Moltrasio Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in Italy and Switzerland}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Moltrasio Formation | image = Calcare di Moltrasio Campo dei Fiori.JPG | caption = Outcrop | type = Geological formation | age = Hettangian-Sinemurian<br />~{{fossil range|200|192}}{{period fossil range|Jurassic|200|192}} | period = Sinemurian | prilithology = Limestone | otherlithology = | namedfor = Moltrasio | namedby = Antonio Stoppani<ref>Stoppani A. (1857). Studi geologici e paleontologici sulla Lombardia. 461 pp. Tipografia Turati, Milano</ref> | year_ts = 1857 | region = Lombardy | country = Italy, Switzerland | coordinates = {{coord|46.0|N|9.1|E|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates = {{coord|33.2|N|15.6|E|display=inline}} | unitof = Monte Generoso Basin | subunits = *"Viggiù facies" *"Saltrio facies" *"Poaggia facies" | underlies = Domaro Formation | overlies = Sedrina Limestone | thickness = 2600 m | extent = | area = | map = {{Location map+ | Italy#Italy Lombardy | relief = 1 | width = 250 | float = center | places = {{Location map~ | Italy#Italy Lombardy | lat_deg = 46.0 | lon_deg = 9.1 | mark = Blue pog.svg | marksize = 12 }} }} }}

The '''Moltrasio Formation''' (also known as the '''Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation, Saltrio Formation, Broccatello Formation and Alpe Perino Limestone''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=strati.ch - Lithostratigraphic Lexicon of Switzerland |url=https://www.strati.ch/en/stratigraphic/moltrasio-formation |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.strati.ch}}</ref> is a geological formation in Italy and Switzerland. This Formation mostly developed in the Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the Lombardian basin tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.<ref name=muttoni>{{cite journal |last1=Muttoni |first1=G. |last2=Erba |first2=E. |last3=Kent |first3=D. V. |last4=Bachtadse |first4=V. |title=Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion |journal=Nature |date=2005 |volume=434 |issue=7029 |pages=59–63 |doi=10.1038/nature03378 |pmid=15744297 |bibcode=2005Natur.434...59M |s2cid=4316860 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03378|hdl=2434/30440 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Here it developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey Calcarenites and Calcilutites with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the Sedrina, Moltrasio and Domaro Formations.<ref name=muttoni/> This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.<ref name=jadoul1>{{cite journal |last1=Jadoul |first1=F. |last2=Galli |first2=M. T. |title=The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |date=2008 |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=453–470 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257482739 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the Hettangian Albenza Formation, and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.<ref name=jadoul1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarti |first1=M. |last2=Bosellini |first2=A. |last3=Winterer |first3=E. L. |title=Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins |journal=AAPG Special Volumes |date=1992 |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=241–258 |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/history2/data/a115/a115/0001/0200/0241.htm |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in Osteno, where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.<ref name=PinnaA>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |date=1985 |volume=311 |issue=1148 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1985.0149 |bibcode=1985RSPTB.311..171P |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1985.0149 |access-date=2 May 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Utilities == {{multiple image | align = left | perrow = 2/2 | total_width = 350 | image1 = Cava Salnova from viewpoint 2022-09-29 02.jpg | footer = A) Cava Salnova quarry in Saltrio and B) Santuario della Beata Vergine dei Miracoli at Saronno, source and use of the local limestones/sandstones | image3 = Saronno, Santuario della Beata Vergine dei Miracoli 01.JPG }}

The first extraction activities of the famous Saltrio & Moltrasio stone give back to the times of the ancient Romans, with modern reports of activity in Salnova quarry since 1400.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Media |first=My |date=2015-01-22 |title=Materiali inerti, massi da scogliera, pietre d'opera, pietre per muratura |url=https://www.salnova.it/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Salnova |language=it-it}}</ref>

In the Monte Oro area, on the southern slope of Monte Orsa, there were numerous trench quarries which were used to extract this precious rock, used both for structural constructions and for the production of artefacts and artistic works. In more recent times the mining activity has been transformed and we have moved from the extraction of stone for construction to the extraction for the production of stabilized and split crushed stone, useful for the production of motorway foundations and mixtures for the production of asphalt. To date it is the only active quarry where Saltrio stone is extracted.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Cita |first=Maria Bianca |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004611252 |title=Jurassic, cretaceous and tertiary microfacies from the Southern Alps (Northern Italy) |date=1965-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-61125-2 |doi=10.1163/9789004611252}}</ref>thumb|277x277px|Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift context of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic. Above, the Moltrasio limestone emerges, a greyish-brown limestone composed of biocalcarenite and containing widespread nodules of spongolitic silica. This rock is rarely fossiliferous except in the contact areas between the Formations. At the roof of the Moltrasio Fm, a whitish yellow limestone emerges, again of marine-pelagic origin, where there is a lot of micro-diffused silica within the sediment.<ref name=":12" />

Since the early 1900s, fossil finds have been known in the Salnova Quarry and in the various quarry sites present in the surroundings of this site. The first written testimonies, and subsequent revisions, are reported starting from the sixties by Giulia Sacchi Vialli. The scholar describes the fossil faunas of Saltrio by listing and detailing various taxa belonging to ammonoids, nautiloids, gastropods, crinoids, brachiopods and bivalves.<ref name="Vialli">{{cite journal |last1=Vialli |first1=G. S. |date=1964 |title=Revisione Della Fauna Di Saltrio Vol. V Gast. Cefal. Brioz. Brach. Echino. Vertebrati [Revision of the Saltrio Fauna, Vol. V, Gast. Cephalopods, Bryozids, Brach, Echinoderms. Vertebrates] |url=https://archive.org/details/sacchi-vialli-1964-revisione-della-fauna-di-saltrio-vol.-v-gast.-cefal.-brioz.-b |journal=Atti 1st Geol Favia |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=3–23 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>

In that period, the great phase of extraction of ornamental stone using manual-mechanical methods had just ended in the quarry. Paleontologists could only recover fossils from the waste flakes near the quarry and therefore the possibility of seeing more specimens was limited to the length of manual operations. In those years, however, the quarry was acquired by Salnova SPA (1969): the purpose of the extracted material, and therefore the extraction method and processing, changed. From classic and manual extraction we move on to the use of heavy mechanical means and extraction with explosives: the moved rubble increases considerably, making it easier to observe other specimens, new lithologies and above all different faunas.<ref name=":02" />

The fauna present at the base of the Moltrasio Formation is condensed and includes ammonoids of species attributed to the entire Sinemurian. The taxa attributable to the Lower Sinemurian found in the Saltrio quarries probably come from the base of the formation or have been reworked.<ref name="Vialli" /> The Formation includes taxa indicative of all the biozones between the Bucklandi Zone (Lower Sinemurian) and the Obtusum Zone, and possibly also of the ''Oxynotum Zone'' of the Upper Sinemurian, present at the base of the Formation.<ref name="Vialli" /> The contact between the Main Dolomite and the Moltrasio Formation also contains selachian teeth, glauconite and phosphated internal models of ammonites.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Beaumont |first=Gérard de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGohzwEACAAJ |title=Contribution à l'étude des genres Orthacodus Woodw. et Notidanus Cuv. (Selachii) |date=1960 |publisher=Birkhäuser |language=fr}}</ref>

== Description == left|thumb|Exposed layers at Parco delle Gole della Breggia, Southern Switzerland The Moltrasio Limestones record a transgressive episode during which the sea flooded a fault-segmented carbonate platform. Sedimentation was slow and often interrupted, producing condensed successions with bored hardgrounds, glauconite coatings, and local phosphatic grains.<ref name="Swizt2">{{cite journal |last1=Kalin |first1=O. |last2=Trumpy |first2=D.M. |date=1977 |title=Sedimentation und Paläotektonik in den westlichen Südalpen: Zur triasisch-jurassischen Geschichte des Monte Nudo-Beckens |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=egh-001%3A1977%3A70%3A%3A356#356 |journal=Eclogae Geol Helv. |issue=2 |pages=295–350 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>

On structural highs, crinoid-rich grainstones and packstones formed encrinitic carpets that were later bored and glauconitized. In nearby grabens, coarse epiclastic calcarenites and rudites accumulated, composed of reworked Triassic platform grains later mixed with crinoid debris.<ref name="Swizt2" /> Lower-lying areas preserve thin condensed horizons overlain by dark laminated micrites with sponge spicules, scattered bioclasts, and minor terrigenous and phosphatic material. Along the southern margin, the transgression is marked by reddish calcarenites and litharenites derived from basement rocks.<ref name="Swizt2" />

Basinward, these deposits grade into the spiculitic Kieselkalk, a sponge-rich lime mudstone with interbedded bioclastic and fine terrigenous layers.<ref name="Swizt2" /> The Saltrio environment was complex, with different layers showing distinct conditions. In some areas, the Saltrio layers blend with the "Broccatello d'Arzo", a related limestone formation, but they can still be separated based on differences in their structure and fossil content. The region also experienced sedimentary discontinuities, where layers were not deposited continuously, likely due to tectonic activity or submarine erosion.<ref name="Swizt2" />

