{{Short description|President of Peru from 2022 to 2025}} {{family name hatnote|Boluarte|Zegarra|lang=Hispanic American}} {{Use American English|date=December 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Dina Boluarte | image = Dina Boluarte Diciembre 2024.jpg | caption = Boluarte in 2024 | order = 64th | office = President of Peru | prime_minister = {{ubl | Pedro Angulo Arana | Alberto Otárola | Gustavo Adrianzén | Eduardo Arana Ysa }} | vice_president = {{ubl | {{small|'''First Vice President'''}}<br/>''Vacant'' | {{small|'''Second Vice President'''}}<br/>''Vacant'' }}<!-- Please do not remove! In the event of another crisis that invokes the line of succession, the unusual vacancies of both offices are important. --> | term_start = 7 December 2022 | term_end = 10 October 2025 | predecessor = Pedro Castillo | successor = José Jerí | office2 = First Vice President of Peru | president2 = Pedro Castillo | term_start2 = 28 July 2021 | term_end2 = 7 December 2022 | predecessor2 = Martín Vizcarra{{efn|Martín Vizcarra was the most recent First Vice President before Boluarte. The First Vice Presidency became vacant from 2018 to 2021 following Vizcarra's accession to the presidency.}} | successor2 = ''Vacant'' | office3 = Minister of Development and Social Inclusion | prime_minister3 = Guido Bellido<br>Mirtha Vásquez<br>Héctor Valer<br>Aníbal Torres | term_start3 = 29 July 2021 | term_end3 = 26 November 2022 | predecessor3 = {{ill|v=ib|Silvana Vargas|es}} | successor3 = {{ill|v=ib|Cinthya Lindo Espinoza|es}} | birth_name = Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|31|df=y}} | birth_place = Chalhuanca, Peru<!-- DO NOT LINK, see MOS:GEOLINK for further guidance --> | death_date = | death_place = | party = Independent (2022–present) | other_party = Free Peru (2017–2022) | spouse = {{marriage|David Gómez Villasante|1992|2010|end=divorced}} | children = 2 | education = University of San Martín de Porres (LLB) | signature = Dina Boluarte signature.svg }}
'''Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra'''{{efn|{{IPA|es|ˈdina eɾˈsilja βoˈlwaɾte seˈɣara|audio=Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra.wav|small=no}},}} (born 31{{nbsp}}May 1962) is a Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer who served as the president of Peru from 7 December 2022 until she was removed from office on 10 October 2025. She had previously served as the first vice president and minister at the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion under President Pedro Castillo. She served as an officer at the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC) from 2007 until 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2022 |title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vega |first1=Renzo Gómez |title=Dina Boluarte, Peru's first female president |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-12-08/dina-boluarte-perus-first-female-president.html |access-date=10 December 2022 |work=EL PAÍS English Edition |date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209072137/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-12-08/dina-boluarte-perus-first-female-president.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Boluarte is the first woman to become President of Peru. She was a member of the Free Peru but never fully embraced the party's Marxism–Leninism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dina Boluarte |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dina-Boluarte |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Britannica |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423235456/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dina-Boluarte |url-status=live }}</ref> and was sworn in following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress and subsequent impeachment and arrest.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last1=Taj |first1=Mitra |last2=Garro |first2=Marco |date=27 January 2023 |title='We Have to Come Here to Be Seen': Protesters Descend on Lima |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/27/world/americas/peru-protests-lima.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 January 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129044524/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/27/world/americas/peru-protests-lima.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="risj-2023">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Peru |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023/peru |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |quote=The mainstream press, which is mostly opposed to Castillo's government, supported Boluarte's administration, which moved away from the left and aligned itself with conservative parties, seeking to protect markets and preserve the economic model which has been the status quo in the country for the past two decades. |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621080155/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023/peru |url-status=live }}</ref> Boluarte aligned herself with the right-wing majority of the Peruvian Congress,<ref name="risj-2023" /><ref name=":15" /> and received support from the Peruvian Armed Forces. Boluarte's use of military and the police against protestors has been controversial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noriega |first=Carlos |date=20 December 2022 |title=Dina Boluarte y su giro represivo en Perú: La presidenta parece ir hacia un régimen autoritario cívico-militar |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/509539-dina-boluarte-y-su-giro-represivo-en-peru |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=Pagina 12 |language=es |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128083048/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/509539-dina-boluarte-y-su-giro-represivo-en-peru |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=El gobierno peruano está masacrando manifestantes |url=https://jacobinlat.com/2023/01/25/el-gobierno-peruano-esta-masacrando-manifestantes/ |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=Jacobin |language=es-AR |quote=El gobierno de Boluarte, ahora reconocido por muchos como un régimen cívico-militar |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129044526/https://jacobinlat.com/2023/01/25/el-gobierno-peruano-esta-masacrando-manifestantes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Perú: Boluarte se aferra al poder y construye un enemigo interno para justificar la represión |url=https://www.publico.es/internacional/peru-boluarte-aferra-construye-enemigo-interno-justificar-represion.html |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=Público |date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129044526/https://www.publico.es/internacional/peru-boluarte-aferra-construye-enemigo-interno-justificar-represion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During her first months as president, protests against her government emerged across Peru, during which authorities perpetrated the Ayacucho massacre and Juliaca massacre. Analysts said that Boluarte's crackdown on protestors has undermined democracy.<ref name="AUTHOR">{{bullet}}{{Cite news |last=Franco |first=Marina E. |date=24 January 2023 |title=Peru's protest crackdown could lead to authoritarianism, experts say |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/01/24/perus-protest-government-dina-boularte |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151842/https://www.axios.com/2023/01/24/perus-protest-government-dina-boularte |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |last=Tegel |first=Simeon |date=27 March 2023 |title=Peru's First Female President Has Blood on Her Hands |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/27/perus-first-female-president-has-blood-on-her-hands/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Foreign Policy |quote=[Boluarte's] legacy, to the extent she has one, will remain inseparable from that of her predecessor. This is not only a matter of the authoritarian excesses of her leadership over security forces, but also her emphasis on social conservatism |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151842/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/27/perus-first-female-president-has-blood-on-her-hands/ |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Peru's democracy is under threat |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy-and-society/perus-democracy-is-under-threat-6575/?dicbo=v4-8sW1IjI-1078272479 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=International Politics and Society |quote=In the region itself, there has also been fierce criticism of the authoritarian style of Dina Boluarte and her government. |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151843/https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy-and-society/perus-democracy-is-under-threat-6575/?dicbo=v4-8sW1IjI-1078272479 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=Crackdown on protests worsens erosion of Peru's democracy |url=https://country.eiu.com/Peru/ArticleList/Analysis/Politics |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |quote=the authorities deployed strong-arm tactics to quell demonstrations, including deadly force, arbitrary arrests, intimidation and the stigmatisation of demonstrators as terrorists or criminals in official discourse. As a result, we expect political instability to return, and we highlight the risk that these developments have set the scene for a move towards an authoritarian government reminiscent of that led by Alberto Fujimori in the 1990s |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151843/https://country.eiu.com/Peru/ArticleList/Analysis/Politics |url-status=live }} *{{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=In Peru, protests resume against the backdrop of the Boluarte regime's 'authoritarian drift' |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/01/10/in-peru-protests-resume-against-the-backdrop-of-the-boluarte-regime-s-authoritarian-drift_6011015_4.html |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151842/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/01/10/in-peru-protests-resume-against-the-backdrop-of-the-boluarte-regime-s-authoritarian-drift_6011015_4.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=The Authoritarian Behind Peru's Massacring of Protesters |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/04/peru-protest-repression-alberto-otarola-dina-boluarte |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Jacobin |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151844/https://jacobin.com/2023/04/peru-protest-repression-alberto-otarola-dina-boluarte |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |title=Carmen Ilizarbe: 'The Boluarte government can never have social legitimacy' |url=https://global.ilmanifesto.it/carmen-ilizarbe-the-boluarte-government-can-never-have-social-legitimacy/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=il manifesto |date=10 April 2023 |quote=the government seems to have decidedly embarked on an authoritarian path |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151842/https://global.ilmanifesto.it/carmen-ilizarbe-the-boluarte-government-can-never-have-social-legitimacy/ |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |last=Noriega |first=Carlos |date=19 March 2023 |title=Perú: la presidencia de Dina Boluarte cumple cien días; Una gestión marcada por la represión racista, la restauración conservadora y la persecución política |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/532969-peru-la-presidencia-de-dina-boluarte-cumple-cien-dias |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=Pagina 12 |language=es |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181526/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/532969-peru-la-presidencia-de-dina-boluarte-cumple-cien-dias |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Global freedom recession may be 'bottoming out': Freedom House |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/9/global-freedom-recession-may-be-bottoming-out-freedom-house |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309202758/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/9/global-freedom-recession-may-be-bottoming-out-freedom-house |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite international concerns, Boluarte praised the actions of the armed forces.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Rebaza |first=Claudia |date=25 May 2023 |title=Peru protesters, including children, killed in 'extrajudicial executions' by security forces, Amnesty finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/25/americas/peru-protests-extrajudicial-executions-amnesty-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=CNN |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527024626/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/25/americas/peru-protests-extrajudicial-executions-amnesty-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 10 January 2023, Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced she was opening an investigation to determine if Boluarte and members of her government committed genocide and aggravated homicide. Boluarte described these investigations as lawfare, and Benavides was later dismissed.<ref name=":48">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Fiscalía investigará a Dina Boluarte y a Alberto Otárola por genocidio |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/01/11/protestas-en-peru-fiscalia-investigara-a-dina-boluarte-y-a-alberto-otarola-por-genocidio-protestas-en-puno-ministerio-publico/ |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173540/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/01/11/protestas-en-peru-fiscalia-investigara-a-dina-boluarte-y-a-alberto-otarola-por-genocidio-protestas-en-puno-ministerio-publico/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2025 |title=Dina Boluarte: "Invoco que se abandone el activismo judicial que busca la politización de la justicia" |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/dina-boluarte-invoco-que-se-abandone-el-activismo-judicial-que-busca-la-politizacion-de-la-justicia-tribunal-constitucional-ultimas-noticia/#google_vignette |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}</ref> Boluarte again avoided impeachment following a bribery scandal, nicknamed "Rolexgate", in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Peruvian president avoids impeachment over 'Rolexgate' scandal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn4jl0xw35xo |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Despite describing herself as a "progressive and moderate leftist",<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2022 |title=Presidenta peruana Boluarte dice que es una izquierdista 'progresista y moderada' |url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/presidenta-peruana-boluarte-dice-izquierdista-progresista-moderada-/6889631.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Voz de América |language=es}}</ref> observers labeled Boluarte's administration as conservative, opportunistic, and illiberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanaka |first=Martín |date=2024 |title=Perú en 2023: de la polarización a la coalición conservadora y populista durante el gobierno de Dina Boluarte |journal=Revista de ciencia política |publication-place=Santiago de Chile |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=415��439 |doi=10.4067/s0718-090x2024005000123 |issn=0718-090X|doi-access=free }}</ref> She became chronically unpopular, with a historic low of 2% approval {{As of|2025|March|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Averbuch |first=Maya |date=26 May 2024 |title=Peru's Unpopular Leader Hits New Low: A 5% Approval Rating |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-26/peru-s-unpopular-leader-hits-new-low-a-5-approval-rating |website=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=Deeply unpopular Peruvian president calls for general elections in April 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-elections-declared-2026-president-boluarte-dabea7cd70b6288542317b080b99c8aa |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> As such, she was labeled "the world's least popular leader"<ref name="Hurowitz-2024">{{Cite web |last=Hurowitz |first=Noah |date=23 October 2024 |title=Meet the World's Least Popular President |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/10/23/peru-president-dina-boluarte-rolexgate/ |website=The Intercept |access-date=13 June 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Monney |first=Solène |date=2025-05-19 |title=On vous présente la présidente la plus détestée au monde |url=https://www.blick.ch/fr/monde/perou-dina-boluarte-la-presidente-la-plus-detestee-au-monde-id20884114.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Blick |language=fr-CH}}</ref> and the "most unpopular leader in the world".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lScgM7mKeaw |title=Why Peru's President is the Most Unpopular Leader in the World |date=2025-05-19 |publisher=TLDR News |access-date=2025-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidenta de Perú registra solo un 2 % de aprobación |url=https://www.lanacion.com.py/mundo/2025/06/01/presidenta-de-peru-registra-solo-un-2-de-aprobacion/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=La Nación |language=es |quote=Dina Boluarte es quizás la presidenta más impopular del mundo, con apenas un 2 % de aprobación. |trans-quote=Dina Boluarte is perhaps the most unpopular president in the world, with an approval rating of just 2%.}}</ref> On 10 October 2025, Boluarte was impeached and removed from office by the Peruvian Congress in a 122–0 vote amidst a security crisis and renewed civil unrest against her rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taj |first=Mitra |date=2025-10-09 |title=Peru Ousts President Amid Crime Surge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/10/world/americas/peru-ousts-president-amid-crime-surge.html |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2025 |title=Congreso de la República aprueba vacancia de Dina Boluarte con 122 votos a favor |trans-title=Congress of the Republic approves Dina Boluarte's impeachment with 122 votes in favour |url=https://comunicaciones.congreso.gob.pe/noticias/congreso-de-la-republica-aprueba-vacancia-de-dina-boluarte-con-122-votos-a-favor/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=Comunicaciones del Congreso de la República |language=es}}</ref> She was succeeded as President of Peru by José Jerí, the president of Congress.
