (2001)" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=Majoor Han Bwee Kong}} {{s-ttl|title=Majoor der Chinezen of Surabaya|years=early 1778–1827}} {{s-vac|unknown}} {{s-end}}
Category:1759 births Category:1827 deaths Category:Kapitan Cina Category:Cabang Atas Category:People from Surabaya Category:Businesspeople from the Dutch East Indies Category:Indonesian people of Chinese descent Category:Indonesian Hokkien people Category:Han family (Lasem) Category:Sia (title) Category:Indonesian landlords Category:18th-century landowners Category:19th-century landowners Category:18th-century Chinese businesspeople Category:19th-century Chinese businesspeople