The stratigraphic sequence at the Galli quarry, located at an elevation of approximately 700 meters on the southeastern flank of the ridge above Saltrio, represents one of the most detailed exposures of the Saltrio Formation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sacchi Vialli |first=Giulia |date=1964 |title=Revisione Della Fauna Di Saltrio Vol. VI Considerazioni Conclusive [Revision of the Saltrio fauna, vol. VI - Concluding remarks] |url=https://archive.org/details/sacchi-vialli-1964-revisione-della-fauna-di-saltrio-vol.-vi-considerazioni-conclusive |journal=Atti dell'Istituto geologico dellaUniversità di Pavia |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=1–13}}</ref> This section, reaching a total thickness of about 17 meters, begins atop underlying dolomite and consists of a series of carbonate-dominated layers that reflect varying depositional conditions in a marine setting.<ref name=":7" /> thumb|Closeup of the "Saltrio Limestones" At the base, a thin dolomitic breccia layer (up to 1 meter thick) contains angular dolomite fragments embedded in a lighter calcareous-dolomitic matrix. This is overlain by a 0.3-meter-thick marly limestone with minor detrital components, displaying an olive-gray to greenish hue and iron oxide stains. Next is a 0.8-meter saccharoidal limestone with sparse marl, glauconite, and quartz grains, followed by a thin (0.1–0.2 meter) reddish-brown clay horizon.<ref name=":7" />

Above this, a 1-meter oolitic limestone features intact and broken ooids in a compact calcareous cement, grading from white to grayish-yellow. This transitions into a 3-meter unit of finely to coarsely detrital marly limestone rich in organic fragments, shifting from gray-pink at the base to yellowish upward, with iron oxide patches. A 0.8-meter calcareous breccia with diverse clasts and ooids follows, exhibiting irregular surfaces.<ref name=":7" />

The upper part includes a 5.5-meter marly limestone with minimal detritus, progressing from gray-ashy at the base to dark smoky due to bituminous content. The sequence concludes with a 5-meter dark limestone containing chert nodules, which become more abundant and marly toward the top, before passing into overlying cherty limestones approximately 200 meters thick.<ref name=":7" />

== Paleoenvironment == [[File:SaltriovantorRes_01.jpg|left|thumb|The nearby area at Monte Nudo basin margin was notorious for the dominance of shallow subtidal to intertidal settings with Cheirolepidiaceae conifer forests.]] thumb|250x250px|Paleogeography of the northwestern Neotethys showing the location of Osteno (red star) During the late Hettangian to early Sinemurian, the western Lombardy Basin formed part of the Southern Alps area, passive margin of Adria and formed part of an evolving rift system linked to the western Tethys, where horst-and-graben tectonics created alternating shallow platforms and subsiding troughs.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Jadoul |first1=Flavio |last2=Galli |first2=Maria Teresa |last3=Calabrese |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Gnaccolini |first4=Mario |date=2005-07-31 |title=Stratigraphy of Rhaetian to lower Sinemurian carbonate platforms in Western Lombardy (Southern Alps, Italy): Paleogeographic implications |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/6316 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=111 |issue=2 |doi=10.13130/2039-4942/6316 |issn=2039-4942}}</ref> Structural highs such as Monte Campo dei Fiori, the Varese-Arbostora swell, and Monte Nudo defined the basin architecture, producing shallow carbonate platforms, emergent land, and subsiding depocenters.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leuzinger |first1=P. |date=1925 |title=Geologische Beschreibung des Monte Campo dei Fiori u. der Sedimentzone Luganersee-Valcuvia. Mit 3 Tafeln und 6 Textfiguren. Inaugural-dissertation |journal=Buchdruckerei Emil Birkhäuser &#x26; Cie., Basel |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–177}}</ref><ref name="Wied">{{cite journal |last1=Wiedenmayer |first1=F. |date=1963 |title=Obere Trias bis mittlerer Lias zwischen Saltrio und Tremona:(Lombardische Alpen) |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=egh-001%3A1963%3A56%3A%3A697 |journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helv. |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=22–148 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> Nearby emerged areas are known at Briançonnais with the bauxite rich “Siderolitico” linked to long emersion phase (Ladinian-Bathonian) and Western Tauern with graphitic schists and quartzites & sandy marble, overall pointing to the Lombardian sector acting as a possible land bridge with Laurasia, connected with the Calcari Grigi di Noriglio Formation in the Trento carbonate Platform, based on Theropod tracks of similar size to ''Saltriovenator''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antonelli |first1=Matteo |last2=Petti |first2=Fabio Massimo |last3=Sacco1 |first3=Enrico |last4=Romano |first4=Marco |date=2025 |title=Ichnological review of the theropod footprints from the Lavini di Marco tracksite (Lower Jurassic, Southern Alps, NE Italy) |url=https://www.italianjournalofgeosciences.it/297/article-1225/ichnological-review-of-the-theropod-footprints-from-the-lavini-di-marco-tracksite-lower-jurassic-southern-alps-ne-italy.html |journal=Italian Journal of Geosciences |language=en |volume=144 (2025) f.3 |issue=3 |pages=332–363 |doi=10.3301/IJG.2025.15 |issn=2038-1719}}</ref> The main inner land was the Malossa-Zandobbio palaeohigh system in the Po Plain, tied with the Saltrio area by a regional belt of positive blocks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Consonni |first1=Alberto |last2=Ronchi |first2=Paola |last3=Geloni |first3=Claudio |last4=Battistelli |first4=Alfredo |last5=Grigo |first5=Domenico |last6=Biagi |first6=Simona |last7=Gherardi |first7=Fabrizio |last8=Gianelli |first8=Giovanni |date=2010 |title=Application of numerical modelling to a case of compaction-driven dolomitization: a Jurassic palaeohigh in the Po Plain, Italy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01103.x |journal=Sedimentology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=209–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01103.x |bibcode=2010Sedim..57..209C |issn=1365-3091}}</ref> This Highs, if assumed as a single unit probably got 1,000-3,000 km² for the inner lands and 22,500 km² in total of intermittently exposed terrain (similar in size to modern Sicily).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ronchi |first1=Paola |last2=Jadoul |first2=Flavio |last3=Ceriani |first3=Andrea |last4=Di Giulio |first4=Andrea |last5=Scotti |first5=Paolo |last6=Ortenzi |first6=Andrea |last7=Previde Massara |first7=Elisabetta |date=2011 |title=Multistage dolomitization and distribution of dolomitized bodies in Early Jurassic carbonate platforms (Southern Alps, Italy) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01174.x |journal=Sedimentology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=532–565 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01174.x |bibcode=2011Sedim..58..532R |issn=1365-3091}}</ref> Indicators of subaerial conditions are seen at Castello Cabiaglio-Orino, thick "terra rossa" paleosols developed directly above the Rhaetian Zu Limestone, showing rhizoliths, alveolar structures, and meteoric diagenesis.<ref name=":9" /> Palynological assemblages from these horizons indicate Hirmeriellaceae-dominated forests and understory of Lycopsid-Ferns, as well potential Characeae, adapted to marsh or ponded settings in a Tropical subhumid climate.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="Lualdi">Lualdi, A. (1999). New data on the Western part of the M. Nudo Basin (Lower Jurassic, West Lombardy) Tubingen Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten, Series A, 52, 173-176.</ref> These emerged lands bordered a gulf-shaped embayment, open northward, where shallow-marine carbonate platforms alternated with rapidly subsiding basins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berra |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Galli |first2=Maria Teresa |last3=Reghellin |first3=Federico |last4=Torricelli |first4=Stefano |last5=Fantoni |first5=Roberto |date=2009-05-18 |title=Stratigraphic evolution of the Triassic–Jurassic succession in the Western Southern Alps (Italy): the record of the two-stage rifting on the distal passive margin of Adria |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00384.x |journal=Basin Research |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=335–353 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00384.x |bibcode=2009BasR...21..335B |hdl=2434/48580 |issn=0950-091X}}</ref> Towards the Early Sinemurian the Arbostora swell submerged into a shallow open sea (ramp-slope), still bordered south and southwest by emerged land supported by terrigenous sands from eroded igneous/metamorphic rocks and terrestrial plants in the limestones.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="CC2">{{Cite journal |last=Dal Sasso |first=Cristiano |date=2003 |title=Dinosaurs of Italy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068303000071 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2...45D |doi=10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00007-1 |issn=1631-0683 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