== Early life and education == Boluarte was born in a Quechua-speaking peasant family,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Dina Boluarte, una líder con raíces en la izquierda independiente para gobernar el 'difícil' Perú |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20221208/perfil-dina-boluarte-nueva-presidenta-peru-79695730 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=El Periodico |language=es}}</ref> in the village of Chalhuanca, Apurímac, on 31 May 1962.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Dina Boluarte: los datos poco conocidos de la primera presidenta del Perú |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/10/dina-boluarte-los-datos-poco-conocidos-de-la-primera-presidenta-del-peru/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es-ES |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126045613/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/10/dina-boluarte-los-datos-poco-conocidos-de-la-primera-presidenta-del-peru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She graduated as a lawyer from the University of San Martín de Porres and later did postgraduate studies at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=¿Quiénes conforman la plancha presidencial de Pedro Castillo para las Elecciones 2021? |url=https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2021/04/12/pedro-castillo-plancha-presidencial-peru-libre-quienes-conforman-equipo-politico-candidato-lidera-encuestas-onpe-elecciones-2021-58120 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=El Popular |language=es |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612044638/https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2021/04/12/pedro-castillo-plancha-presidencial-peru-libre-quienes-conforman-equipo-politico-candidato-lidera-encuestas-onpe-elecciones-2021-58120 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=R. Evan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSFEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dina+Boluarte+isbn&pg=PA44 |title=The Evolution of Peru's Multidimensional Challenges |date=28 August 2022 |publisher=IndraStra Papers |isbn=978-1-959278-00-9 |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306184125/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSFEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dina+Boluarte+isbn&pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her upbringing in poverty has not shielded her from accusations of exploiting her indigenous roots for political gain.<ref name="Jugo-20240404">{{Cite web |last=Mendoza Mori |first=Américo |date=4 April 2024 |title=El quechua de Dina |url=https://jugo.pe/el-quechua-de-dina/ |website=Jugo |access-date=8 March 2025 |language=es}}</ref>
== Early career == In 2004, Boluarte co-authored a book, ''The Recognition of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law,'' which was later investigated for plagiarism after 55% of the text included was marked as plagiarized from a 2002 post on the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico's website according to Turnitin software.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costilla |first=Kristell |date=11 July 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte: libro de su coautoría sobre los Derechos Humanos registra un 55% de plagio |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/07/09/dina-boluarte-habria-plagiado-el-55-de-su-libro-sobre-los-derechos-humanos-487026 |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=La República |language=es |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181525/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/07/09/dina-boluarte-habria-plagiado-el-55-de-su-libro-sobre-los-derechos-humanos-487026 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has worked at National Registry of Identification and Civil Status as an attorney and officer since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2021/04/13/diana-boluarte-hoja-vida-antecedentes-biografia-vicepresidenta-candidato-pedro-castillo-propuestas-peru-libre-elecciones-2021-58280 |title=Quién es Dina Boluarte, la vicepresidenta del gobierno de Pedro Castillo |website=El Popular |date=29 July 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=es |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201112/https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2021/04/13/diana-boluarte-hoja-vida-antecedentes-biografia-vicepresidenta-candidato-pedro-castillo-propuestas-peru-libre-elecciones-2021-58280 |url-status=live }}</ref> She ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Lima's Surquillo district in 2018, representing the Free Peru party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://panamericana.pe/panorama/politica/319436-dina-boluarte-candidata-vicepresidencia-peru-libre |title=Dina Boluarte: biografía de la candidata a la vicepresidencia por Perú Libre |website=Panamericana Televisión |date=11 April 2021 |access-date=6 May 2021 |language=es |format=Video |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620193328/https://panamericana.pe/panorama/politica/319436-dina-boluarte-candidata-vicepresidencia-peru-libre |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Abogada Dina Boluarte Zegarra precandidata a primera vicepresidencia por el partido Perú Libre |url=http://radiotitanka.pe/noticias/8947/abogada-dina-boluarte-zegarra-precandidata-a-primera-vicepresidencia-por-el-partido-peru-libre |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=radiotitanka.pe |language=es |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612044351/http://radiotitanka.pe/noticias/8947/abogada-dina-boluarte-zegarra-precandidata-a-primera-vicepresidencia-por-el-partido-peru-libre |url-status=live }}</ref> She also participated in the extraordinary parliamentary elections in 2020 for Free Peru, though she did not obtain a congressional seat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
== Vice presidency (2021–2022) == === Election === {{Main|2021 Peruvian general election}}
In the 2021 presidential election, Boluarte was part of the presidential ticket of Pedro Castillo,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/elecciones/elecciones-2021-dina-boluarte-vamos-a-cambiar-la-estructura-economica-del-pais-peru-libre-noticia-1331024 |title=Elecciones 2021; Dina Boluarte: "Vamos a cambiar la estructura económica del país" |website=RPP |last=Flores |first=José |date=11 April 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |language=es |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208024211/https://rpp.pe/politica/elecciones/elecciones-2021-dina-boluarte-vamos-a-cambiar-la-estructura-economica-del-pais-peru-libre-noticia-1331024 |url-status=live }}</ref> which was victorious in the run-off.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Reuters |date=16 June 2021 |title=Peru election: socialist Pedro Castillo claims victory ahead of official result |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/16/peru-election-socialist-pedro-castillo-claims-victory-ahead-of-official-result |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616010038/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/16/peru-election-socialist-pedro-castillo-claims-victory-ahead-of-official-result |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=AFP |date=16 June 2021 |title=Peru Nervously Awaits Outcome Nine Days After Presidential Vote |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/peru-nervously-awaits-outcome-nine-days-after-presidential-vote-3226688 |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195503/https://www.ibtimes.com/peru-nervously-awaits-outcome-nine-days-after-presidential-vote-3226688 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the campaign, Boluarte was widely viewed to position herself more moderately than Castillo, saying that she would not support overriding the Constitutional Court of Peru, but still stated "the wealthy middle class of Lima will surely cease to be a wealthy middle class".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Pedro Castillo Vicepresidenta Dina Boluarte: "La clase media limeña acomodada seguramente dejará de serlo" Elecciones 2021 nndc |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/pedro-castillo-vicepresidenta-dina-boluarte-la-clase-media-limena-acomodada-seguramente-dejara-de-serlo-elecciones-2021-nndc-noticia/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=Gestión |language=es |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215170156/https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/pedro-castillo-vicepresidenta-dina-boluarte-la-clase-media-limena-acomodada-seguramente-dejara-de-serlo-elecciones-2021-nndc-noticia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Boluarte also said that if Castillo were to be removed from office, she would resign in support of him.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte: de la izquierda radical a la colusión con la derecha y las Fuerzas Armadas |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/22/dina-boluarte-de-la-izquierda-radical-a-la-colusion-con-la-derecha-y-las-fuerzas-armadas-protestas-marchas-en-peru-ejercito-pedro-castillo/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122205130/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/22/dina-boluarte-de-la-izquierda-radical-a-la-colusion-con-la-derecha-y-las-fuerzas-armadas-protestas-marchas-en-peru-ejercito-pedro-castillo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While campaigning in Piura, ''Diario Correo'' reported on counter-terrorism police documents that alleged Boluarte was seen working beside members of MOVADEF, an alleged arm of Shining Path.<ref name=":13" />
=== Conflicts with Free Peru === [[File:Juramentación del nuevo Gabinete Ministerial (parte dos) 14-34 screenshot.png|left|thumb|Boluarte with Castillo at Palacio de Gobierno in 2022]] On 29 July 2021, Boluarte was appointed minister of Development and Social Inclusion in the government of Castillo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-dina-boluarte-jura-como-ministra-desarrollo-e-inclusion-social-855559.aspx |title=Dina Boluarte jura como ministra de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social |website=andina.pe |location=Lima |date=29 July 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |language=es |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730055921/https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-dina-boluarte-jura-como-ministra-desarrollo-e-inclusion-social-855559.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 January 2022, during an interview with ''La República'', Boluarte stated that she never embraced the ideology of Free Peru. The party's general secretary, Vladimir Cerrón, subsequently expelled Boluarte from Free Peru and posted on Twitter, "Always loyal, traitors never". Cerrón also claimed that Boluarte's comment threatened party unity.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2022|title=Perú Libre expulsa a Dina Boluarte por declarar que nunca abrazó el ideario de ese partido|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/01/23/peru-libre-expulsa-a-dina-boluarte-por-declarar-que-nunca-abrazo-el-ideario-de-ese-partido/|access-date=24 January 2022|work=infobae|language=es-ES|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416160725/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/01/23/peru-libre-expulsa-a-dina-boluarte-por-declarar-que-nunca-abrazo-el-ideario-de-ese-partido/|url-status=live}}</ref> Party members later requested her expulsion, stating Boluarte "does nothing more than create division and discredit the image" of Cerrón.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Perú Libre: Piden la expulsión de Dina Boluarte como militante por "desprestigiar la imagen" de Vladimir Cerrón nndc |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/peru-libre-piden-la-expulsion-de-dina-boluarte-como-militante-por-desprestigiar-la-imagen-de-vladimir-cerron-nndc-noticia/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=Gestión |language=es |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215170155/https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/peru-libre-piden-la-expulsion-de-dina-boluarte-como-militante-por-desprestigiar-la-imagen-de-vladimir-cerron-nndc-noticia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 25 November 2022, Boluarte resigned from her position as the minister of Development and Social Inclusion, but remained as first vice president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ledo |first1=Rocio Munoz |title=Who is Dina Boluarte, Peru's first female president? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/dina-boluarte-profile-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=8 December 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210064139/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/dina-boluarte-profile-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 December 2022, after voting 13 in favor and 8 against, a constitutional complaint was filed by the Subcommittee on Constitutional Accusations against Boluarte, alleging that she operated a private club named the Apurímac Club ({{langx|es|Club Departamental de Apurímac}}) while she was minister of Development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2022 |title=Dina Boluarte: Subcomisión de Acusaciones archiva denuncia constitucional contra vicepresidenta RMMN |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/dina-boluarte-subcomision-de-acusaciones-archiva-denuncia-constitucional-contra-vicepresidenta-rmmn-noticia/ |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Gestión |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206083843/https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/dina-boluarte-subcomision-de-acusaciones-archiva-denuncia-constitucional-contra-vicepresidenta-rmmn-noticia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dina Boluarte solicitó licencia en la asociación privada Club Departamental Apurímac, según documentos |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2022/05/23/dina-boluarte-solicito-licencia-en-la-asociacion-privada-club-departamental-apurimac-segun-documentos/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |work=La República |date=24 May 2022 |language=es |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210030123/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2022/05/23/dina-boluarte-solicito-licencia-en-la-asociacion-privada-club-departamental-apurimac-segun-documentos/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Presidency (2022–2025) == {{Main|Presidency of Dina Boluarte}}
=== Inauguration === [[File:07.08.2023 - Reunião bilateral com a Presidenta da República do Peru, Dina Boluarte - 53101147236.jpg|thumb|President Boluarte with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, August 2023]] [[File:Biden and Peruvian president Dina Boluarte Zegarra at APEC Summit, 2024 (54151891291) (cropped).jpg|thumb|President Boluarte with US President Joe Biden at the APEC Summit in Peru, November 2024]] On 7 December 2022, during the Peruvian political crisis, after Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve the Congress of the Republic of Peru during impeachment proceedings against him, Boluarte condemned the move as a "breakdown of the constitutional order" and assumed the presidency after the impeachment of Castillo.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peru President Pedro Castillo calls to dissolve Congress |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/7/peru-president-pedro-castillo-calls-to-dissolve-congress |publication-date=7 December 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208034547/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/7/peru-president-pedro-castillo-calls-to-dissolve-congress |url-status=live }}</ref> Boluarte thus became Peru's first female president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-s-dina-boluarte-sworn-in-by-congress-as-new-president|title=Peru's Dina Boluarte Sworn in as First Female President After Castillo Exit|work=Bloomberg|first=Carolina|last=Gonzalez|date=7 December 2022|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207213821/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-s-dina-boluarte-sworn-in-by-congress-as-new-president|url-status=live}}</ref> Boluarte's presidency was the most recent instance in Peruvian history where the first vice president succeeded a president who could no longer serve, after First Vice President Martín Vizcarra became president upon the resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2018. Peru had seven presidents from 2015 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Claudia Rebaza |author2=Tara John |author3=Stefano Pozzebon |author4=Hande Atay Alam |date=7 December 2022 |title=Peru's President impeached and arrested after he attempts to dissolve Congress |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/peru-president-castillo-congress-dissolves-intl/index.html |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207183035/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/peru-president-castillo-congress-dissolves-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In her first speech to the Congress, she denounced President Castillo and declared her will to form a national unity government to resolve the present political crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/dina-boluarte-profile-intl-latam/index.html |title=Who is Dina Boluarte, Peru's first female president? |date=8 December 2022 |website=CNN |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208113914/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/dina-boluarte-profile-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the formation of her government, she consulted all the major parties, but selected no members of Congress. Instead she formed what was widely viewed as a technocratic government led by Pedro Angulo Arana, an attorney who faced 13 criminal investigations as of his appointment in December 2022, including abuse of authority, abuse of public administration, abuse of public faith, blackmail, extortion and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Dina Boluarte busca calmar al país con un gabinete de técnicos |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2022/12/11/dina-boluarte-busca-calmar-al-pais-con-un-gabinete-ministerial-de-tecnicos-pcm-consejo-de-ministros-pedro-angulo-poder-ejecutivo-mtc-mtpe/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212115039/https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2022/12/11/dina-boluarte-busca-calmar-al-pais-con-un-gabinete-ministerial-de-tecnicos-pcm-consejo-de-ministros-pedro-angulo-poder-ejecutivo-mtc-mtpe/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Perú: presidenta Boluarte nombra a un investigado exfiscal como jefe de gabinete |url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/dina-boluarte-nombra-a-un-investigado-exfiscal-como-jefe-de-su-gabinete-de-ministros/6870952.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Voice of America |date=10 December 2022 |language=es |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214183603/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/dina-boluarte-nombra-a-un-investigado-exfiscal-como-jefe-de-su-gabinete-de-ministros/6870952.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Observers commented that with growing protests and an undefined support base, Boluarte's government would likely not be given the space, either by Congress or the people, to succeed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2022 |title=Peru's political crisis: Jaw-dropping twists and turns |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63971274 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215170155/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63971274 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Recognition ==== International recognition of Boluarte's government has been mixed. Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognize Boluarte. The United States has recognized Boluarte as president. Spain was also in support, championing a return to "constitutional order."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=Peru swears in VP as the new president amid constitutional crisis |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/peru-swears-in-vp-as-the-new-president-amid-constitutional-crisis |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=PBS NewsHour |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215170157/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/peru-swears-in-vp-as-the-new-president-amid-constitutional-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela supported Pedro Castillo as the President of Peru following the events in December 2022 and refused to recognize Boluarte.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=After Mexico president backs Peru's Castillo, Boluarte to call leaders |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexican-president-says-perus-castillo-should-not-have-been-removed-2022-12-13/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214081245/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexican-president-says-perus-castillo-should-not-have-been-removed-2022-12-13/ |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Colombia, Argentina, México y Bolivia, a favor de Castillo |url=https://apnews.com/article/noticias-c4152daee74d1e733412ee70386c48a1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322104903/https://apnews.com/article/noticias-c4152daee74d1e733412ee70386c48a1 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite news |date=26 January 2023 |title=Peru recalls ambassador to Honduras for 'unacceptable interference' as diplomatic spat deepens |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-recalls-ambassador-honduras-unacceptable-interference-diplomatic-spat-2023-01-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302031657/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-recalls-ambassador-honduras-unacceptable-interference-diplomatic-spat-2023-01-26/ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The issue of international recognition soon after became irrelevant as she received recognition as the legitimate president from most international leaders.<ref name="Cookson-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Elisa |date=21 January 2025 |title=Milei, Boluarte y Mulino participan en la reunión anual 2025 del Foro Económico Mundial en Davos |url=https://www.nodal.am/2025/01/milei-boluarte-y-mulino-participan-en-reunion-anual-2025-del-foro-economico-mundial-en-davos/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=NODAL |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paucar |first=Luis |date=22 November 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte es invitada por Javier Milei a su toma de posesión en Argentina |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/11/22/dina-boluarte-es-invitada-por-javier-milei-a-su-toma-de-posesion-en-argentina/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref>
=== Protests === {{Main|Peruvian protests (2022–2023)}}
[[File:Visita Técnica a Peru 20-12-22 (52576238676).jpg|thumb|IACHR representatives meeting with President Boluarte during the 2022 Peruvian political protests]] According to CNN, the Boluarte government "has responded to protesters with both stick and carrot; President Boluarte has offered the possibility of holding early elections, while her Defense Minister Luis Alberto Otárola ... declared a state of emergency and deployed troops to the street."<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Caitlin Hu |author2=Claudia Rebaza |date=16 December 2022 |title=Peru's ex-president Castillo to be jailed for 18 months as protesters declare 'insurgency' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/15/americas/peru-castillo-detention-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216092234/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/15/americas/peru-castillo-detention-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' would describe Boluarte's response as "hawkish".<ref name=":15"/> On 12 December, following protests that broke out after the removal of Pedro Castillo, President Boluarte announced that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from April 2024 to April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peru protests grow despite new president's early election pledge |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/12/two-killed-in-peru-as-protests-over-castillos-arrest-spread |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=Al Jazeera English |date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212200957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/12/two-killed-in-peru-as-protests-over-castillos-arrest-spread |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 December, Alberto Otárola, Boluarte's defense minister, declared a state of emergency for 30 days to quell "acts of violence and vandalism."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=14 December 2022 |title=Peru declares state of emergency as protests intensify |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1036fcfb-f43b-4a82-8d2d-bf8c087646b4 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215170220/https://www.ft.com/content/1036fcfb-f43b-4a82-8d2d-bf8c087646b4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Responding to protests, Boluarte said she does not understand why anyone would protest against her and supported the repressive response of authorities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Noriega |first=Carlos |date=23 December 2022 |title=Dina Boluarte intenta defenderse: La presidenta declaró "no soy una traidora, una usurpadora" |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/510720-peru-dina-boluarte-intenta-defenderse |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Pagina 12 |language=es |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181527/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/510720-peru-dina-boluarte-intenta-defenderse |url-status=live }}</ref> Boluarte's response has been widely condemned by NGOs, while being supported by more right-leaning parties in Congress.<ref name=":3" /> Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=Peru's Castillo calls new president a 'usurper' as protest death toll reaches seven |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/12/peru-pedro-castillo-new-president-dina-boluarte-usurper-early-election |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216063811/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/12/peru-pedro-castillo-new-president-dina-boluarte-usurper-early-election |url-status=live }}</ref> Protests have for the most part, been the most fierce and disruptive in Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support. Given the harshness of the Boluarte government's response, this has led some to draw comparison between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru, which drew comparisons between indigenous groups and the Shining Path, as to persecute them.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Amazonian indigenous Peruvians demand release of ousted president |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221215-amazonian-indigenous-peruvians-demand-release-of-ousted-president |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=France 24 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181527/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221215-amazonian-indigenous-peruvians-demand-release-of-ousted-president |url-status=live }}</ref> Boluarte would also state that the demonstrations occurred due to blackmail and provocations by Bolivian officials,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte: "Las hermanas y hermanos que salen a la protesta están siendo chantajeados" |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/17/dina-boluarte-las-hermanos-y-hermanas-que-salen-a-la-protesta-estan-siendo-chantajeados-protestas-lima-peru-nvb/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117181039/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/17/dina-boluarte-las-hermanos-y-hermanas-que-salen-a-la-protesta-estan-siendo-chantajeados-protestas-lima-peru-nvb/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":15" /> something the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights said they did not observe<ref name=":02" /> while ''The New York Times'' said that "The government has yet to provide clear evidence to back up ... claims of high-level coordination by a terrorist organization or illicit funding behind the violent attacks."<ref name=":15" />
{{quote box | quote = "We don't have any power over them. I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces, but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them" | author = — Dina Boluarte<ref name=":24"/> | align = left | width = 250px }}
The government appointed ex-colonel Juan Carlos Liendo to head the National Intelligence Service, who claimed that the demonstrations in the country were not social in nature but part of a "terrorist insurrection. This appointment comes as a surprise, since Juan Carlos Liendo is close to right-wing political groups and claimed that the government of Pedro Castillo, to which Dina Boluarte belonged, was an "extension of the terrorist group Shining Path.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2022/12/20/gobierno-nombro-como-jefe-de-la-dini-a-exoficial-del-sin-de-vladimiro-montesinos-juan-carlos-liendo-dina-boluarte-julio-salazar-monroe | title=Gobierno nombró como jefe de la DINI a exoficial del SIN de Vladimiro Montesinos | Juan Carlos Liendo | Dina Boluarte | Julio Salazar Monroe | Gobierno | la República | date=20 December 2022 | access-date=20 May 2023 | archive-date=30 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530173236/https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2022/12/20/gobierno-nombro-como-jefe-de-la-dini-a-exoficial-del-sin-de-vladimiro-montesinos-juan-carlos-liendo-dina-boluarte-julio-salazar-monroe | url-status=live }}</ref> In a joint statement in January 2023, over 2,000 academics and researchers expressed their "strongest rejection of the authoritarian course that the government of Dina Boluarte and Alberto Otárola" and believed "that these are not isolated events but a pattern of conduct that places us in a dangerous transition to authoritarianism", concluding that "If President Boluarte is only able to offer the country confrontation and violence, she should resign".<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Winny |date=25 January 2023 |title=HOY, Marcha en Lima EN VIVO: manifestantes llegan al Parque Universitario en el Centro de Lima |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/01/23/marcha-24-de-enero-en-vivo-ultimas-noticias-de-la-gran-marcha-nacional-en-lima-protestas-en-peru-y-movilizaciones-en-regiones-hoy-cgtp-san-marcos-sutep-carreteras-bloqueadas-dina-boluarte-en-directo-ultima-hora-centro-de-lima |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124205623/https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/01/23/marcha-24-de-enero-en-vivo-ultimas-noticias-de-la-gran-marcha-nacional-en-lima-protestas-en-peru-y-movilizaciones-en-regiones-hoy-cgtp-san-marcos-sutep-carreteras-bloqueadas-dina-boluarte-en-directo-ultima-hora-centro-de-lima |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2023 |title=Pronunciamiento público |url=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdODSByfZonbUaa6Y1CKzAdmoslAlvjfMQkBoJr3F3h6DyLPg/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1&flr=0&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Google Docs |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126042349/https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdODSByfZonbUaa6Y1CKzAdmoslAlvjfMQkBoJr3F3h6DyLPg/viewform?vc=0&c=0&w=1&flr=0&usp=embed_facebook |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable signers included Steven Levitsky, Lucía Dammert, Martín Tanaka, Daniel Alarcón, Josep Joan Moreso, Gerardo L. Munck, Mirtha Vásquez, Sara Beatriz Guardia and Carmen Mc Evoy.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />
Amnesty International reported in May 2023 that Boluarte "consistently supported and justified the actions of law enforcement agencies, despite increasingly clear evidence of their unlawful actions" and that her government "stigmatized protesters as terrorists and violent, contributing to the escalation of violence and encouraging law enforcement to continue to act in the same way".<ref name=":24" /> Boluarte would respond to criticism saying that she did not have control of the Peruvian Armed Forces.<ref name=":24" /> Since at least December 2022,<ref name=":19" /> opposition protesters often chant the slogan ''Dina asesina'' ("Dina the Murderer")<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte: "A mí nadie me va a amedrentar con palabras como 'Dina asesina'" |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/dina-boluarte-a-mi-nadie-me-va-a-amedrentar-con-palabras-como-dina-asesina-vraem-chanchamayo-ultimas-noticia/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Casimiro |first=Diego |date=20 January 2024 |title=Dina Boluarte fue llamada "asesina" por familiares de las víctimas de las protestas cuando saludaba en Ayacucho |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/01/20/dina-boluarte-fue-llamada-asesina-por-familiares-de-las-victimas-de-las-protestas-cuando-saludaba-en-ayacucho/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=infobae |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz Torres |first=Cristhian |date=21 February 2024 |title=Juliaca no olvida: Le gritan asesina a Dina Boluarte durante Parada de Carnaval (VIDEO) |url=https://elbuho.pe/2024/02/juliaca-no-olvida-le-gritan-asesina-a-dina-boluarte-durante-parada-de-carnaval-video/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=El Búho |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Valencia |first=Martha |date=19 September 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte en Nueva York: Le gritan 'asesina' en la puerta de las Naciones Unidas y ella saluda para disimular |url=https://elbuho.pe/2023/09/dina-boluarte-en-nueva-york-le-gritan-asesina-en-la-puerta-de-las-naciones-unidas-y-ella-saluda-para-disimular/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=El Búho |language=es}}</ref> and even sing a song of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title="Dina asesina": la canción que es un himno de las protestas en Perú |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/mundo/dina-asesina-la-cancion-que-es-un-himno-de-las-protestas-en-peru/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=Perú Libre protesta con canción 'Dina asesina' durante el discurso del premier en el Congreso |url=https://peru21.pe/politica/peru-libre-protesta-con-cancion-dina-asesina-durante-el-discurso-del-premier-en-el-congreso-peru-libre-protesta-dina-asesina-el-pueblo-te-repudia-discurso-premier-alberto-otarola-peru-libre-congreso-30-anos-constitucion-noticia/ |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":30" /> Moreover, social and political opponents have nicknamed her "Dina Balearte" (blending of her name and ''balearte'', "to shoot you") as a reference to aforementioned deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Mujeres puneñas protestan. ¡Fuera Dina Balearte! Pasó en el Perú |url=https://elbuho.pe/2023/03/mujeres-punenas-protestan-fuera-dina-balearte-paso-en-el-peru/ |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=El Búho |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Los himnos del descontento peruano |url=https://www.eldebate.com/internacional/20230211/himnos-descontento-peruano_92238.html |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=El Debate |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Tres detenidos en Tacna en protesta contra Dina Boluarte |url=https://peru21.pe/politica/tres-detenidos-en-tacna-en-protesta-contra-dina-boluarte-consejo-de-ministros-jefa-de-estado-94-anos-tacna-reincorporacion-peru-noticia/ |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2023 |title=Toma de Lima: manifestantes toman Plaza Dos de Mayo durante protestas contra Dina Boluarte |url=https://elpopular.pe/actualidad/2023/01/19/dina-boluarte-toma-lima-manifestantes-toman-plaza-dos-mayo-protestas-presidenta-republica-286756 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=elpopular.pe |language=es}}</ref>
==== Ayacucho massacre and cabinet reorganization ==== {{Main|Ayacucho massacre}}
On 15 December 2022, the Peruvian Army massacred protesters in Ayacucho demonstrating against the Boluarte government.<ref name=":17">{{bullet}}{{Cite web |last=Gómez Vega |first=Renzo |date=16 December 2022 |title=La represión de las protestas y los bloqueos de carreteras causan 20 muertos en Perú |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-12-16/la-represion-de-las-protestas-y-los-bloqueos-de-carreteras-dejan-18-muertos-en-peru.html |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=El País |language=es |quote=La masacre sucedió en los alrededores del aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil Duarte |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111102435/https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-12-16/la-represion-de-las-protestas-y-los-bloqueos-de-carreteras-dejan-18-muertos-en-peru.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |author1=Inés Santaeulalia |author2=Mauricio Morales |date=26 December 2022 |title=El día que murió Christopher, la víctima más joven de las protestas en Perú |language=es |work=El País |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-12-26/el-dia-que-murio-christopher-la-victima-mas-joven-de-las-protestas-en-peru.html |access-date=27 December 2022 |quote=El adolescente de 15 años recibió un disparo que le atravesó el corazón durante la mayor masacre de las marchas en Ayacucho |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227034919/https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-12-26/el-dia-que-murio-christopher-la-victima-mas-joven-de-las-protestas-en-peru.html |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Toque de queda en Perú: Esto ha sido una masacre |url=https://www.radiosudamericana.com/m/mundo/283128-Toque-de-queda-en-Peru--Esto-ha-sido-una-masacre.htm |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Radio Sudamérica |language=spanish |quote=La periodista Elizabet Revollar Ochatoma, quien también es abogada, dialogó con Radio Sudamericana y dijo 'en Ayacucho hubo una seria vulneración de los derechos humanos ... Se están realizando las autopsias. Muchos de ellos tienen proyectiles de entrada y salida lo que nos lleva a decir que ha sido una masacre' |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181548/https://www.radiosudamericana.com/nota/mundo/283128-Toque-de-queda-en-Peru--Esto-ha-sido-una-masacre.htm |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=Las protestas dejaron 25 muertos y más de 560 heridos |url=https://www.elterritorio.com.ar/noticias/2022/12/19/773743-las-protestas-dejaron-25-muertos-y-mas-de-560-heridos |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=El Territorio |language=es |quote=Sólo en la masacre ocurrida en los alrededores del aeropuerto de Ayacucho |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219173058/https://www.elterritorio.com.ar/noticias/2022/12/19/773743-las-protestas-dejaron-25-muertos-y-mas-de-560-heridos |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Luján |first1=Estéfany |date=18 December 2022 |title=Dolor por muertes tras violenta represión: mayoría son adolescentes o jóvenes y 4 menores con impacto de bala |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/18/dolor-por-muertes-tras-violenta-represion-mayoria-son-adolescentes-o-jovenes-y-4-menores-con-impacto-de-bala/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=infobae |language=es-ES |quote=La masacre se produjo tras los enfrentamientos ocurridos alrededor del aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil Duarte |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222061057/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/18/dolor-por-muertes-tras-violenta-represion-mayoria-son-adolescentes-o-jovenes-y-4-menores-con-impacto-de-bala/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Recrudece la violencia en Ayacucho: disparos, bombas molotov, saqueos y destrucción |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/17/crisis-en-peru-ayacucho-recrudece-la-violencia-por-enfrentamientos-entre-manifestantes-y-militares/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=infobae |language=es-ES |quote=Esto ha sido considerado por diversas voces como una masacre |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222002150/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/17/crisis-en-peru-ayacucho-recrudece-la-violencia-por-enfrentamientos-entre-manifestantes-y-militares/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |date=18 December 2022 |title=En medio de profundo pesar despiden a fallecidos durante manifestaciones en Ayacucho |url=https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/ayacucho/en-medio-de-profundo-pesar-despiden-a-fallecidos-durante-manifestaciones-en-ayacucho-noticia/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=Diario Correo |language=es |quote=exigiendo que los responsables de la masacre, paguen por sus delitos |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222062600/https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/ayacucho/en-medio-de-profundo-pesar-despiden-a-fallecidos-durante-manifestaciones-en-ayacucho-noticia/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |title=A Massacre in Peru: Death Toll Tops 17 as Protests Mount After Ouster & Jailing of President Castillo |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2022/12/16/peru_pedro_castillo_ouster_protests |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Democracy Now! |quote=What's going on is a massacre. ... But what is clear to me is that with the massacre that has been committed |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107145018/https://www.democracynow.org/2022/12/16/peru_pedro_castillo_ouster_protests |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Defensoría: El uso de la fuerza por parte del Ejército no ha sido proporcionado en Ayacucho |url=https://exitosanoticias.pe/v1/defensoria-el-uso-de-la-fuerza-por-parte-del-ejercito-no-ha-sido-proporcionado-en-ayacucho/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Exitosa |language=es-PE |quote=Para la Defensoría, lo ocurrido en Ayacucho responde a una vulneración de los derechos humanos. 'En Huamanga ha ocurrido una masacre' |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222105746/https://exitosanoticias.pe/v1/defensoria-el-uso-de-la-fuerza-por-parte-del-ejercito-no-ha-sido-proporcionado-en-ayacucho/ |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |last=Valencia |first=Martha |date=16 December 2022 |title=Protestas en regiones: Ya son 18 los fallecidos en enfrentamientos |url=https://elbuho.pe/2022/12/en-vivo-protestas-en-regiones-un-adolescente-muerto-en-junin-y-ya-son-8-muertos-en-ayacucho/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=El Búho |language=es |quote=Los ciudadanos están calificando de matanza, dado que según videos y testimonios, los soldados están disparando al cuerpo. ... Fue una matanza, afirman ciudadanos que tienen videos y testimonios. |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120083105/https://elbuho.pe/2022/12/en-vivo-protestas-en-regiones-un-adolescente-muerto-en-junin-y-ya-son-8-muertos-en-ayacucho/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the protests, the situation intensified when the military deployed helicopters to fire at protesters, who later tried to take over the city's airport, which was defended by the Peruvian Army and the National Police of Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Perú: Se eleva a 18 las víctimas fatales de la represión en manifestaciones tras masacre de militares en Ayacucho |url=https://resumen.cl/articulos/peru-se-eleva-a-18-las-victimas-fatales-de-la-represion-en-manifestaciones-tras-masacre-de-militares-en-ayacucho |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Resumen |language=es-CL |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222060638/https://resumen.cl/articulos/peru-se-eleva-a-18-las-victimas-fatales-de-la-represion-en-manifestaciones-tras-masacre-de-militares-en-ayacucho |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":232">{{Cite web |last=Rivas |first=Alba |date=24 December 2022 |title=El violento retorno del duelo en Ayacucho: las heridas se reabren en las víctimas del terrorismo |url=https://ojo-publico.com/4099/el-violento-retorno-del-duelo-las-heridas-se-reabren-ayacucho |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Ojo Público |language=es |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108043702/https://ojo-publico.com/4099/el-violento-retorno-del-duelo-las-heridas-se-reabren-ayacucho |url-status=live }}</ref> Troops responded by firing live ammunition at protesters, resulting in ten dead and 61 injured;<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Ayacucho: Fiscalía abre investigación a 2 generales por 10 muertos en protestas |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2022/12/21/ayacucho-fiscalia-abre-investigacion-a-generales-por-10-muertos-en-protestas/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122043723/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2022/12/21/ayacucho-fiscalia-abre-investigacion-a-generales-por-10-muertos-en-protestas/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite web |title=Denuncian constitucionalmente a los ministros del Defensa e Interior por las muertes en Ayacucho |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/16/denuncian-constitucionalmente-a-los-ministros-del-defensa-e-interior-por-las-muertes-en-ayacucho/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=infobae |date=16 December 2022 |language=es-ES |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128095932/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/16/denuncian-constitucionalmente-a-los-ministros-del-defensa-e-interior-por-las-muertes-en-ayacucho/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last1=Turkewitz |first1=Julie |last2=Moriyama |first2=Victor |date=19 December 2022 |title=Una pausa en las protestas de Perú para honrar a los muertos |language=es |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2022/12/19/espanol/protestas-peru-muertos.html |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181645/https://www.nytimes.com/es/2022/12/19/espanol/protestas-peru-muertos.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 90% of the injured had gunshot wounds while those killed were shot in the head or torso.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=90% de heridos en enfrentamientos en Ayacucho son por perdigones e impactos de bala |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/16/90-de-heridos-en-enfrentamientos-en-ayacucho-son-por-perdigones-e-impacto-de-bala/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=infobae |date=16 December 2022 |language=es-ES |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216180319/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/16/90-de-heridos-en-enfrentamientos-en-ayacucho-son-por-perdigones-e-impacto-de-bala/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guido Bellido propone beneficio económico para deudos de fallecidos en protestas |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/23/guido-bellido-propone-beneficio-economico-a-deudos-de-fallecidos-en-protestas/ |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=infobae |date=23 December 2022 |language=es-ES |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225060836/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/12/23/guido-bellido-propone-beneficio-economico-a-deudos-de-fallecidos-en-protestas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The founder of the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF), forensic anthropologist Carmen Rosa Cardoza, analysed evidence surrounding those who were killed, saying that the military was shooting to kill and that the gunshot wounds in the head and torso were consistent with wounds suffered during human rights violations, explaining that wounds during an armed conflict are usually found on the extremities.