Within the Moltrasio Formation, the shallowest deposits belong to the "Alpe Perino Limestone" ("Gozzano-type" marginal onlap), a small carbonate platform developed on structural highs and fault-bounded grabens. Its basal beds of Ostracod-rich mudstones and marls, with reworked Triassic lithoclasts and local plant remains (Castello Cabiaglio–Orino section), reflect restricted lagoons or marsh-like ponds on the inner platform.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Jadoul |first1=F. |last2=GALLI |first2=M.T. |date=2008 |title=The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic/Jurassic biocalcification crisis: the Albenza Formation in the Western Southern Alps. |url=https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/5911 |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=114 |issue=3 |issn=2039-4942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425071910/https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/5911 |archive-date=2025-04-25}}</ref> Then the facies evolve in repeated shallowing-upward cycles with stromatolitic-rich tidal flats and fossil-rich (gastropods, bivalves, echinoids, Dasycladales, and Foraminifera) shoals, marking a dominance of shallow subtidal to intertidal settings in the Monte Nudo basin margin, with limited terrigenous input but clear evidence of proximity to land.<ref name=":10" /> This unit is either part of the "Late Hettangian hypothesis" (shallower section being flooded by the Saltrio Beds) or is part the "Early Sinemurian hypothesis" (overlap with earliest Saltrio Beds on tectonic blocks and be diachronous shallow-platform vs. outer-ramp).<ref name=":9" /> thumb|286x286px|Artistic reconstruction of a hypothetical scene related to the Osteno Lagerstätte.left|thumb|200x200px|Exposed Moltrasio Fm at Monte Cornizzolo Early marine flooding in fault-bounded grabens produced the “Viggiù-type” facies, consisting of cross-bedded coarse epiclastic calcarenites-rudites, rich in rounded ooids, algal-encrusted bioclasts, dolomitic pelites, and lithoclasts derived from exposed Triassic platforms (Hauptdolomit), later mixed with echinoderm debris.<ref name="Swizt2" /> These record short-transport input from adjacent structural highs during the first phase of transgression.<ref name="Swizt2" />

On neighboring highs, pale crinoidal packstones-grainstones (“Saltrio-type”) formed as autochthonous crinoid meadows, with encrusting sponge reefs, bivalvia, brachiopods, bryozoans, and foraminiferans.<ref name="Swizt2" /> Fragmentary Ichthyosaur remains and bioeroded dinosaur bones (e.g., ''Saltriovenator'' ''zanellai'') suggest transport from nearby terrestrial sources into a proximal slope or ramp, that is, an open subtidal zone some dozen of meters depth reached by the effects of storm waves and with constant bottom currents.<ref name="Saltriov">{{Cite journal |last1=Dal Sasso |first1=Cristiano |last2=Maganuco |first2=Simone |last3=Cau |first3=Andrea |date=2018-12-19 |title=The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5976 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6304160 |pmid=30588396 |doi-access=free |article-number=e5976 |bibcode=2018PeerJ...6e5976D }}</ref> Pauses in sedimentation generated bored hardgrounds coated with glauconite and phosphatic crusts, indicating slow accumulation under open-marine conditions.<ref name="Swizt2" />

In intervening lows, condensed horizons (“Poaggia-type”) developed on firmgrounds, hosting abundant ammonites and other pelagic organisms, overlain by thin encrinitic calcarenites and laminated spiculitic micrites that contain resedimented crinoid grains, sponge spicules, fish-phosphate, and fine terrigenous silt, reflecting hemipelagic deposition and early slope development. At the platform margins, such as Gozzano and Monte Fenera, reddish calcarenites and litharenites with basement-derived quartz and rhyolite mark true transgressive onlap onto exposed highs.<ref name="Swizt2" /> These later give way to sponge-dominated carbonate mounds (locally “Broccatello-type”), reflecting a benthic, sponge-reef-dominated carbonate factory in deeper, low-light environments during progressive platform drowning.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Neuweiler |first1=Fritz |last2=Bernoulli |first2=Daniel |date=2005-02-01 |title=Mesozoic (Lower Jurassic) red stromatactis limestones from the Southern Alps (Arzo, Switzerland): calcite mineral authigenesis and syneresis-type deformation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0442-3 |journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=130–146 |bibcode=2005IJEaS..94..130N |doi=10.1007/s00531-004-0442-3 |issn=1437-3262}}</ref>

Regional studies link this to platform drowning amid rifting, with carbon-isotope excursions implying volcanic influences and ocean perturbations. A modern analogue is the Bahama Banks, featuring oolitic shoals and lagoons in a subtropical passive-margin setting.<ref name=":7" />

=== Osteno Lagerstätte === Apart from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of {{convert|6|m|ft}} package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic limestone.<ref name=Pinna200>{{cite book |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |chapter=Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien |title=Europäische Fossillagerstätten |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=91–136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13 |isbn=978-3-642-62975-4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Franceschi |first=Fabio |last2=Pellegrino |first2=Luca |last3=Martire |first3=Luca |last4=Marramà |first4=Giuseppe |date=2026 |title=The Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy): exceptional preservation in the Sinemurian (Jurassic) |url=https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/4e1904f8-05bc-4dad-9c49-8743b75bd8bd/Franceschi%20et%20al_2026_Osteno%20KL_BSPI-compresso.pdf |journal=Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana |volume=65 |issue=1}}</ref> ''Coroniceras bisulcatum'' allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower Sinemurian.<ref name=Pinna200/> The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.<ref name=Pinna200/> The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the Monte Generoso Basin.<ref name=Tang>{{cite book |last1=Bottjer |first1=D. J. |last2=Etter |first2=W. |last3=Tang |first3=C. M. |last4=Hagadorn |first4=J. W. |title=Exceptional fossil preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=421 |isbn=9780231102544 |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/exceptional-fossil-preservation/9780231102551 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilby |first1=P. R. |last2=Briggs |first2=D. E. |title=Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues |journal=Geobios |date=1997 |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80056-3 |bibcode=1997Geobi..30..493W |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699597800563 |access-date=2 May 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of Crustaceans, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of coleoids, polychaetes, and nematodes. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=":1" />

== Biota ==

=== Foranimifera === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center" !Taxa !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ammobaculites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''A. sp.'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino * M. Sasso del Ferro |Tests |Simple agglutinated Ammomarginulininae benthic foraminifera | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Involutina<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''I. cf. liassica'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Tests |Early Jurassic Involutinidae, typical of outer-platform wackestones | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Lenticulina<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''L. sp.'' | * Widespread in Alpe Perino & Moltrasio-Saltrio facies |Tests |Hyaline benthic foraminifera of Nodosariidae; typical in open-subtidal facies | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Reophax<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''R. sp.'' | * Alpe Perino |Tests |Simple agglutinated benthic foraminifera of Reophacidae | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Siphovalvulina<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''S. sp.'' | * Alpe Perino |Tests |Shallow-subtidal benthic foraminifera of Siphovalvulinidae | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Vidalina<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''V. martana'' | * Alpe Perino * Moltrasio-Saltrio facies |Tests |Early Jurassic benthic foraminifera of Involutinidae-like affinity; common on Liassic platforms | |}

=== Porifera === {| class="wikitable" align="center" !Genus !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Corynella<ref name=":8" />''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Wiedenmayer |first=Felix |date=1963 |title=Obere Trias bis mittlerer Lias zwischen Saltrio und Tremona (Lombardische Alpen): die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Stratigraphie, Sedimentologie und syngenetischer Tektonik |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=egh-001:1963:56::702#702 |journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=529 |doi=10.5169/seals-163041 |issn=0012-9402}}</ref> | * ''C. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Spicules & Imprints |A Calcareous sponge of the family Endostomatidae. | |- |''Endostoma''<ref name=":3" /> | * ''E. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Spicules & Imprints |A Calcareous sponge of the family Endostomatidae. | |- |''Stellispongia''<ref name=":3" /> | * ''S. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Spicules & Imprints |A Calcareous sponge of the family Stellispongiidae. | |- |''Neuropora''<ref name="Vialli" /> | * ''N. cf. undulata'' * ''N. spp.'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Spicules & Imprints |A Demosponge of the family Neuroporidae. A notorious reef developing genus | |}