<ref name=":202">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Ayacucho: sí hubo un patrón, les dispararon a matar |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/17/protestas-en-peru-ayacucho-si-hubo-un-patron-les-dispararon-a-matar-pnp-ejercito-peruano-aprodeh-marchas-en-peru/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175658/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/17/protestas-en-peru-ayacucho-si-hubo-un-patron-les-dispararon-a-matar-pnp-ejercito-peruano-aprodeh-marchas-en-peru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gloria Cano, attorney for the Association for Human Rights (Aprodeh) who analyzed human rights abuses during the internal conflict in Peru, said officers likely ordered troops to simply "eliminate the enemy" and did not specify actions to take against protesters, with the attorney stating officers "had to explain to them that in case of need they had to shoot into the air, to the ground. If they take them out without giving them specific orders, they will do what they learn, which is to shoot the vital segments of the human body".<ref name=":202"/> [[File:CEREMONIA DE CLAUSURA DEL AÑO ACADÉMICO 2022 DE LA ESCUELA DE OFICIALES DE LA FAP Y GRADUACIÓN DE LA PROMOCIÓN COMANDANTE MICHAEL EDUARDO QUIROZ PLEFKE (cropped).jpg|thumb|Boluarte with Alberto Otárola as Defense Minister on 15 December 2022]] Sources close to Boluarte, according to ''La Republica'', reported that she wanted to resign from the presidency following the massacre, though defense minister Alberto Otárola convinced her that if she were to resign, he and other ministers would lose their immunity and possibly be prosecuted for crimes.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte quiso renunciar tras primeros fallecidos, pero Otárola la convenció de quedarse |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/22/dina-boluarte-quiso-renunciar-tras-primeros-fallecidos-pero-alberto-otarola-la-convencio-de-quedarse/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122205127/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/22/dina-boluarte-quiso-renunciar-tras-primeros-fallecidos-pero-alberto-otarola-la-convencio-de-quedarse/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Otárola then promised to Boluarte that he could build support for her from the Peruvian Armed Forces and right-wing groups according to ''La Republica''.<ref name=":8" /> Boluarte would then make Otárola her prime minister on 21 December 2022.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Peru's new president reshuffles cabinet as Mexico ties tested |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/21/perus-new-president-reshuffles-cabinet-as-mexico-ties-tested |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225110746/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/21/perus-new-president-reshuffles-cabinet-as-mexico-ties-tested |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the prime minister, she named a new interior minister, defense minister and education minister.<ref name=":4" /> Boluarte's new Minister of Education, Óscar Becerra, was reported to have a history of being a Fujimorist and making homophobic comments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=El nuevo ministro de educación (@MineduPeru) muestra abiertamente en sus redes sociales su posición fujimorista y homofóbica. |url=https://twitter.com/waykaperu/status/1606005172018085888 |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Wayka |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226045451/https://twitter.com/WaykaPeru/status/1606005172018085888 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Juliaca massacre ==== {{Main|Juliaca massacre}}
At least 18 people were killed and over 100 injured by police responding to protests in Juliaca,<ref name=":23">{{cite news |date=9 January 2023 |title=Protestas en Puno EN VIVO: 17 muertos, cacerolazos y enfrentamientos que no cesan en Juliaca |language=es-ES |work=infobae |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2023/01/09/paro-nacional-hoy-9-de-enero-en-vivo-minuto-a-minuto-de-las-protestas-y-movilizaciones-en-puno-arequipa-y-otras-regiones-del-peru/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109131725/https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2023/01/09/paro-nacional-hoy-9-de-enero-en-vivo-minuto-a-minuto-de-las-protestas-y-movilizaciones-en-puno-arequipa-y-otras-regiones-del-peru/ |archive-date=9 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=Mueren al menos 17 personas en el sur de Perú durante protestas para exigir nuevas elecciones y la liberación de Pedro Castillo |language=es |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-64218613 |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110063455/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-64218613 |archive-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Juliaca: ¿Qué sucedió en las inmediaciones del aeropuerto donde se produjeron 18 muertes? |url=https://elbuho.pe/2023/01/paro-juliaca-que-sucedio-en-las-inmediaciones-del-aeropuerto-donde-se-produjeron-12-muertes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110063455/https://elbuho.pe/2023/01/paro-juliaca-que-sucedio-en-las-inmediaciones-del-aeropuerto-donde-se-produjeron-12-muertes/ |archive-date=10 January 2023 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=El Búho |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Puno: vándalos quemaron vivo a policía dentro de patrullero |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/01/10/paro-en-juliaca-policia-fallecio-calcinado-dentro-de-un-patrullero-durante-protestas-puno-protestas-en-peru/ |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173913/https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/01/10/paro-en-juliaca-policia-fallecio-calcinado-dentro-de-un-patrullero-durante-protestas-puno-protestas-en-peru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with all of the deaths being attributed to gunshot wounds.<ref name=":182">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=Paro Nacional EN VIVO: confirman primer fallecido en Cusco tras enfrentamientos entre pobladores y la PNP |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/01/10/paro-nacional-en-vivo-ultimas-noticias-fallecidos-en-puno-carreteras-bloqueadas-y-ultimo-minuto-de-las-protestas-en-cusco-arequipa-y-regiones-juliaca-en-directo-congreso-dina-boluarte/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173859/https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2023/01/10/paro-nacional-en-vivo-ultimas-noticias-fallecidos-en-puno-carreteras-bloqueadas-y-ultimo-minuto-de-las-protestas-en-cusco-arequipa-y-regiones-juliaca-en-directo-congreso-dina-boluarte/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While discussing the violence, Boluarte said that Bolivia was responsible, stating "Today we know that a type of firearms and ammunition would have entered the country through southern Peru" and that protesters were not shot by authorities, saying the ammunition found in victims was used "neither by the National Police nor by the Armed Forces".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte afirma que no se utilizaron municiones de las Fuerzas Armadas en ataques a los manifestantes |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/01/13/dina-boluarte-afirma-que-no-se-utilizaron-municiones-de-las-fuerzas-armadas-en-ataques-a-los-manifestantes-protestas-mdga/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117102811/https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/01/13/dina-boluarte-afirma-que-no-se-utilizaron-municiones-de-las-fuerzas-armadas-en-ataques-a-los-manifestantes-protestas-mdga/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=CIDH "no encontró" peruanos que respondan "a algún tipo de organización", como afirma Boluarte |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/16/paro-nacional-dina-boluarte-cidh-no-encontro-peruanos-que-respondan-a-algun-tipo-de-organizacion-como-afirma-presidenta-atmp/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117064442/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/16/paro-nacional-dina-boluarte-cidh-no-encontro-peruanos-que-respondan-a-algun-tipo-de-organizacion-como-afirma-presidenta-atmp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to ''La República'', videos and photographic evidence showed that the PNP used long rifles to fire at demonstrators and individuals nearby.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Juliaca: hallan restos de proyectiles en 9 cuerpos de fallecidos en las protestas |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/12/juliaca-hallan-restos-de-proyectiles-en-9-cuerpos-de-fallecidos-en-las-protestas/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117071618/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/12/juliaca-hallan-restos-de-proyectiles-en-9-cuerpos-de-fallecidos-en-las-protestas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dany Humpire Molina, former manager of Expertise at the Public Prosecutor's Office and a doctor in forensic science, stated: "The projectiles seem to have been fired by AKM rifles, which is weapons used by the National Police, ... If the bullets were found inside the body, they are described as penetrating. When the shots are of a penetrating type, as is the case, they are long-distance. And if the necropsy protocol determines that they went from behind, it means that, at the time of the shooting, the demonstrators were running, fleeing."<ref name=":25" /> Edgar Stuardo Ralón Orellana of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, stated "we do not find in people something that said that they are responding to some kind of another organization, but an authentic manifestation of a discontent with the abandonment that that region (Puno) has historically had."<ref name=":02" /> The former head of the National Directorate of Intelligence (DINI), General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza, also criticized the Boluarte's response, stating that accusations of foreign involvement were "a distraction to confuse the population, noting that it has an external component. Everything we are experiencing is internal" and that the accusation of "a 'terrorist inurgency' is stupid".<ref name=":172">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title=Exjefe de la DINI: "Decir que hay una 'insurgencia terrorista' es una estupidez" |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/01/15/protestas-en-peru-wilson-barrantes-exjefe-de-la-dini-decir-que-hay-una-insurgencia-terrorista-es-una-estupidez-dina-boluarte/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223902/https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/01/15/protestas-en-peru-wilson-barrantes-exjefe-de-la-dini-decir-que-hay-una-insurgencia-terrorista-es-una-estupidez-dina-boluarte/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Legal action ==== On 10 January 2023, Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations for the alleged crimes of genocide, aggravated homicide and serious injuries against Boluarte, along with Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez.<ref name=":48" /> Groups in Congress opposed to Boluarte then opened an impeachment motion against her on 25 January 2023, citing moral incapacity.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Costilla |first=Kristell |date=26 January 2023 |title=Bancadas de izquierda presentan moción de vacancia contra Dina Boluarte por permanente incapacidad moral |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/25/congreso-bancadas-de-izquierda-presentan-mocion-de-vacancia-dina-boluarte-permanente-incapacidad-moral-94677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125235147/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/25/congreso-bancadas-de-izquierda-presentan-mocion-de-vacancia-dina-boluarte-permanente-incapacidad-moral-94677 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es}}</ref> In January 2025, she appeared before persecutors to explain allegations that she took a 2-week break from serving as president in July 2023 to undergo plastic surgery. Boluarte maintains that it was a medical necessity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/13/peru-president-dina-boluarte-nose-surgery | title=Peru prosecutors pursue whiff of scandal over president's secret nose job | work=The Guardian | date=13 January 2025 | last1=France-Press | first1=Agence }}</ref>
==== Vacancy motions ==== In April 2023, Boluarte faced a vacancy motion due to her response to the protests against her, though Congress voted against proceedings against her. A second motion for vacancy was opened in October 2023 due to some left-wing benches in Congress believing that Boluarte violated Article 115 of the constitution for leading Peru without congressional approval, especially since she did not have a vice president, though right-wing members of Congress refused to vote for the proceedings.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Candia |first=Miguel Ángel |date=17 October 2023 |title=Congreso: vacancia contra Boluarte no tiene votos suficientes y ni siquiera entraría a debate |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/10/17/dina-boluarte-vacancia-presidencial-no-tiene-votos-suficientes-y-ni-siquiera-entraria-a-debate-congreso-1528351 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=La República |language=es |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181530/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/10/17/dina-boluarte-vacancia-presidencial-no-tiene-votos-suficientes-y-ni-siquiera-entraria-a-debate-congreso-1528351 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 April 2024, a third motion for vacancy was opened by lawmakers from various parties, citing tax investigations against Boluarte and her failure to solve other issues such as crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Lawmakers submit request to remove Peruvian president from office |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240402-lawmakers-submit-request-to-remove-peruvian-president-from-office |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en }}</ref> Another vacancy motion was filed on 17 May citing "moral incapacity" in the wake of investigations into her ownership of luxury watches and the arrest of her brother on suspicion of influence-peddling, in addition to the dissolution of a police anti-corruption unit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=Peruvian lawmakers begin yet another effort to remove President Dina Boluarte from office |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-president-boluarte-parliament-lawmakers-watches-moral-incapacity-792d3747510211f0eac4ed5d7d608aa8 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=en }}</ref>