=== Brachiopoda === {| class="wikitable" align="center" !Genus !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Arzonellina''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Sulser |first=Heinz |date=2004 |title=Arzonella exotica n. g. n. sp., a new brachiopod of indeterminate systematic position from the Lower Liassic (Broccatello) of Arzo (Southern Alps of Switzerland): A short note |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1136-3 |journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=423–428 |doi=10.1007/s00015-004-1136-3 |issn=0012-9402}}</ref> | * ''A. exotica'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Terebratulidan of the family Arzonellinidae. | |- |''Aulacothyris<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''A. waterhousi'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Terebratulidan of the family Zeilleriidae. |[[File:Aulacothyris_carinata_brachial_valve.jpg|center|thumb|140x140px|''Aulacothyris'']] |- |''Cirpa''<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Vialli2">{{cite journal |last1=Vialli |first1=G. S. |date=1964 |title=Revisione Della Fauna Di Saltrio Vol. V Gast. Cefal. Brioz. Brach. Echino. Vertebrati [Revision of the Saltrio Fauna, Vol. V, Gast. Cephalopods, Bryozids, Brach, Echinoderms. Vertebrates] |url=https://archive.org/details/sacchi-vialli-1964-revisione-della-fauna-di-saltrio-vol.-v-gast.-cefal.-brioz.-b |journal=Atti 1st Geol Favia |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=3–23 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Brachio">{{cite journal |last1=Parona |first1=C.F. |date=1884 |title=I brachiopodi liassici di Saltrio ed Arzo nelle Prealpi Lombarde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK45AQAAIAAJ&dq=Revisione+della+fauna+di+Saltrio&pg=PA8 |journal=Memorie del Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=227–262}}</ref> | * ''C. fronto'' * ''C. briseis'' * ''C. variabilis'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Wellerellidae. Identified originally as ''"Rhynchonella variabilis".'' | |- |''Furcirhynchia<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''F. cf. melvillei'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Rhynchonellidae. | |- |''Liospiriferina<ref name=":3" />''<ref name="Brachio" /> | * ''L. rostrata'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Spiriferinidae. Was identified originally as ''"Spiriferina haasi"''. |[[File:Liospiriferina_rostrata.5_-_Jurasico.JPG|center|thumb|140x140px|''Liospiriferina'' specimens]] |- |''Lobothyris''<ref name=":3" />''<ref name="Vialli2" />''<ref name="Brachio" /> | * ''L. punctata'' * ''L. andleri'' * ''L. subpunctata'' * ''L. ovatissinia'' * ''L. sp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Terebratulidan of the family Lobothyrididae. Was identified originally as ''"Terebratula punctata"''. |[[File:Lobothyris_subpunctata_brachial_valve.jpg|center|thumb|181x181px|''Lobothyris'']] |- |''Prionorhynchia<ref name=":3" />''<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Xiao-ying |last2=Grant |first2=Richard E. |date=1993 |title=Jurassic Rhynchonellids: Internal Structures and Taxonomic Revisions |url=https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.73.1 |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |issue=73 |pages=1–190 |doi=10.5479/si.00810266.73.1 |issn=0081-0266}}</ref> | * ''P. belemnitica'' * ''P. greppini'' * ''P. flabellum'' * ''P. ssp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Prionorhynchiidae. | |- |''Rimirhynchia<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''R. aff. anglica'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Rhynchonellidae. | |- |''Rhynchonella''<ref name=":3" />''<ref name="Vialli2" />''<ref name="Brachio" /> | * ''R. acanthica'' * ''R. binodosa'' * ''R. belemnitica'' * ''R. latifrons'' * ''R. rimata'' * ''R. cf.polyptycha'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Wellerellidae. |[[File:Rhynchonella_sp.4_-_Jurasico.JPG|center|thumb|154x154px|''Rhynchonella'']] |- |''Rhynchonellina<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''R. alpina'' * ''R. ssp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Dimerellidae. | |- |''Tetrarhynchia<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''T. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Tetrarhynchiidae. | |- |''Terebratula''<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|title=[The fossil species established by Antonio Stoppani: complete list and publication chronology]|url=https://sisn.pagepress.org/nhs/article/view/850|journal=Natural History Sciences|date=2025-10-22|issn=2385-0922|doi=10.4081/nhs.2025.850|language=en|first=Vittorio|last=Pieroni |volume=12 |issue=2 }}</ref> | * ''T. scissa'' * ''T. rhomboedrica'' * ''T. prumus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Terebratulidan of the family Terebratulidae. | |- |''Spiriferina''<ref name=":3" />''<ref name="Vialli2" />''<ref name="Brachio" /> | * ''S. expansa'' * ''S. hartmanni'' * ''S. oxigona'' * ''S. walcotti'' * ''S. rupestris'' * ''S. rostrata'' * ''S. haasi'' * ''S. tumida'' * ''S. cf. spirigeroides'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Spiriferinidae. |[[File:Liospiriferina_rostrata.jpg|center|thumb|154x154px|''Spiriferina'']] |- |''Sulcirostra''<ref name=":4" /> | * ''S. alpina'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Dimerellidae. | |- |''Viallithyris''<ref name="Brachio" /> | * ''V. gozzanensis'' * ''V. adnetensis'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Rhynchonellidan of the family Rhynchonellidae. | |- |''Zeilleria<ref name="Vialli2" /><ref name=":3" />'' | * ''Z. sarthacensis'' * ''Z. choffati'' * ''Z. cor'' * ''Z. ewaldi'' * ''Z. stapia'' * ''Z. cornuta'' * ''Z. subnumismalis'' * ''Z. (Zeilleria) indentata'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Terebratulidan of the family Zeilleriidae. |[[File:Zeilleria_quadrifida.2_-_Jurasico.JPG|center|thumb|155x155px|''Zeilleria'']] |}

=== Bryozoa === {| class="wikitable" align="center" !Genus !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Ceriopora<ref name="Vialli2" />'' | * ''C.? cf. orbignyi'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Imprints |A Cyclostomatidan of the family Cerioporidae. | |}

=== Nematoida === {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Eophasma''<ref name="Nematode">{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=''Eophasma jurassicum ngn sp.'', a new fossil nematode of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1983 |volume=124 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–64}}</ref> | * ''E. jurasicum'' | * Osteno |Six specimens with soft parts | A nematode, type member of the family Eophasmidae.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poinar |first1=G.O. |title=The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. |date=2011 |publisher=Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers |isbn=9789047428664}}</ref> A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.<ref name="Nematode" /> |[[File:Eophasma jurasicum.JPG|center|thumb|155x155px|''Eophasma'']] |}

===Annelida=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Melanoraphia''<ref name=Annelid>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=''Melanoraphia maculata ngn sp.'', a new fossil polychaete of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1982 |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=462–468 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267295 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | * ''M. maculata'' | * Osteno |Eleven specimens, complete with soft parts | A polychaete, member of the group Phyllodocemorpha with ''incertae sedis'' assignation, suggested to be a member of Lumbrineridae.<ref name=Annelid/> |[[File:Melanoraphia maculata.JPG|center|thumb|155x155px|''Melanoraphia'']] |- |''Terebella''<ref name=":8" /> | * ''T. lapilloides'' * ''T. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Tubiform structures |A terebellid, member of the family Terebellidae |[[File:Terebellidae_(YPM_IZ_080460)_002.jpeg|center|thumb|191x191px|''Terebella'' specimen]] |}

=== Arthropoda === {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Aeger''<ref name=Cruste>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Decouverte d'une nouvelle faune a crustaces du Sinemurien inferieur dans la region du Lac Ceresio (Lombardie, Italie) |journal=Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Milano |date=1967 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=183–185}}</ref><ref name=Aeger>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Teruzzi |first2=G. |title=The genus ''Aeger'' Münster, 1839 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea, Decapoda) |journal=Atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1990 |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=105–136 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/325031 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | *''A. foesteri'' *''A. muensteri'' *''A. robustus'' *''A. rostrospinatus'' *''A. elongatus'' *''A. macropus'' | * Osteno | Multiple specimens fairly preserved | A decapod of the family Aegeridae. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.<ref name="Aeger" /> |center|thumb|155x155px|''Aeger foersteri'' |- | ''Angarestia<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Eryma" /> | *''A. tricarinata'' | * Osteno | 137 complete and fragmentary specimens | A decapod of the family Erymidae. | |- |''Ankitokazocaris?<ref name=":1" />'' | *''A.? sp.'' | * Osteno |MSNM I28252 |A thylacocephalan. | |- |''Austriocaris''?''<ref name=":1" />'' | *''A.? sp.'' | * Osteno |MSNM I10074 |A thylacocephalan of the family Austriocarididae. | |- | ''Coleia''<ref name=Coelia>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Due nuovi esemplari di Coleia vialiii Pinna, del Sinemuriano inferiore di Osteno in Lombardia (Crustacea Decapoda) |journal=Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Genova |date=1969 |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=626–632}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teruzzi |first1=G. |title=The genus «Coleia» Broderip, 1835 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano |date=1990 |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=85–104 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317827805 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | *''C. vialiii'' *''C. medilerranea'' *''C. cf. antiqua'' *''C. pinnnai'' | * Osteno | Multiple specimens fairly preserved | A decapod of the family Coleiidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<ref name="Coelia" /> |center|thumb|228x228px|''Coleia viallii'' |- | ''Eryma''<ref name=Eryma/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=J. |last2=Charbonnier |first2=S. |title=Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda) [Révision des Érymides (Crustacea: Decapoda) du Jurassique inférieur et moyen] |journal=Bulletin de la Société géologique de France |date=2019 |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=121–134 |doi=10.1051/bsgf/2019005 |s2cid=196643332 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | *''E. sinemuriana'' | * Osteno | 41 specimens, fairly preserved | A decapod of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name="Eryma2" /> | |- | ''Mecochirus''<ref name=Eryma>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A . |title=The family Erymidae Van Straelen, 1924 and the superfamily Glypheoidea Zittel, 1885 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=AAI Soc. It. Sci.RWT. Museo Civ. Stor. Mu. Milano. Milano |date=1996 |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=333–373| url=https://biostor.org/reference/267182|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | *''M. germari'' | * Osteno | 81 complete and fragmentary specimens, | A decapod of the family Mecochiridae. |center|thumb|207x207px|''Mecochirus germari'' |- |''Ostenocaris''<ref name="ostenocar">{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |date=1984 |title=''Ostenocaris nom. nov. pro Ostenia'' |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267789 |journal=Atli Del/A Societcl Iraliwzn di Sc: Ienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Miiano |volume=125 |issue=1–2 |page=48}}</ref> | * ''O. cypriformis'' | * Osteno |Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete |A thylacocephalan of the family Ostenocarididae. It is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |last2=Arduini |first2=P. |last3=Pesarini |first3=C. |last4=Teruzzi |first4=G. |date=1985 |title=Some controversial aspects of the morphology and anatomy of ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' (Crustacea, Thylacocephala) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/some-controversial-aspects-of-the-morphology-and-anatomy-of-ostenocaris-cypriformis-crustacea-thylacocephala/F8AAAC4984486CE91A7EA317614B6F31 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=76 |issue=2–3 |pages=373–379 |bibcode=1985EESTR..76..373P |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010580 |s2cid=85401617 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> |[[File:Ostenocaris cypriformis new.png|center|thumb|155x155px|''Ostenocaris'']] |- |''Ostenolimulus''<ref name="OstenoL">{{Cite journal |last1=Lamsdell |first1=J. C. |last2=Teruzzi |first2=G. |last3=Pasini |first3=G. |last4=Garassino |first4=A. |year=2021 |title=A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=300 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974 |bibcode=2021NJGPA.300....1L |s2cid=234814276}}</ref> | *''O. latus'' | * Osteno |A nearly complete specimen |A horseshoe crab of the family Limulidae. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.<ref name="OstenoL" /> Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.<ref name="OstenoL" /> | |- |''Ostenosculda''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Braig |first1=F. |last2=Haug |first2=J. T. |last3=Ahyong |first3=S. T. |last4=Garassino |first4=A. |last5=Garassino |first5=A. |last6=Schaedel |first6=M. |last7=Haug |first7=C. |date=2023 |title=Another piece in the puzzle of mantis shrimp evolution – fossils from the Early Jurassic Osteno Lagerstätte of Northern Italy |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/22/2 |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=17–31}}</ref> | * ''O. teruzzii'' | * Osteno | Single Specimen fairly preserved | An early unipeltatan mantis shrimp | |- | ''Palaeastacus''<ref name=Eryma/><ref name=Eryma2>{{cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=J. |last2=Charbonnier |first2=S. |title=The genus ''Eryma'' Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): new synonyms, systematic and stratigraphic implicationsLe genre Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): nouveaux synonymes, implications systématique et stratigraphique |journal=Bulletin de la Société géologique de France |date=2017 |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=1–15 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article/188/3/15/521307/The-genus-Eryma-Meyer-1840-Crustacea-Decapoda |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | *''P. meyeri'' | * Osteno | Multiple specimens fairly preserved | A decapod of the family Erymidae. The species was originally included in the genus ''Eryma'' as ''E. meyeri'', although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of ''Palaeastacus''.<ref name="Eryma2" /> | |- |''Paraostenia''?''<ref name=":1" />'' | *''P.? sp.'' | * Osteno |MSNM I29344 |A thylacocephalan. | |- | ''Phlyctisoma''<ref name=Eryma/> | *''P. sinemuriana'' | * Osteno | 10 specimens, in a fairly good state of preservation | A decapod of the family Erymidae. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name="Eryma2" /> | |- | ''Pseudoglyphea''<ref name=Cruste/> | *''P. ancylochelis'' | * Osteno | 7 complete specimens, in a fairly good state | A decapod of the family Litogastroidae. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<ref name="Coelia" /> | |- |''Teruzzicheles''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Audo |first1=Denis |last2=Charbonnier |first2=Sylvain |date=2022-12-28 |title=Teruzzicheles popeyei, an early Sinemurian polychelid lobster from the Osteno Lagerstätte (Italy) |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/306/102494/Teruzzicheles_popeyei_an_early_Sinemurian_polychel?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |language=en |volume=306 |issue=3 |pages=187–194 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2022/1103 |bibcode=2022NJGPA.306..187A |s2cid=254820598 |issn=0077-7749|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | * ''T. popeyei'' | * Osteno | Various specimens fairly preserved | A decapod of the family Polychelidae | |}