===Rolexgate=== [[File:Dina y su reloj de lujo (diciembre de 2023).png|left|thumb|upright=0.7|Boluarte in December 2023, wearing a Rolex Datejust]] In March 2024, the Public Ministry of Peru began investigating Boluarte for graft and illicit enrichment after she was seen wearing luxury Rolex watches at public events, with the controversy being dubbed "Rolexgate".<ref name=":29">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2024 |title=Peru prosecutors raid president's home in graft inquiry |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/prosecutors-search-peruvian-presidents-home-graft-inquiry-2024-03-30/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2024 |title=Peru president ordered to present Rolex watches in graft scandal |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/peru-president-ordered-to-present-rolex-watches-in-graft-scandal/7550984.html |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=ALERTA: Congreso amenaza a Fiscalía y Poder Judicial |url=https://laencerrona.pe/2024/03/18/alerta-congreso-amenaza-a-fiscalia-y-poder-judicial-laencerrona/ |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=La Encerrona |language=es}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2024 |title=Peru President Dina Boluarte's home raided in search for Rolex watches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68697854 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prado |first=Elizabeth |date=24 March 2024 |title=¿El escándalo Rolexgate de Dina Boluarte daña imagen del Perú? |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2024/03/24/el-escandalo-rolexgate-de-dina-boluarte-dana-imagen-del-peru-internacionalistas-rolexgate-2212632 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=La República |language=es}}</ref> Boluarte's use of Rolex watches was first reported by news website ''La Encerrona'' on 14 March 2024; the website reviewed about 10,000 images and detailed how her watches became increasingly luxurious as her time in public office progressed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vásquez Benavente |first=Laura |date=14 March 2024 |title=Los relojes de Dina Boluarte: colección de accesorios de lujo incluye hasta un Rolex de miles de soles |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/03/14/los-relojes-de-dina-boluarte-coleccion-de-accesorios-de-lujo-incluye-hasta-un-rolex-de-miles-de-soles/ |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=URGENTE Congreso le perdona la vida a los mineros ilegales |url=https://laencerrona.pe/2024/03/14/urgente-congreso-le-perdona-la-vida-a-los-mineros-ilegales-laencerrona/ |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=La Encerrona |language=es}}</ref> Reviewing ''La Encerrona''{{'}}s work, the Associated Press noted that one of the Rolex watches Boluarte used was three times her monthly salary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Presidenta de Perú afirma que su reloj Rolex es de "antaño" al salir al cruce de críticas |url=https://apnews.com/world-news/general-news-d5cc6d22ed8e04aeaab5cab14c7f280d |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=es}}</ref>
When asked about her watches at a press conference on 15 March, Boluarte said "what I have is the result of my effort and my work". While Boluarte said that the Rolex watch was a dated model, ''La República'' contacted an American watch store that said the model was possibly from 2023 and valued it at US$19,535, with the newspaper saying that Boluarte's response was "an alleged contradiction".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quispe Sánchez |first=Diego |date=19 March 2024 |title=Dina Boluarte en aprietos ante sus contradicciones por lujoso Rolex |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2024/03/19/dina-boluarte-en-aprietos-ante-sus-contradicciones-por-lujoso-rolex-reloj-1678099 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref> Days later, Henry Shimabukuro, a businessman who assisted with Boluarte's political campaign, said that assistants for Boluarte suggested gifts of jewelry when meeting with her.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Pamela | last = Zárate |date=19 March 2024 |title=Henry Shimabukuro señala que allegados a Dina Boluarte sugerían regalos de joyas de oro cuando era ministra (VIDEO) |url=https://elbuho.pe/2024/03/henry-shimabukuro-senala-que-allegados-a-dina-boluarte-sugerian-regalos-de-joyas-de-oro-cuando-era-ministra-video/ |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=El Búho |language=es}}</ref>
A preliminary investigation was opened by the Public Ministry on 18 March 2024 to investigate Boluarte on allegations of illicit enrichment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montesinos Nolasco |first=Edwin |date=30 March 2024 |title=Cronología del caso de los Rolex que podría determinar la salida de Dina Boluarte de la presidencia |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/03/30/cronologia-del-caso-de-los-rolex-que-podria-determinar-la-salida-de-dina-boluarte-de-la-presidencia/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> The Financial Intelligence Unit of the Superintendency of Banks and Insurance Companies (SBS) said that Boluarte received 1.1 million Peruvian soles (US${{To USD round|1100000|PER}}) from unidentified accounts between 2016 and 2022, according to a report by ''El Comercio'' on 25 March.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Villasís Rojas |first=Graciela |date=25 March 2024 |title=Dina Boluarte recibió en sus cuentas bancarias S/1,1 millones de origen desconocido, según la UIF |url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/dina-boluarte-recibio-en-sus-cuentas-bancarias-s11-millones-soles-de-origen-desconocido-segun-informe-de-la-uif-peru-libre-noticia/?ref=ecr |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}</ref> On 29 March, ''La Republica'' identified a Cartier bracelet used by Boluarte that was 18 carat gold, covered with 204 diamonds and had an estimated value of more than US$54,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=César |date=29 March 2024 |title=Las lujosas joyas de Dina Boluarte: mandataria usa pulsera Cartier valorizada en más de 54 mil dólares |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2024/03/28/dina-boluarte-y-su-joya-cartier-mandataria-usa-pulsera-valorizada-en-mas-de-54-mil-dolares-ministerio-publico-fiscalia-630840 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=La República |language=es}}</ref>
On 30 March 2024, about 20 police and 20 public ministry officials raided Boluarte's home in Surquillo, breaking down her door with a sledgehammer while saying their involvement was "for the purpose of search and seizure."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peru President Dina Boluarte's home raided in luxury watch investigation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/30/peru-presidents-home-raided-in-luxury-watch-investigation |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2024 |title=Home of Peru's president raided in search of luxury watches |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/30/home-of-peru-president-dina-boluarte-raided-in-search-of-luxury-watches |access-date=4 April 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> After searching her home, the authorities then entered the Government Palace for further investigations; Boluarte was present. Boluarte's prime minister, Gustavo Adrianzén, condemned the actions of authorities, stating "The political noise that is being made is serious, affecting investments and the entire country... What has happened in the last few hours are disproportionate and unconstitutional actions."<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":28" /> Six ministers of her new cabinet resigned following the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2024 |title=Peru president's Cabinet wins confidence vote amid Rolexgate scandal |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/peru-s-pm-seeks-confidence-vote-as-rolexgate-scandal-rages/7555713.html |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref>
=== Other controversies === ==== Prime ministers ==== Boluarte's first prime minister Pedro Angulo Arana was dismissed a week after his appointment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=La presidenta peruana, Dina Boluarte, anuncia la destitución del primer ministro una semana después de nombrarlo |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-12-19/la-presidenta-peruana-dina-boluarte-anuncia-la-destitucion-del-primer-ministro-una-semana-despues-de-nombrarlo.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> In March 2024, investigations revealed that Boluarte's next prime minister Alberto Otárola had benefited a friend, Yaziré Pinedo Vásquez later revealed to be a romantic interest, with public contracts as Minister of Defense. Otárola then resigned, after it was revealed he faked audio from 2021 to hide his relationship with Vásquez.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arce |first=Jordan |date=18 September 2023 |title=Amigas de Alberto Otárola que fueron a su despacho contrataron con el Estado por S/ 107 mil, según Panorama |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/09/18/alberto-otarola-denuncian-que-premier-contrato-amiga-que-fueron-a-pcm/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Juan |date=11 November 2024 |title=Yaziré Pinedo revela que fue forzada a mentir para proteger a Otárola: "Estaba coaccionada" |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2024/11/10/alberto-otarola-yazire-pinedo-confiesa-que-fue-forzada-a-mentir-para-proteger-a-exministro-por-audios-estaba-coaccionada-465880 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2024 |title=La caída de Alberto Otárola |url=https://elcomercio.pe/opinion/editorial/alberto-otarola-dina-boluarte-tras-la-renuncia-de-su-segundo-titular-del-gabinete-la-presidenta-tiene-la-obligacion-de-elegir-responsablemente-a-su-sucesor-noticia/?ref=ecr |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}</ref> Otárola's replacement Gustavo Adrianzén served until May 2025 when he resigned amid a threats of a censure vote caused by the kidnapping and killing of 13 miners by illegal miners earlier in the month, amid rising crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Peru PM quits ahead of no-confidence vote |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250514-peru-pm-quits-ahead-of-no-confidence-vote |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> He was replaced by Minister of Justice Eduardo Arana Ysa, who remains under investigation for ties to a criminal organization led by former judge César Hinostroza, unpaid alimony, and influence peddling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El audio entre el ministro de Justicia y César Hinostroza, vinculado a Los Cuellos Blancos |url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/actualidad/audio-entre-ministro-justicia-y-cesar-hinostroza-vinculado-cuellos-blancos-n480838 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=América Noticias |date=8 September 2023 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coronel |first=Yessenia |date=8 September 2023 |title=Ministro de Justicia fue denunciado por abandono de hogar y por pensión de alimentos |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/09/08/ministro-de-justicia-fue-denunciado-por-abandono-de-hogar-y-por-pension-de-alimentos-eduardo-arana-ysa-dina-boluarte-pcm-pnp-506160 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Eduardo Arana: Fiscalía abrió investigación preliminar contra ministro de Justicia |url=https://www.tvperu.gob.pe/noticias/politica/eduardo-arana-fiscalia-abrio-investigacion-preliminar-contra-ministro-de-justicia |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=TVPerú |language=es}}</ref>
==== Family controversies ==== In November 2023, the Public Ministry summoned Dina Boluarte's brother, Nicanor, for the alleged crime of collusion when he allocated money to five public works in Nanchoc District, Cajamarca province.<ref>{{Cite web |author=M. Serrano |date=10 November 2023 |title=Ministerio Público citó a hermano de Dina Boluarte por investigación de colusión|url=https://latinanoticias.pe/politica/ministerio-publico-cito-a-hermano-de-dina-boluarte-por-investigacion-de-colusion |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Latina |language=es}}</ref> According to former assistant Maritza Sánchez for ''La República'' , Nicanor had a relevant position for her mandate due to his close ties with authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villacorta |first=Carlos |date=7 November 2023 |title=El poder que detenta el hermano de la presidenta Dina Boluarte |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/gobierno/2023/11/07/el-poder-que-detenta-el-hermano-de-la-presidenta-dina-boluarte-nicanor-boluarte-ministerio-de-trabajo-congreso-irtp-82416 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benavente |first=Laura Vásquez |date=19 November 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte y la constante influencia de su hermano Nicanor en su Gobierno |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/11/19/dina-boluarte-y-la-constante-influencia-de-su-hermano-nicanor-en-su-gobierno/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> In response, Boluarte said that "the relative they mentioned" is not affiliated with the State, so she indicated that her brother can receive "whoever he wants".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Boluarte asegura que su hermano está en libertad de recibir "a quien se le pegue la gana" |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/boluarte-asegura-que-su-hermano-esta-en-libertad-de-recibir-a-quien-se-le-pegue-la-gana-noticia/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Gestión |language=es}}</ref> Since then, she accused the Sunday newspaper ''Cuarto poder'' for broadcasting reports that according to her "are programmatically [defaming] my brother".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ore |first=Diego Casimiro |date=17 January 2024 |title=Dina Boluarte se queja de la prensa y exige que "dejen de difamar" a su hermano Nicanor |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/01/17/dina-boluarte-se-queja-de-la-prensa-y-exige-que-dejen-de-difamar-a-su-hermano-nicanor/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Nicanor continued to appear in leaked audio recordings about new unqualified hires and, according to one of the witnesses close to the Boluarte brothers, the Peruvian Sports Institute had been used to make irregular hires.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calderón |first=Camila |date=1 March 2024 |title=Revelan audio de Nicanor Boluarte en el que estaría negociando puestos de trabajo en el Estado: "Ubícala en otro lugar" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/03/01/revelan-audio-de-nicanor-boluarte-en-el-que-estaria-negociando-puestos-de-trabajo-en-el-estado-ubicala-en-otro-lugar/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muñoz |first=Daniel |date=11 August 2024 |title=Víctor Torres reconoce que IPD ha sido una agencia de empleos para entorno de Dina Boluarte y Nicanor Boluarte |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2024/08/11/victor-torres-reconoce-que-ipd-ha-sido-una-agencia-de-empleos-para-entorno-de-dina-boluarte-y-nicanor-boluarte-567281 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=La Republica |language=es}}</ref> Nicanor was arrested in May 2024, while his political party was founded in January 2025.<ref name="ap-20250519">{{Cite web |last=Briceno |first=Franklin |date=11 May 2024 |title=Police arrest brother and lawyer of Peru's president over alleged influence peddling |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-president-boluarte-brother-lawyer-arrest-watches-7090c4d4996da73835d7d8e6d4d18277 |work=Associated Press |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="infobae-20250118" />
=== International trips === In June 2024, Boluarte and five ministers undertook a state visit to China. Trade ties between Peru and China were discussed throughout the visit. Boluarte met with General Secretary Xi Jinping, along with other Chinese government and business leaders.<ref name="Cookson-2024">{{Cite web |author=J. Cookson |date=2 July 2024 |title=What the Peruvian president's state visit to China means for US economic diplomacy |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/what-the-peruvian-presidents-state-visit-to-china-means-for-us-economic-diplomacy/ |website=Atlantic Council |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2025, Boluarte traveled to Rome to attend the inaugural mass of Pope Leo XIV, a citizen of Peru who had spent years as a missionary and later bishop in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=León XIV: la estrecha relación con Perú del nuevo papa, Robert Prevost |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/czdypv1j86go |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=BBC News Mundo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silva |first=Renato |date=18 May 2025 |title=El papa León XIV recibió en el Vaticano a la presidenta Dina Boluarte: los detalles de la reunión |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/05/18/dina-boluarte-tuvo-una-audiencia-con-el-papa-leon-xiv-la-verdad-detras-de-la-foto-de-la-presidenta-en-el-vaticano/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref>