===Mollusks=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" !Genus !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Agassiceras<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Sacchi-Vialli |first1=Giulia |last2=Cantaluppi |first2=Gianmario |date=2 December 1961 |title=Revisione Della Fauna Di Saltrio Vol. I E II Premessa Le Ammoniti [Revision of the Saltrio fauna, vol. I and II - Introduction - Ammonites] |url=https://archive.org/details/sacchi-vialli-1961-revisione-della-fauna-di-saltrio-vol.-i-e-ii-premessa-le-ammoniti |journal=Atti Dell' Istituto Geologico della Università di Pavia |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–33}}</ref>''<ref name="Ammonite">{{cite journal |last1=Parona |first1=C.F. |date=1896 |title=Contribuzioni alla conoscenza delle ammoniti liasiche di Lombardia, Parte 1: Ammoniti del Lias inferiore di Saltrio |url=http://mmtk.ginras.ru/pdf/parona1898_ammoniti_liasiche.pdf |journal=Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse |volume=23 |pages=1–45 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> | * ''A. nodosaries'' * ''A. aff. scipionianum'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. | |- |''Angulaticeras''<ref name="PinnaA" /><ref name="Pinna200" /> | *''A. sp.'' | * Osteno |Shells |An ammonitidan of the family Schlotheimiidae. | |- |''Anticonulus''<ref name="Gasteropo">{{cite journal |last1=Parona |first1=C.F. |date=1895 |title=I fossili del Lias di Saltrio in Lombardia; Parte 2: Gasteropodi |journal=Bollettino Società Malacologica Italiana |volume=18 |pages=161–184}}</ref> | * ''A. profunde-umbilicatus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Trochidae. | |- |''Arietites<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Ammonite" />'' | * ''A. bucklandi'' * ''A. raricostatus'' * ''A. rapidecrescens'' * ''A. ceratitoides'' * ''A. kridioides'' * ''A. dimorphus'' * ''A. arnoui'' * ''A. conybeari'' * ''A. sauzeanus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Osteno |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. |center|thumb|220x220px|''Arietites bucklandi'' |- |''Arnioceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''A. cf. bodleyi'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. | |- |''Astarte''<ref name="paro">{{cite journal |last1=Parona |first1=C. F. |date=1890 |title=I fossili del Lias inferiore di Saltrio in Lombardia |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/022/791/022791118.php |journal=Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali |volume=33 |pages=69–104 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> | * ''A. praeobliqua'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Astartidae. Some shells identified as ''Cardium'' probably belong to this genus. |[[File:Astarte_gleuei_01.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Astarte'']] |- |''Asteroceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''A. obtusum'' * ''A. stellare'' * ''A. retusum'' * ''A. confusum'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Burgioli quarry * Galli quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. |center|thumb|221x221px|''Asteroceras'' |- |''Aulacoceras''<ref name="Vialli" /> | * ''A. ("Ausseites") italicus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Phagmocones |A Belemnite of the family Aulacoceratidae. | |- |''Avicula<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sacchi Vialli |first=G. |date=1963 |title=Revisione Della Fauna Di Saltrio Vol. IV I Lamellibranchi [Revision of the Saltrio Fauna Vol. IV The Lamellibranchs] |url=https://archive.org/details/sacchi-vialli-1963-revisione-della-fauna-di-saltrio-vol.-iv-i-lamellibranchi |journal=Atti dell'Istituto geologico dellaUniversità di Pavia |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–10}}</ref>'' | * ''A. sinemuriensis'' * ''A. (Oxytoma) dumortieri'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Pearl Oyster of the family Pteriidae. | |- |''Bathrotomaria<ref name="Vialli2" />'' | * ''B. cf. trocheata'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae. | |- |''Calvaentolium''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''C. hehlii'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae. It was identified originally as ''"Pecten (Pseudamusium) hehlii"''. | |- |''Cardinia<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''C. hybrida'' * ''C. similis'' * ''C. rugosa'' * ''C. hybrida'' * ''C. concinna'' * ''C. depressa'' * ''C. spp.'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Cardiniidae. | |- |''Cardium<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''C.? italicum'' * ''C. cf. multicostatum'' * ''C. spp.'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Cardiniidae. | |- |''Cenoceras''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sacchi Vialli |first=Giulia |date=1962 |title=Revisione Della Fauna Di Saltrio Vol. III I Nautili [Revision of the Fauna of Saltrio Vol. III The Nautiloids] |url=https://archive.org/details/sacchi-vialli-1962-revisione-della-fauna-di-saltrio-vol.-iii-i-nautili |journal=Atti dell'Istituto geologico dellaUniversità di Pavia |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}</ref><ref name="Nautili3">{{cite journal |last1=Parona |first1=C. F. |date=1897 |title=I Nautili del Lias inferiore di Saltrio in Lombardia |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Nautili-Lias-Inferiore-Saltrio-Lombardia-PARONA/30429836290/bd |journal=Bullettino della Società Malacologica Italiana |volume=20 |pages=7–20 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> | * ''C. amorettii'' * ''C. stoppanii'' * ''C. intermedium'' * ''C. arare'' * ''C. spreaficoi'' * ''C. breislacki'' * ''C. striatum'' * ''C. sturi'' * ''C. balsamocrivellii'' * ''C. affinis'' * ''C. brancoi'' * ''C. ornatus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Nautilidan of the family Cenoceratidae. ''Cenoceras'' was identified as member of the genus ''Nautilus'' originally. |center|thumb|230x230px|''Cenoceras'' reconstruction |- |''Coroniceras<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name="Ammonite" />'' | * ''C. cf.gmuendense'' * ''C. rotiformis'' * ''C. bucklandi'' * ''C. orbiculatus'' * ''C. bisulcatus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Osteno |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. |center|thumb|231x231px|''Coroniceras'' specimen |- |''Crucilobiceras''<ref name=":7" /> | * ''C. cf. tardarmatum'' | * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Eoderoceratidae. | |- |''Ectocentrites''<ref name="Pinna200" /> | *''E. sp.'' | * Osteno |Shells |An ammonitidan of the family Lytoceratidae. | |- |''Entolium<ref name=":6" />'' | * ''E. hehli'' * ''E. calvum'' * ''E. disciforme'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae. | |- |''Eparietites''<ref name=":3" /> | * ''E. impendens'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Burgioli quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae | |- |''Euasteroceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''E. cf.turneri'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae | |- |''Chlamys<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''C. textoria'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae It was identified as ''"Pecten (Chlamys) textorius"''. |[[File:Chlamys_islandica_02.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Chlamys'']] |- |''Coelostylina''<ref name="Gasteropo" /> | * ''C. lepontina'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Coelostylinidae. | |- |''Discohelix''<ref name=":83">{{Cite journal |last1=Neuweiler |first1=Fritz |last2=Bernoulli |first2=Daniel |date=2005-02-01 |title=Mesozoic (Lower Jurassic) red stromatactis limestones from the Southern Alps (Arzo, Switzerland): calcite mineral authigenesis and syneresis-type deformation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0442-3 |journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=130–146 |bibcode=2005IJEaS..94..130N |doi=10.1007/s00531-004-0442-3 |issn=1437-3262}}</ref> | * ''D. sp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo |Shells |A Snail of the family Discohelicidae. |[[File:Discohelix_tunisiensis_apical.jpg|center|thumb|174x174px|''Discohelix'']] |- |''Discotoma<ref name="Vialli2" />'' | * ''D.? aff. ornata'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae. | |- |''Fimbria''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''F. semireticulata'' * ''F. (Sphaeriola) sp.'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Lucinidae. |[[File:Fimbria_fimbriata_01.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Fimbria'']] |- |''Gresslya<ref name=":6" />'' | * ''G. lunulata'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Pleuromyidae. | |- |''Goniomya''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''G. verbana'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Lucinidae. | |- |''Gryphaea''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''G. arcuata'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |An Oyster of the family Gryphaeidae. |[[File:Gryphaea_arcuata_01.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Fimbria'']] |- |''Lima<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''L. (Radula) succincta'' * ''L. (Radula) valmariannae'' * ''L. (Radula) hettangiensis'' * ''L. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A File Clam of the family Limidae. |[[File:Lima_vulgaris_01.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Lima'']] |- |''Lucina''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''L. ? liasina'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Lucinidae. |[[File:Lucina_aurantia_02.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Lucina'']] |- |''Lytoceras<ref name=":7" />'' | * ''L. sp.'' | * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Lytoceratidae | |- |''Mactromya<ref name=":6" />'' | * ''M. arenacea'' * ''M. cingulata'' * ''M. problematica'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Adapedont of the family Edmondiidae. | |- |''Microderoceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''M. birchii'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Eoderoceratidae. |center|thumb|224x224px|''Microderoceras'' specimen |- |''Modiolus<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''M. vomer'' * ''M. cf.scalpra'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Mussel of the family Mytilidae. Identified as the genus "''Modiola''", now junior synonym of ''Modiolus''. |[[File:Modiolus_modiolus_0001.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Modiolus'']] |- |''Myoconcha<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''M. scabra'' * ''M. rugosa''<ref name=":11" /> * ''M. ssp.'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Pleuromyidae. | |- |''Nannobelus<ref name="Vialli" />'' | * ''N. cf. acutus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Phagmocones |A Belemnite of the family Belemnitidae. | |- |''Ostenoteuthis''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=Ð. |date=1972 |title=Rinvenimento di un raro cefalopode coleoideo nel giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia |journal=Atti de la SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=141–149}}</ref><ref name="Coeloid">{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Donovan |first2=D. T. |date=2000 |title=A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, Northern Italy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229813495 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1019–1038 |bibcode=2000Palgy..43.1019G |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00160 |s2cid=129455509 |access-date=2 May 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | *''O. siroi'' | * Osteno |Several specimens with decent preservation |A coleoid of the family Ostenoteuthidae. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.<ref name="Coeloid" /> |[[File:Ostenoteuthis siroi.jpg|center|thumb|174x174px|''Ostenoteuthis'']] |- |''Ostrea''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''O. cf. chillyensis'' * ''O. electra'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |An Oyster of the family Ostreidae. |[[File:Ostrea_stentina_01.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Ostrea'']] |- |''Oxynoticeras<ref name="PinnaA" /><ref name=":5" />'' | * ''O. oxynotum'' * ''O. actinotum'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Burgioli quarry * Galli Quarry * Osteno Outcrop |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Oxynoticeratidae. |center|thumb|224x224px|''Oxynoticeras'' specimen |- |''Paltechioceras<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''P. (Plesechioceras) demissum'' * ''P.(Plesechioceras) delicatum'' | * Burgioli quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Echioceratidae. | |- |''Paracoroniceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''P. cf. gmuendense'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. | |- |''Paradasyceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''P. stella'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Juraphyllitidae. | |- |''Parallelodon''<ref name=":6" /> | * ''P. (Grammatodon) cypriniforme'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Parallelodontidae. | |- |''Pecten<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''P. (Pseudamusium) diblasii'' * ''P. (Pseudamusium) hehlii'' * ''P. (Chlamys) subalpinus'' * ''P. (Chlamys) textorius'' * ''P. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Scallop of the family Pectinoidae. |[[File:Pecten_maximus_04.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Pecten'']] |- |''Pholadomya<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''P. sp.'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Pholadomyidae. |[[File:Pholadomya_murchisoni_01.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|''Pholadomya'']] |- |''Plagiostoma<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''P. giganteum'' * ''P. stabilei'' * ''P. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A File Clam of the family Limidae. Identified originally as ''"Lima (Plagiostoma) gigantea"''. |[[File:Plagiostoma_gigantea.JPG|center|thumb|155x155px|''Plagiostoma'']] |- |''Pleuromya''<ref name="paro" />''<ref name=":6" />'' | * ''P. cf. angusta'' * ''P. saltriensis'' * ''P. galathea'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Pleuromyidae. | |- |''Pleurotomaria<ref name="Vialli2" />''<ref name="Gasteropo" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monari |first1=Stefano |last2=Valentini |first2=Mara |last3=Conti |first3=Maria Alessandra |date=2011 |title=Earliest Jurassic Patellogastropod, Vetigastropod, and Neritimorph Gastropods from Luxembourg with Considerations on the Triassic-Jurassic Faunal Turnover |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20100098.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |language=en |volume=56 |issue=2 |doi=10.4202/app.2010.0098.full#bibr93 |doi-broken-date=5 August 2025 |issn=0567-7920}}</ref> | * ''P. oblita'' * ''P. anglica'' * ''P. escheri'' * ''P. granulatocincta'' * ''P. hettangiensis'' * ''P. saltriensis<ref name=":11" />'' * ''P. cf. gigas'' * ''P. sp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae. |[[File:Pleurotomaria_Enzesfeld-Formation.jpg|center|thumb|197x197px|''Pleurotomaria'']] |- |''Promicroceras<ref name=":3" />'' | * ''P. planicosta'' | * Burgioli quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Eoderoceratidae. | |- |''Ptychomphalus<ref name="Vialli2" />'' | * ''P. expansus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Eotomariidae. | |- |''Pyrgotrochus<ref name="Vialli2" />'' | * ''P. basilicus'' * ''P. cf.basilicus'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae. | |- |''Schlotheimia<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''S.(Charmasseiceras?) sp.'' | * Galli Quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Schlotheimiidae | |- |''Terquemia<ref name="paro" /><ref name=":6" />'' | * ''T. heberti'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Clam of the family Prospondylidea. | |- |''Trochus''<ref name="Gasteropo" /> | * ''T. sp'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Trochidae. |[[File:Trochus_radiatus_01.JPG|center|thumb|174x174px|''Trochus'']] |- |''Trochotoma<ref name="Vialli2" />'' | * ''T. subturrita'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |A Snail of the family Pleurotomariidae. | |- |''Uncinoteuthis''<ref name="Coeloid" /> | *''U. cuvieri'' | * Osteno |An incomplete specimen consisting of the arm crown only |A coleoid of the family Ostenoteuthidae. |[[File:Uncinoteuthis cuvieri.jpg|center|thumb|174x174px|''Uncinoteuthis'']] |- |''Vermiceras<ref name=":5" />'' | * ''V. spiratissimum'' * ''V. cf.spiratissimum'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Shells |An Ammonitidan of the family Arietitidae. |center|thumb|212x212px|''Vermiceras'' specimen |}

=== Echinoderms === {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Hispidocrinus''<ref name=Crino>{{cite journal |last1=Jaselli |first1=L. |title=Reappraisal of the Lower Jurassic crinoid fauna of Lombardy (Italy): insights on regional museum collections |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |date=2021 |volume=60 |issue=2 |page=112 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354507218 |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> | *''H. scalaris'' | * Pradalunga | Multiple ossicles | A Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida. | |- | ''Isocrinus''<ref name=Crino/> | *''I. tuberculatus'' *''I. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry * M. Campo dei Fiori * Ubiale-Clanezzo | Multiple ossicles | A Crinoidean, member of the family Isocrininae inside Isocrinida. | |- | ''Millericrinus''<ref name=Crino/> | *''M. cf. adneticus'' | * M. di Grone | Multiple ossicles | A Crinoidean, member of the family Millericrinidae inside Millericrinida. | |- |''Miocidaris''<ref name="paro" /> | * ''M. amalthei'' | * Cava Salnova quarry |Spines & Ambulacrum |An Echinoidean of the family Miocidaridae. | |- | ''Palaeocoma''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="coma">{{cite journal |last1=Jaselli |first1=L. |date=2015 |title=The Lower Jurassic (Early Sinemurian) ophiuroid Palaeocoma milleri in the palaeontological collection of the Museo di Storia Naturale "Antonio Stoppani"(Italy) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291340148 |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=54 |issue=3 |page=188 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> | *''P. milleri'' | * Mount Campo dei Fiori * Ubiale-Clanezzo | MSNVI 044/017, dorsally-ventrally oriented ophiuroid |An Ophiuridan of the family Ophiodermatidae. Extant tropical species like ''Ophioderma'' are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in ''Palaeocoma''.<ref name="coma" /> |center|thumb|209x209px|''Palaeocoma milleri'' |- |''Pentacrinites''<ref name=":3" /><ref name="paro" /> | * ''P. fasciculosus'' * ''P. tuberculosus'' * ''P. subangularis'' * ''P. spp.'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Multiple ossicles |A Sea lily of the family Pentacrinitidae. |center|thumb|''Pentacrinites'' |- |''Plegiocidaris''<ref name="Vialli2" /> | * ''P. falsani'' | * Cava Salnova quarry * Galli Quarry |Spines & Ambulacrum |An Echinoidean of the family Cidaridae. |center|thumb|199x199px|''Plegiocidaris'' |}

===Hemichordata=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Megaderaion''<ref name=WormA>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Megaderaion sinemuriense n. g. n. sp., a new fossil enteropneust of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano |date=1981 |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=104–108 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267277 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | * ''M. sinemuriense'' | * Osteno | Six specimens with soft parts | An acorn worm, member of the family Harrimaniidae inside Enteropneusta. This genus was probably benthic, linked with burrowing systems.<ref name=WormA/> |[[File:Saccoglossus.jpg|thumb|165x165px|Modern relative, ''Saccoglossus''|center]] |}

===Chondrichthyes=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | Hybodontiformes<ref name=Squal/> | Indeterminate | * Osteno | Teeth | A shark, member of the family Hybodontiformes. | |- | Myriacanthidae<ref name=Squal/> | Gen et sp. nov | * Osteno | Virtually complete skull with associated parts of the branchial skeleton | A chimaerid, member of the family Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. | |- |''Notidanoides''<ref name=":2" /> | * ''N. arzoensis'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Teeth |A Crassodontidanidae Hexanchiform | |- | ''Ostenoselache''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name="Shark1">{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |date=1998 |title=Ostenoselache stenosoma ngn sp., a new neoselachian shark from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |url=http://mmtk.ginras.ru/pdf/DUFFIN,%20C.J.%201998.pdf |journal=Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=1–27 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> | * ''O. stenosoma'' | * Osteno | One complete articulated specimen | A euselachiian of the family Ostenoselachidae. A genus only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least 240&nbsp;mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.<ref name="Shark1" /> It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.<ref name="Shark1" /> |[[File:Ostenoselache stenosoma.JPG|center|thumb|196x196px|''Ostenoselache'']] |-

| ''Palaeospinax''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |date=1987 |title=''Palaeospinax pinnai n. sp.'', a new Palaeospinacid shark from the Sinemuvian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |url=https://zenodo.org/records/13679006 |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=185–202}}</ref> | * ''P. pinnai'' | * Osteno | A single specimen in four contiguous pieces and including parts of the dentition and squamation | A shark of the family Palaeospinacidae. | |- | ''Squaloraja''<ref name=Squal>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=A myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1991 |volume=132 |issue=23 |pages=293–308 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267139 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Garassino |first2=Alessandro |last3=Pasini |first3=Giovanni |date=2023 |title=Squaloraja; Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy) |journal=Natural History Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.4081/nhs.2023.642 |s2cid=258822179 |issn=2385-0922|doi-access=free }}</ref> | * ''S. sp.'' | * Osteno | One complete articulated specimen | A chimaerid of the family Squalorajidae. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras. |[[File:Squaloraja polyspondyla.JPG|center|thumb|196x196px|''Squaloraja'']] |- |''Sphenodus<ref name=":2" />'' | * ''S. helveticus'' * ''S. cf. alpinus'' * ''S. stschurowskii'' | * Broccatello of Arzo * Cava Salnova quarry |Teeth |An Orthacodontidae Synechodontiform | |}

===Actinopterygii=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Dapedium''<ref name="Fish">{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |last2=Patterson |first2=C. |date=1993 |title=I Pesci Fossili di Osteno: una Nuova Finestra sulla Vita del Giurassico Inferiore |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259952765 |journal=Paleocronache |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=18–38 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ostenolepis">{{Cite journal |last1=Franceschi |first1=F. |last2=Marramà |first2=G. |last3=Carnevale |first3=G. |year=2026 |title=Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Jurassic) Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy) |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=9–58 |doi=10.54103/2039-4942/29058}}</ref> | * ''D. sp.'' | * Osteno |MSNM V620 -MSNM V630, caudal fin with associated scales | Holostei of the family Dapediidae. |[[File:Dapedium 1904.png|thumb|center|195x195px|''Dapedium'']] |- | ''Dorsetichthys''<ref name="Fish" /> | * ''D. bechei'' | * Osteno |MSNM V409-MSNM V638: nearly complete articulated skeleton; MSNM V547-575: patch of articulated scales; MSNM V558: two isolated head skeletons; MSNM V572: poorly preserved head skeleton; MSNM V573: isolated caudal and caudal peduncle; MSNM V595: incomplete head skeleton; MSNM V604: patch of articulated scales; MSNM V629: nearly complete articulated skeleton; MSNM V633: incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V650: isolated head skeleton, in part and counterpart; MSNM V654: patch of articulated scales. MSNM V658: largely incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V662: partially complete articulated skeleton; MSNM V664: nearly complete articulated skeleton. | A member of the family Dorsetichthyidae. It is the main fish recovered on the formation. |[[File:Pholidophorus bechei 5893.jpg|center|thumb|198x198px|''Dorsetichthys'']] |- | ''Furo''<ref name=Fish/><ref name="Ostenolepis" /> | * ''F. ("Eugnathus") sp.'' | * Osteno |MSNM V623, an incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V634, an incomplete partially articulated skeleton. | A member of the family Furidae. |[[File:Furo orthostomus.jpg|thumb|center|195x195px|''Furo'']] |- | ''Ostenolepis''<ref name="Fish" /><ref name="Ostenolepis" /> | * ''O. marianii'' | * Osteno |MSNM V617, an almost complete, articulated skeleton; MSNM V538, largely incomplete specimen; MSNM V554, incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V652, incomplete twisted articulated skeleton; MSNM V618-19, skull & toracic section specimen. Other 3 Specimens | A member of the family Palaeoniscimorpha. Previously referred to ''Cosmolepis'' and ''Pteroniscus.'' |[[File:Ostenolepis Fully Body.png|center|thumb|192x192px|''Ostenolepis'']] |- | ''Peripeltopleurus''<ref name="Fish" /><ref name="Ostenolepis" /> | * ''P. jurassicus'' | * Osteno |MSNM V659, almost complete specimen lacking the tail | A member of the family Wushaichthyidae. Represents the only known Jurassic survivor of the order Peltopleuriformes |[[File:Peripeltopleurus hysostomus.JPG|thumb|center|195x195px|''Peripeltopleurus'']] |- | ''Pholidolepis''<ref name="Fish" /><ref name="Ostenolepis" /> | * ''P. teruzzii'' | * Osteno |MSNM V564-V621: almost complete, articulated skeleton. MSNM V529, MSNM V562, MSNM V533, MSNM V565, MSNM V596, MSNM V645, MSNM V648, MSNM V581, MSNM V649: isolated caudals; MSNM V540: incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V556, MSNM V559, MSNM V567, MSNM V568, MSNM V579, MSNM V594: isolated head skeleton; MSNM V563: disarticulated and largely incomplete skeleton; MSNM V570: incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V613: almost com-plete articulated skeleton; MSNM V625: incomplete articulated skeleton; MSNM V641: complete, articulated skeleton; MSNM V646: incomplete articulated skeleton MSNM V656: isolated pectoral girdle. | A member of the family Pholidophoridae. |[[File:Pholidolepis dorsetensis.jpg|thumb|center|192x192px|''Pholidolepis'']] |}