=== Impeachment === {{Main|Impeachment of Dina Boluarte}}
The continuing security crisis, combined with numerous corruption controversies, cost Boluarte support among her allies in Congress. In October, Congress considered four articles of impeachment against Boluarte. Congress summoned her to present her defense.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/perus-deeply-unpopular-president-impeached-over-crime-wave/ |title=Peru's deeply unpopular president impeached over crime wave |work=CBS News |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/congreso/dina-boluarte-los-escenarios-ante-una-eventual-vacancia-o-renuncia-noticia-1658789 |title=Dina Boluarte: los escenarios ante una eventual vacancia o renuncia |trans-title=Dina Boluarte: the scenarios in the event of a possible vacancy or resignation |work=RPP |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=es}}</ref> On 10 October 2025, Congress voted to remove Boluarte from office on grounds of "permanent moral incapacity" with a total of 122 votes, exceeding the 87 votes (out of 130) needed to impeach her.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1edw3x6vl2o |title=Peru's president removed from office amid soaring crime |work=BBC News |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> She refused to appear in Congress to defend herself,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/10/10/dina-boluarte-es-vacada-por-incapacidad-moral-permanente-por-el-congreso-de-la-republica-del-peru/ |title=Dina Boluarte es vacada por "incapacidad moral permanente" por el Congreso de Perú |trans-title=Dina Boluarte is impeached for "permanent moral incapacity" by Peru's Congress |work=Infobae |last=Espinoza |first=Analí |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=es}}</ref> denied all the accusations against her, and listed all the achievements of her administration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lpderecho.pe/dina-boluarte-emite-su-ultimo-mensaje-a-la-nacion-tras-ser-vacada-por-el-congreso/ |title=Dina Boluarte emite su último mensaje a la nación tras ser vacada por el Congreso |trans-title=Dina Boluarte issues her last message to the nation after being impeached by Congress |website=lpderecho.pe |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |language=es}}</ref> At the same session José Jerí, President of the Congress, was named her successor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-lawmakers-make-fresh-push-remove-unpopular-president-office-2025-10-09/ |title=Peru's president removed by Congress, legislature chief sworn in |work=Reuters |last1=Aquino |first1=Marco |last2=Morland |first2=Sarah |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref> A request by the State Prosecutor's Office to prevent Boluarte from leaving Peru was rejected on 15 October by a court.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/15/judge-denies-bid-to-block-former-president-dina-boluarte-from-leaving-peru |title=Judge denies bid to block former President Dina Boluarte from leaving Peru |agency=Reuters |work=Al Jazeera |date=15 October 2025 |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
== Political ideology == During the 2021 Peruvian general election, Boluarte was part of Free Peru, a left-leaning and socialist-influenced party; after she was expelled from the party in 2022, she adopted more right-wing views and appointed conservative figures in her cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Turkewitz |first1=Julie |last2=Glatsky |first2=Genevieve |last3=Taj |first3=Mitra |date=8 December 2022 |title=Who Is Dina Boluarte, the New President of Peru? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/americas/dina-boluarte-peru-president.html |access-date=15 December 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202181531/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/americas/dina-boluarte-peru-president.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts described Boluarte's government as authoritarian,<ref name="AUTHOR" /> saying that she had allied with right wing and far-right groups in Congress following her ascension to the presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Pamela Zárate |date=9 May 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte: crecen las críticas de sus aliados en el Congreso |url=https://elbuho.pe/2023/05/dina-boluarte-crecen-las-criticas-de-sus-aliados-en-el-congreso-al-vuelo/ |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=El Búho |language=es |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151843/https://elbuho.pe/2023/05/dina-boluarte-crecen-las-criticas-de-sus-aliados-en-el-congreso-al-vuelo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Noriega |first=Carlos |date=22 January 2023 |title=Todos los caminos de Boluarte conducen a la represión: La ultraderecha peruana aliada al Gobierno planea heredar el poder |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/517507-todos-los-caminos-de-boluarte-conducen-a-la-represion |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=Pagina 12 |language=es |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325132729/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/517507-todos-los-caminos-de-boluarte-conducen-a-la-represion |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=César Hildebrandt: Régimen de Dina Boluarte se ha aliado con un Congreso de delincuentes |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/04/21/cesar-hildebrandt-regimen-de-dina-boluarte-se-ha-aliado-con-un-congreso-de-delincuentes-keiko-fujimori-elecciones-2021-noticia-555996 |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=La República |language=es |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424001509/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/04/21/cesar-hildebrandt-regimen-de-dina-boluarte-se-ha-aliado-con-un-congreso-de-delincuentes-keiko-fujimori-elecciones-2021-noticia-555996 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=Fracasa el pedido de destitución contra Dina Boluarte |url=https://www.rfi.fr/es/am%C3%A9ricas/20230405-fracasa-el-pedido-de-destituci%C3%B3n-contra-dina-boluarte |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=Radio France Internationale |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407095739/https://www.rfi.fr/es/am%C3%A9ricas/20230405-fracasa-el-pedido-de-destituci%C3%B3n-contra-dina-boluarte |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bazán |first=Boyanovsky |date=19 February 2023 |title=En Perú, Boluarte ya no disimula su alianza con la derecha |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/mundo/en-peru-boluarte-ya-no-disimula-su-alianza-con-la-derecha/ |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=Tiempo |language=es |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151843/https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/mundo/en-peru-boluarte-ya-no-disimula-su-alianza-con-la-derecha/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to ''La República'', analysts reported that Boluarte's political inexperience resulted with her shifting from a left-wing ideology in support of rural constituents towards a right-wing ideology that repressed{{how|date=October 2025}} previous supporters.<ref name=":7" /> ''Americas Quarterly'' observed that after Boluarte was expelled from the Peru Libre party, she aligned with the right-wing Congress for political support instead of the constituents that elected her, creating a feeling of betrayal for rural and indigenous voters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Gonzalo |date=12 January 2023 |title=At Peru Protests' Epicenter, Rage—And a Sense of Betrayal |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/at-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal/ |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Americas Quarterly |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112203739/https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/at-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to political scientist David Sulmont, Boluarte sought to be expelled from the party because she predicted Castillo would be removed from office and that she could assume the presidency.<ref name=":7" />
Political scientist Daniel Encinas described Boluarte as an "opportunist", noting that although she was elected vice president under a left-wing government, she aligned with right-wing figures in Congress following her accession to the presidency.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Daniel Encinas: "Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalición con fuerzas que no ganaron la elección" |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/02/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172824/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/02/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones/ |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es}}</ref> Sociologist Carlos Reyna, discussing Boluarte's response to protests, stated: "A person who manages, covers up and supports the armed and police forces to shoot the bodies of unarmed civilians cannot say that he belongs to a moderate variant, ... Boluarte looks like ... the worst versions of the extreme right."<ref name=":3" /> Sulmont said that Boluarte became a figurehead for Congress, serving the legislative body as a "shield between the population and the right-wing Congress" due to her sacrificing her political legitimacy by resorting to repression.<ref name=":7" /> In April 2023, Boluarte declared a state of emergency in all border areas with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile to increase "control of foreign citizens", blaming Venezuelan migrants for the crime in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Presidenta de Perú culpa a migrantes venezolanos de la criminalidad en el país |trans-title=Peruvian president blames Venezuelan migrants for country's crime rate |publisher=El Nacional |agency=EFE |url=https://www.elnacional.com/mundo/presidenta-de-peru-culpa-a-migrantes-venezolanos-de-criminalidad-en-el-pais |language=es |access-date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427035355/https://www.elnacional.com/mundo/presidenta-de-peru-culpa-a-migrantes-venezolanos-de-criminalidad-en-el-pais/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Public opinion == right|thumb|Approval rating polling of the Boluarte government In January 2023, the first public opinion poll for Boluarte was collected by the Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte y el Congreso: mayoría rechaza a presidenta y al Legislativo, según IEP |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/15/congreso-mayoria-rechaza-el-parlamento-y-a-dina-boluarte-segun-iep-gobierno-protestas-en-peru/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=La Republica |language=es |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115232141/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/15/congreso-mayoria-rechaza-el-parlamento-y-a-dina-boluarte-segun-iep-gobierno-protestas-en-peru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the poll, 71% of respondents disapproved of Boluarte and 19% approved of her, while 80% of respondents disagree with Boluarte assuming the presidency.<ref name=":6" /> A Datum poll in mid-2023 showed a disapproval rate of 77% among respondents, though an Ipsos Perú poll showed that 71% of Peruvian CEOs approved of Boluarte and 88% approved of her maintaining the presidency until 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Dina Boluarte: 71% de CEO del país aprueba su gobierno – Caretas Política |url=https://caretas.pe/politica/dina-boluarte-71-de-ceo-del-pais-aprueba-su-gobierno/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=Caretas |language=es |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715215559/https://caretas.pe/politica/dina-boluarte-71-de-ceo-del-pais-aprueba-su-gobierno/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A poll conducted by the IEP in October 2023 saw 84% of respondents say that they disapproved of the way Boluarte was leading the country, with only 10% of respondents approving of Boluarte's presidency.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=JNJ: más del 70 % de peruanos cree que remoción los magistrados afecta la democracia, según encuesta IEP |url=https://data.larepublica.pe/encuesta-iep-peru-aprobacion-desaprobacion-presidencia-congreso-de-la-republica-ejecutivo-legislativo/octubre-2023/ |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=La República |language=es |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107154242/https://data.larepublica.pe/encuesta-iep-peru-aprobacion-desaprobacion-presidencia-congreso-de-la-republica-ejecutivo-legislativo/octubre-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 90% of respondents felt that the performance of Congress suffered under Boluarte's leadership.<ref name=":27" /> According to an October 2024 Ipsos poll, her approval ratings had declined further to 4 percent.<ref>{{cite news |title=With Peru in the global spotlight for APEC, so is one of the world's least popular presidents |url=https://apnews.com/article/lima-peru-protests-dina-boluarte-government-apec-biden-xi-f5b0ea4611ab7b49e2e3d35c4a778412 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=AP News |date=15 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, a poll by Datum reported just 3% approval for Boluarte, the lowest known for any president in Peru's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soto |first=Martín Tumay |date=15 December 2024 |title=Dina Boluarte se hunde en 3% de aprobación: críticas a Adrianzén por haber pedido que "esperemos la encuesta después de APEC" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/12/15/dina-boluarte-se-hunde-a-3-de-aprobacion-adrianzen-pide-esperar-encuestas-despues-de-apec/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Jimenez |first=Luis Felipe Rodriguez |date=18 November 2024 |title=Encuesta Datum: Aprobación de Dina Boluarte desciende hasta el 3 % y alcanza récord negativo durante su mandato |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/gobierno/encuesta-datum-aprobacion-de-dina-boluarte-desciende-hasta-el-3-y-alcanza-record-negativo-durante-su-mandato-noticia-1598925?ref=rpp |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=RPP |language=es}}</ref> Previously, journalist Noah Hurowitz called her "the world's least popular president" in a piece for ''The Intercept''.<ref name="Hurowitz-2024" /> In March 2025, Ipsos Perú published another opinion poll in which, while getting a mean of 4% approval, it found zero percent approval in the departments of the Center of Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Perú 21 |date=13 March 2025 |title=El rechazo a la gestión de Boluarte llega al 96% en el norte del país: Ipsos |url=https://peru21.pe/politica/el-rechazo-la-gestion-de-boluarte-llega-al-96-en-el-norte-del-pais-ipsos-dina-boluarte/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |language=es}}</ref>
== Personal life == Boluarte, who is a native Spanish speaker, is also fluent in Quechua, her heritage language.<ref name="Jugo-20240404" /> She was married for many years to David Gómez Villasante. They have two sons, David Eduardo Gómez Boluarte and Daniel Felwig Gómez Boluarte.<ref name=":13" /> The latter son was present at Boluarte's residence and refused to open the door to the police and prosecutor during the April 2024 house raid mandated by a Supreme Court judge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benavente |first=Laura Vásquez |date=1 April 2024 |title=Hijos de Dina Boluarte quisieron retrasar diligencias por caso Rolex: parte fiscal desmiente a ministro del Interior |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/04/01/hijos-de-dina-boluarte-buscaron-retrasar-diligencias-por-caso-rolex-parte-fiscal-desmiente-a-ministro-del-interior/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> She has a brother, Nicanor Boluarte, who was arrested in 2024 on suspicion of influence peddling.<ref name="ap-20250519" /> His political party, Citizens for Peru (''Ciudadanos Por el Perú''), was registered on 18 January 2025.<ref name="infobae-20250118">{{Cite web |last=Mendoza Talledo |first=Valeria |date=18 January 2025 |title=Partido de Nicanor Boluarte, Ciudadanos por el Perú, se inscribe ante el JNE en medio del caso 'Los Waykis en la Sombra' |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/01/19/partido-de-nicanor-boluarte-ciudadanos-por-el-peru-se-inscribe-ante-el-jne-en-medio-del-caso-los-waykis-en-la-sombra/ |website=Infobae |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=es}}</ref> In March 2025, it was revealed Boluarte may have had a romantic relationship during her presidency with her former Club Apurímac coworker Juan Olazábal Segovia, as evidenced by private phone chats. Boluarte's lawyer denied such a romantic affiliation.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=Arroyo |first=Carlos Oré |date=17 March 2025 |title=La vida amorosa de Dina Boluarte comentada por su propio abogado: "Es irrelevante el amorío de la presidenta" |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/03/17/la-vida-amorosa-de-dina-boluarte-comentada-por-su-propio-abogado-es-irrelevante-el-amorio-de-la-presidenta/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref>