===Sarcopterygii=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- | ''Holophagus''<ref name="Fish" />''<ref name="Ostenolepis" />'' | * ''H. cf. gulo'' | * Osteno |MSNM V530, V561, V587, V586, V588, V589, V591, V592, V593, V597, V598, V601, V599, V600, V667, V602, V607, V666, V668, isolated scales; MSNM V543, isolated urohyal. | A Coelacanth of the family Latimeriidae. Isolated 20 mm scales suggests a taxon up to 75 cm long. |[[File:Holophagus gulo 1908 restoration.jpg|center|thumb|195x195px|''Holophagus'']] |}

=== Amniotes === In 2016 new vertebrate remains were discovered in the Salnova quarry, the remains are being studied to understand if it is a new dinosaur or some other creature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giorno |first=Il |date=2016-03-10 |title=Saltrio, trovati resti ossei: potrebbero appartenere a un dinosauro |url=https://www.ilgiorno.it/varese/cronaca/saltrio-resti-dinosauro-1.1962311 |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=Il Giorno |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-11 |title=La Soprintendenza conferma, sono ossa del Giurassico |url=https://www.varesenews.it/2016/03/la-sovrintendenza-conferma-sono-ossa-del-giurassico/496297/ |access-date=2021-12-30 |website=VareseNews |language=it}}</ref> Latter has been confirmed to be Marine Diapsid material.<ref name="PaleoD">{{cite journal |last1=Zazzera |first1=Andrea |last2=Brivio |first2=Keefer |last3=Rolfi |first3=Jacopo |last4=Bindellini |first4=Gabriele |last5=Balni |first5=Marco |last6=Renesto |first6=Silvio |date=2022 |title=New marine diapsid remains from the Saltrio Formation (Sinemurian) Monte San Giorgio, UNESCO WHL |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361262723 |journal=Paleodays 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=133 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" !Genus !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Ichthyosaurus<ref name="Vialli2" />''<ref name="PaleoD" /> | * ''I. spp.'' | * Galli Quarry |3 Vertebrae Imprints |A Neoichthyosaurian of the family Ichthyosauridae. |center|thumb|215x215px|''Ichthyosaurus'' |- |Pterosauria<ref name="PaleoD" /> |Indeterminate | * Cava Salnova quarry |Isolated Tooth |Referred originally to ''"Pterodactylus longirostris"'' |center|thumb|''Bergamodactylus'', an older (Triassic) Pterosaur from Italy |- |''Saltriovenator<ref name="Saltriov" />'' |''S. zanellai'' | * Cava Salnova quarry | * MSNM V3664, very fragmentary and disarticulated skeleton * MSNM V3659, one maxillary or dentary tooth (Referred material) |A potential Ceratosaur. Traces on the bones show that the dinosaur carcass remained exposed to the water-sediment interface for months or years, long enough to first be defleshed by mobile scavengers, then colonized by a microbial community that spanned the bone–water interface, which in turn attracted slow-moving grazers and epibionts.<ref name="Saltriov" /> |center|thumb|269x269px|''Saltriovenator'' holotype |- |''Temnodontosaurus''<ref name="PaleoD" /> | * ''T. cf.platyodon'' | * Cava Salnova quarry | * Isolated Tooth * Isolated Vertebrae |A Neoichthyosaurian of the family Temnodontosauridae. Specimen whose present repository is unknown. |center|thumb|228x228px|''Temnodontosaurus'' |}

=== Algae === Potential Dasycladaceae are seen on intertidal facies, while Characeae are seen at the base.<ref name=":9" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" align="center" !Taxa !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cayeuxia<ref name=":9" />'' |''C. spp.'' |Alpe Perino; Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Imprints |Calcareous green alga of Udoteaceae; typical of shallow subtidal facies | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Thaumatoporella<ref name=":9" />'' |''T. spp.'' |Alpe Perino Limestone |Imprints |Encrusting calcified alga, typical of Liassic shallow-marine platforms | |}

===Plants=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- ! Genus ! Species ! Location ! Material ! Notes ! Images |- |style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Brachyphyllum<ref name=":1" />''<ref name=Flora/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sordelli |first=F. |date=1896 |title=Flora liasica ed infraliasica |url=http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2014/pres2014-0241.pdf |journal=Flora fossilis Insubrica. Studi sulla vegetazione di Lombardia durante i tempi geologici |pages=38–55}}</ref> |style="background:#D1FFCF;" | *''B. saportum'' *''B. "type A"'' *''B. "type B"'' *''B. "type C"'' *''B. spp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno * Dintorni di Moltrasio | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branched Shoots | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A coniferophytan of the family Cheirolepidiaceae. |style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Callialasporites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''C. spp.'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Pollen |Araucariaceae Conifer |[[File:Araucaria_cunninghamii_cones.jpg|center|thumb|174x174px|Extant ''Araucaria.'']] |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cerebropollenites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''C. macroverrucosus'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Pollen |Sciadopityaceae Conifer |[[File:Sciadopitys_verticillata_(cone)_(cropped).jpg|center|thumb|200x200px|Extant ''Sciadopitys.'']] |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Classopollis<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''C. torosus'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Pollen |Cheirolepidiaceae Conifer, dominant palynomorph | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Clathropteris''<ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''C. platyphylla'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Carate-Lario | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A Fern of the family Dipteridaceae | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Concavisporites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''C. crassexinius'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Spores |Trilete spore of Lycophyte affinity | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ctenopteris''<ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''C. grandis'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Moltrasio | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A Fern of the family Polypodiaceae | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Equisitites''<ref name="Pinna200" />''<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Flora">{{cite journal |last1=Bonci |first1=M. C. |last2=Vanucci |first2=G. |title=I vegetali sinemuriani di Osteno (Lombardia) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1986 |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=107–127}}</ref> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''E. bunburyanus'' * ''E. sp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Stems | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A Horsetail of the family Equisetaceae. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Gliscopollis<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''C. meyeriana'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Pollen |Typical of Jurassic-Cretaceous Cheirolepidiaceae | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Granulatisporites''<ref name=":9" /> | * ''G. punctatus'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Spores |Trilete spore of Lycopodiales | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Lomatopteris''<ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''L. jurensis'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Carate-Lario | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A "Seed Fern", affinities with Cyclopteridaceae. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |center|thumb|227x227px|''Lomatopteris jurensis'' |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Lycopodiacidites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''L. rugulatus'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Spores |Trilete spore of Lycopodiaceae |[[File:Lycopodium_annotinum_161102.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|Extant ''Lycopodium''.]] |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Microreticulatisporites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''M. fuscus'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Spores |Trilete spore of probable Lycophyte origin | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Otozamites<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Flora" /><ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | *''O. bunburyanus'' *''O. bechei'' *''O. latior'' *''O. brevifolius'' *''O. pterophylloides'' *''O. sp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno * Moltrasio * Carate-Lario | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaflets | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A spermatopsidan, member of Bennettitales. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Pachypteris''<ref name="Pinna200" />''<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Flora" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''P. cf. rhomboidalis'' * ''P. sp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A "Seed Fern" of the family Corystospermaceae. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Pagiophyllum<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Flora" /><ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | *''P. peregrinum'' *''P. "type A"'' *''P. "type B"'' *''P. sp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno * Carate-Lario | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branched Shoots | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A coniferophytan of the family Araucariaceae. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Porcellispora<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''P. longdonensis'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Spores |Affinities with Bryophyta or Marchantiophyta, potentially Riellaceae. | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Thinnfeldia''<ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''T. rhomboidalis'' * ''T. obtusa'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Carate-Lario | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A "Seed Fern" of the family Corystospermaceae. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Uvaesporites<ref name=":9" />'' | * ''U. argenteaeformis'' | * Castello Cabiaglio-Orino |Spores |Trilete spore of Selaginellaceae. |[[File:Selaginella_erythropus_kz02.jpg|center|thumb|155x155px|Extant ''Selaginella.'']] |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Williamsonia''<ref name="Pinna200" />''<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Flora" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''W. sp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Reproductive Organ | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A spermatopsidan, member of Bennettitales. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |[[File:Williamsonia life restoration - MUSE.jpg|center|thumb|246x246px|''Williamsonia'']] |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Widdringtonites''<ref name=":0" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''W. baehmanni'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Mombello | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branched Shoots | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A coniferophytan of the family Araucariaceae. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |- | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Zamites''<ref name="Pinna200" />''<ref name=":1" />''<ref name="Flora" /> | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * ''Z. sp.'' | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | * Osteno | style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaflets | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | A spermatopsidan, member of Bennettitales. | style="background:#D1FFCF;" | |}

== See also == * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Italy * Calcare di Sogno, Toarcian fossiliferous formation of Lombardy * Rotzo Formation, Pliensbachian fossiliferous formation of Veneto * Coimbra Formation, Sinemurian fossiliferous formation of Portugal * Aganane Formation, Pliensbachian Formation of Morocco

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Geologic formations of Italy Category:Jurassic System of Europe Category:Early Jurassic Europe Category:Sinemurian Stage Category:Limestone formations Category:Paleontology in Italy Category:Geography of Lombardy