Boluarte has publicly declared herself a Catholic and, during her term in office, has visited both Pope Francis and Pope Leo XIV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=El Papa recibe a la presidenta de Perú, Dina Boluarte - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/es/papa/news/2023-10/el-papa-recibe-a-la-presidenta-de-peru-dina-boluarte.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congreso autoriza viaje de la presidenta Dina Boluarte al Vaticano del 16 al 19 de mayo |url=https://comunicaciones.congreso.gob.pe/noticias/congreso-autoriza-viaje-de-la-presidenta-dina-boluarte-al-vaticano-del-16-al-19-de-mayo/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Comunicaciones |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=en |first=Por Olenka PizarroSeguir |date=2025-09-14 |title=Dina Boluarte saluda al papa León XIV por su cumpleaños y le reitera invitación al Perú |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/09/14/dina-boluarte-saluda-al-papa-leon-xiv-por-su-cumpleanos-y-le-reitera-invitacion-al-peru/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> However, in May 2025, it was revealed that Boluarte had Protestant pastor Anthony Lastra as her spiritual advisor, who had even been offered the opportunity to establish an evangelical chaplaincy in the Government Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nuñez |first=Yosiel |date=2025-05-29 |title=¡Exclusivo! Capellán streamer afirma ser consejero religioso de Dina Boluarte - ATV |url=https://www.atv.pe/noticia/exclusivo-capellan-streamer-afirma-ser-consejero-religioso-de-dina-boluarte-y-espera-instalacion-de-capellania-en-palacio/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=ATV - Atrevámonos |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saavedra |first=Narda |date=2025-05-29 |title=Dina Boluarte tendría como 'guía espiritual' al mismo pastor evangélico que acompañó a Pedro Castillo |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2025/05/29/dina-boluarte-tiene-como-guia-espiritual-al-mismo-pastor-evangelico-que-acompano-a-pedro-castillo-hnews-1854376 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Pedro Luis Ramos |date=2025-06-01 |title=Minjusdh sí tramitó la creación de una capellanía evangélica en Palacio de Gobierno, según Punto Final |url=https://rpp.pe/politica/gobierno/dina-boluarte-denuncian-que-el-ministerio-de-justicia-si-tramito-creacion-de-capellania-evangelica-en-palacio-noticia-1638348 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=rpp.pe |language=es}}</ref> Lastra denied such pastoral ties with Boluarte.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gestión |first=Redacción |date=2025-06-02 |title=Lastra negó ser consejero de Boluarte: “Ella es católica. Es imposible que yo sea su pastor” |url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/anthony-lastra-nego-ser-consejero-de-dina-boluarte-ella-es-catolica-es-imposible-que-yo-sea-su-pastor-noticia/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Gestión |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=en |first=Por Camila CalderónSeguir |date=2025-06-01 |title=Anthony Lastra niega ser guía de Dina Boluarte, pero insiste en intención de crear capellanía evangélica |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/06/01/anthony-lastra-niega-ser-guia-de-dina-boluarte-pero-insiste-en-intencion-de-crear-capellania-evangelica/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Likewise, in November 2024, it was revealed that Boluarte used a “witchcraft doll” or “voodoo doll” that was found among her personal belongings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arroyo |first=Pamela |date=2024-11-27 |title=Dina Boluarte tenía un muñeco de brujería en su cartera cuando Fiscalía intervino Palacio |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/2024/11/26/dina-boluarte-tenia-un-muneco-de-brujeria-cuando-fiscalia-intervino-palacio-de-gobierno-asegura-periodista-ernesto-cabral-2443584 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=en |first=Por Luis PaucarSeguir |date=2025-09-14 |title=Harvey Colchado confirma que se halló un muñeco de brujería a Dina Boluarte en Palacio de Gobierno: “La presidenta se sonrojó” |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/09/14/harvey-colchado-confirma-que-se-hallo-un-muneco-de-brujeria-a-dina-boluarte-en-palacio-de-gobierno-la-presidenta-se-sonrojo/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref>
==Honours== * {{flag|Indonesia}}: **70px Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class – 11 August 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prabowo Berikan Bintang Kehormatan Adipurna untuk Presiden Peru|date=11 August 2025|editor=Subagja |author1=Prasetiyo |author2=Chawarazmi |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/prabowo-berikan-bintang-kehormatan-adipurna-untuk-presiden-peru-25dPnCFjz18|website={{Ill|Kumparan|id|Kumparan (situs web)}}|language=id|access-date=11 August 2025|first=Wisnu|first2=Muhammad Zamachsyari|editor-first=Indra|trans-title=Prabowo Awards Adipurna Medal of Honour to President of Peru}}</ref> *{{flag|South Korea}}: **70px Recipient of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa - 17 November 2024<ref>https://www.facebook.com/artperu.org/posts/-visitaoficial-la-presidenta-del-per%C3%BA-entreg%C3%B3-el-gran-collar-de-la-orden-el-sol-/982425407251131</ref>
== Electoral history == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Year ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Office ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Type ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Main opponent ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=4 | Votes for Boluarte ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Result ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Swing |- ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | Total ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | % ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | {{abbr|2=Position|P}}. ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | {{tooltip|2=Change in percentage value since previous election|±%}} |- ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2018 | Mayor of Surquillo | Municipal | style="background-color:{{party color|Free Peru}};" | | Libertarian Peru | Giancarlo Casassa | style="background-color:{{party color|Christian People's Party (Peru)}};" | | Christian People's Party | 2,014 | 2.80% | 9th | N/A | {{no2|Lost}} | colspan=2 | N/A<ref>{{Cite web|title=ELECCIONES REGIONALES Y MUNICIPALES 2018 – MUNICIPAL DISTRITAL| work=Infogob |url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-regionales-y-municipales-2018_normativa_Mc1UG4IyGzs=14|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215122404/https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-regionales-y-municipales-2018_normativa_Mc1UG4IyGzs=14|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2020 | Congresswoman from Lima | Parliamentary Snap | style="background-color:{{party color|Free Peru}};" | | rowspan="3" | Free Peru | N/A | style="background-color:{{party color|gray}};" | | N/A | 4,827 | 2.06% | 16th | N/A | {{no2|Lost}} | colspan=2 | N/A<ref>{{Cite web|title=ELECCIONES CONGRESALES EXTRAORDINARIAS 2020 – CONGRESAL| work=Infogob |url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-congresales-extraordinarias-2020-congresal_candidatos-y-resultados_68l@lsrSIc0=ls|access-date=29 July 2022|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729192539/https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-congresales-extraordinarias-2020-congresal_candidatos-y-resultados_68l@lsrSIc0=ls|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | First Vice President of Peru | rowspan="2" | General | style="background-color:{{party color|Free Peru}};" | | rowspan="2" | Luis Galarreta | style="background-color:{{party color|Popular Force}};" | | rowspan="2" | Popular Force | 2,724,752 | 18.92% | 1st | N/A | {{Maybe|Advanced into runoff}} | colspan=2 | N/A |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Free Peru}};" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Popular Force}};" | | 8,836,380 | 50.13% | 1st | N/A | rowspan=2 {{yes2|Won}} | rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Free Peru}};" | | rowspan=2 | '''Gain'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onpe.gob.pe/sala-prensa/notas-prensa/onpe-termina-contabilizacion-100-actas-electorales/|title=ONPE termina contabilización del 100% de actas electorales|website=ONPE|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630031620/https://www.onpe.gob.pe/sala-prensa/notas-prensa/onpe-termina-contabilizacion-100-actas-electorales/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PRESENTACIÓN DE RESULTADOS SEGUNDA ELECCIÓN PRESIDENCIAL 2021|url=https://www.resultadossep.eleccionesgenerales2021.pe/SEP2021/EleccionesPresidenciales/RePres/T|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608015227/https://www.resultadossep.eleccionesgenerales2021.pe/SEP2021/EleccionesPresidenciales/RePres/T|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
== References == {{reflist}}
==External links== {{Sister project auto}}
*[https://www.cidob.org/lider-politico/dina-boluarte-zegarra Biography by CIDOB] (in Spanish) *{{Cite web|url=http://peruvotoinformado.com/2020/dina-ercilia-boluarte-zegarra |title=Conoce al candidato Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra por Lima + Residentes Extranjeros 2020 |website=Voto Informado |access-date=23 June 2021 |language=es}} * [https://euaa.europa.eu/publications/peru-country-focus EU. European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA, 2023). ''Peru- country focus'' (Country of Origin Information).] {{ISBN|9789294034885}}. * [https://www.defensoria.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Informe-Defensorial-n.%25C2%25B0-190-Crisis-poli%25CC%2581tica-y-protesta-social.pdf Perú. Defensoría del Pueblo (07/March/2023). ''Crisis política y protesta social: Balance defensorial tras tres meses de iniciado el conflicto (Del 7 de diciembre de 2022 al 6 de marzo de 2023)'' (Informe Defensorial N° 190).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216181122/https://www.defensoria.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Informe-Defensorial-n.%C2%B0-190-Crisis-poli%CC%81tica-y-protesta-social.pdf |date=16 December 2023 }} (In Spanish) * [https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/2023/informe-situacionddhh-peru.pdf OAS. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH, 23/April/2023). ''Derechos Humanos en Perú en el contexto de las protestas sociales''. OEA.] {{ISBN|9780827076723}}. (In Spanish) * [https://www.hrw.org/es/report/2023/04/26/deterioro-letal/abusos-por-las-fuerzas-de-seguridad-y-crisis-democratica-en-el Human Rights Watch (HRW, 26/April/2023). ''Deterioro letal : Abusos por las fuerzas de seguridad y crisis democrática en el Perú'']. (In Spanish) * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr46/6761/2023/en/#:~:text=Since%207%20December%202022%2C%20Peru,at%20silencing%20and%20punishing%20demonstrators. Amnesty International (25/May/2023). ''Peru: Lethal racism : Extrajudicial executions and unlawful use of force by Peru's security forces''.] * {{Cite book |author=Peru. Public Ministry. Criminality Observatory |author-link=Public Ministry of Peru |url=https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6408433/65234-boletin-eficavip-n-1.pdf |title=Actuación fiscal Equipo Especial de Fiscales para Casos con Víctimas Durante las Protestas Sociales |date=28 May 2024 |publisher=Ministerio Público-Fiscalía de la Nación |location=Lima |language=ES}} * {{Cite book |last1=Cabral |first1=Ernesto |url=https://laencerrona.pe/2024/12/03/otarola-sobre-cirugias-de-boluarte-esta-bien-que-se-ponga-linda-nuevas-revelaciones-del-libro-rolexgate/?s=08 |title=Rolexgate : La historia detrás de los relojes, las joyas y los waykis |last2=Sifuentes |first2=Marco |publisher=Planeta Perú |year=2024 |location=Lima |pages=21–38 |language=es |trans-title=Rolexgate : The story behind the watches, the jewelry, and the waykis |chapter=Todas las Dinas |trans-chapter=Every Dina}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Mendoza del Maestro |first1=Gilberto |last2=Arellano Cárdenas |first2=Marco |date=17 October 2024 |title="Rechazado como regalo, recibido como préstamo": el fraude a la ley y los Rolex de la presidenta |trans-title="Refused as a gift, received as a loan": Madam President's fraud of the law and Rolexes |url=https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/themis/article/view/29757 |journal=THEMIS Revista de Derecho |language=es |issue=85 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.18800/themis.202401.004 |issn=1810-9934|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite web |last=Sifuentes |first=Marco |date=2025-09-03 |title=ESPECIAL: Los 1001 días del gobierno de Dina |trans-title=SPECIAL: The 1001 days of Dina's government|url=https://laencerrona.pe/2025/09/02/especial-los-1001-dias-del-gobierno-de-dina-laencerrona/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=La Encerrona |language=es}} (recap podcast)
{{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=Jorge Paredes Terry}} {{s-ttl|title=Free Peru nominee for First Vice President of Peru|years=2021}} {{s-inc|recent}} {{s-break}} {{s-off}} {{s-break}} {{s-vac|last=Martín Vizcarra}} {{s-ttl|title=First Vice President of Peru|years=2021–2022}} {{s-vac}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before={{ill|nobold=1|Silvana Vargas|es}}}} {{s-ttl|title=Minister of Development and Social Inclusion|years=2021–2022}} {{s-aft|after={{ill|nobold=1|Cinthya Lindo Espinoza|es}}}} {{s-break}} {{s-bef|before=Pedro Castillo}} {{s-ttl|title=President of Peru|years=2022–2025}} {{s-aft|after=José Jerí}} {{s-end}}
{{Presidents of Peru}} {{Peruvian political crisis}} {{Portal bar|Biography|Peru|Politics|Women}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boluarte, Dina}} Category:1962 births Category:20th-century Peruvian lawyers Category:20th-century Peruvian women lawyers Category:21st-century Peruvian lawyers Category:21st-century Peruvian politicians Category:21st-century Peruvian women politicians Category:21st-century women lawyers Category:21st-century women presidents Category:Impeached presidents removed from office Category:Impeached Peruvian officials Category:Controversies in Peru Category:Female heads of government Category:First women presidents Category:Former Marxists Category:Free Peru politicians Category:Government ministers of Peru Category:Independent politicians in Peru Category:Living people Category:People from the Department of Apurímac Category:Peruvian anti-communists Category:Peruvian Roman Catholics Category:Presidents of Peru Category:University of San Martín de Porres alumni Category:Vice presidents of Peru Category:Women government ministers of Peru Category:Women presidents in South America Category:Women vice presidents in South America Category:Quechua politicians Category:Politicide perpetrators