Surquillo

{{Short description|District in Lima, Peru}} {{refimprove|date=May 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Surquillo | native_name = | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = [[Districts of Peru|District]] | image_skyline = Parque Reducto 5 en Surquillo.png | image_alt = | image_caption = General view of [[Parque Reducto No. 5|Redoubt Park]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Lima.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | image_map = Map of Lima highlighting Surquillo.PNG | mapsize = frameless | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Surquillo District in [[Lima Province]] | coordinates = {{coord|12|7|2|S|77|1|14|W|region:PE_type:adm3rd|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Peru}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Peru|Department]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Department of Lima|Lima]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Peru|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Lima Province|Lima]] | parts_type = [[Subnational entity|Subdivisions]] | parts_style = para | p1 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = July 15, 1949 | seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]] | seat = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = Cintia Loayza | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 3.46 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 105 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minsa.gob.pe/reunis/data/poblacion_estimada.asp|title=Estadística Poblacional - Ministerio de Salud del Perú}}</ref> | population_total = {{commas|104832}} | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Time in Peru|PET]] | utc_offset1 = -5 | blank_name_sec1 = [[UBIGEO]] | blank_info_sec1 = 150141 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 15038 | website = [http://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe munisurquillo.gob.pe] | footnotes = }} '''Surquillo''' is a [[List of districts of Lima|district of Lima]], [[Peru]]. The district is bordered by the districts of [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro]] and [[San Borja District|San Borja]] on the north; by [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]] on the south and west; and by [[Santiago de Surco]] on the east.

== Name == In times past, this part of [[Lima]] was already known as the "''Chacras de Surquillo''". At present, the exact origin of this name has not yet been found, although it is believed that the name "Surquillo" is a diminutive of [[Santiago de Surco|Surco]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|access-date=13 February 2024 |periodical=Reseña histórica |title=Reseña Histórica de Surquillo |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/distrito/historia.pdf}}</ref> After the founding of Lima in 1535, [[Francisco Pizarro]] found, apart from the [[curacazgo]] of Lima, other lordships and chiefdoms in the area, such as Rimactampu, Maranga, Carabayllo, Lurigancho, Linche, Surquillo and Surco. According to the researcher and historian of the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]], Juan Luis Orrego Penagos, the origin of the name Surquillo comes from the [[Viceroyalty of Peru|viceregal era]], when a community of indigenous people emerged in this place that bore similarities to the town of Santiago de Surco. As a result of this, the authorities began to refer to the new settlement as Surquillo.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-31 |date=2024-03-27 |first=Mary Sue |language=es |last=Espiritu |title=Surquillo: el origen del nombre de este distrito limeño y su relación con Surco |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2024/03/26/surquillo-el-origen-del-nombre-de-este-distrito-limeno-y-su-relacion-con-surco-evat-1509170 |website=larepublica.pe}}</ref>

== History == [[File:Huaca La Merced 01.jpg|left|thumb|Panoramic view of Huaca La Merced.]] Surquillo was first inhabited by people from different cultures during the [[Pre-Incan Era]]. This is evidenced by the discovery of small pre-Inca ruins such as the [[Huaca La Merced]] (belonging to the [[Ichma culture]]), which dates back to approximately the [[Late Intermediate Period|Late Intermediate]] period.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|access-date=13 February 2024 |last=Espinoza Pajuelo |first=Pedro |periodical=Los Ichma, una sociedad representativa de Lima Prehispánica. Parte I |title=Los Ichma, una sociedad representativa de Lima Prehispánica. Parte I |url=https://qhapaqnan.cultura.pe/sites/default/files/articulos/Los%20Ichma%20-%20Sociedad%20Representativa%20Lima%20Prehisp%C3%A1nica%20I.pdf}}</ref>

During the [[Conquest of Peru]], the inhabitants of the area surrounding the La Merced huaca were possibly moved to the [[Surco]] reduction due to its proximity.<ref name=":3" /> In this period, the conqueror [[Francisco Pizarro]], using a [[Real cédula|royal decree]], on May 22, 1534, transferred the land of a part of the current Surquillo (at that time known as "Las Chacras de Surquillo") to the Convent of Our Lady of La Merced to use it as [[Agricultural land|farmland]].<ref name=":0" /> Eventually, Surquillo (also known as 'Surco Chico') evolved as a [[marginalized]] neighborhood, populated mainly by people of limited resources, located on the route that connected Lima with [[Miraflores District, Lima|San Miguel de Miraflores]]. Later, the [[hacienda]] of the same name arose, belonging to the Mercedarians.<ref name=":4" /> On February 16, 1849, the Convent of La Merced transferred the land of the estate to General Martínez de Aparacio, who would transfer the land to another owner some time later.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Lima i sus alrededores - (plano aproximado) - Carlos M. Prieto delineavit - btv1b53171846c (1 of 2).jpg|left|thumb|Map of Lima and surroundings in 1880.]] During the [[War of the Pacific]], President [[Nicolás de Piérola]] ordered the construction of a defense line made up of fortifications called '[[Redoubt|redoubts]]' to defend the city of Lima from invading [[Chilean Army|Chilean troops]]. Among them, one was built in Surquillo called "Reducto N°5", which is currently located in the [[Parque Reducto No. 5|park of the same name]], on [[Angamos Avenue]], near the border with the [[San Borja District|San Borja district]]. In this fortification, the Battalion No. 8 of the Reserve, composed of 300 men, fought, which were able to initially repel and stop the attack of the Chilean troops commanded by the Chilean general [[Patricio Lynch]]. However, the defenders were forced to evacuate their positions, due to the Chilean troops that outnumbered and outgunned them. Eventually, a Peruvian soldier by the name of Manuel Castañeda blew up the redoubt, preventing Chilean troops from capturing the arsenal.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-02-13 |language=en |title=Reducto Surquillo |url=https://issuu.com/mincu/docs/sitios_historicos/s/11425859 |website=issuu}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== 20th century === At the beginning of the 20th century, Tomás Marsano would begin to [[Urbanization|urbanize]] part of [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]] and Surquillo, the latter with the founding of the urbanization known as "Surquillo" (currently called Surquillo Viejo), through the Compañía Urbanizadora Surquillo, which owned land in this part of the capital, including the La Calera de La Merced and Primavera haciendas.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-06-23 |date=2024-06-09 |first=Por Manoel |language=es-ES |last=Obando |title=Tomás Marsano: quién fue y qué hizo para que una gran avenida de Lima lleve su nombre |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/06/09/tomas-marsano-quien-fue-y-que-hizo-para-que-una-gran-avenida-de-lima-lleve-su-nombre/ |website=infobae}}</ref> [[File:Municipalidad de Miraflores - Miraflores Antiguo (7847328290).jpg|thumb|Old façade of the entrance to the Miraflores Municipal Cemetery (current Surquillo Municipal Cemetery).]] However, Surquillo was urbanized differently than that used in Miraflores. Surquillo was designed with [[City block|blocks]] of the same size as those from Miraflores, but with long, narrow and more economical lots. Likewise, no park was laid out unlike what happened in Miraflores. These lands were sold mainly to [[low-income]] migrants from the south of the country. Furthermore, the urban authorization for which the inhabitants of Surquillo paid was not delivered. According to the former mayor of Miraflores, Eduardo Villena Rey, Tomás Marsano promised to implement the area with water, [[drainage]], paving and [[Sidewalk|sidewalks]], but he failed to fulfill said contract. Miraflores proposed providing basic services to the Surquillo neighborhood, but the residents refused because they believed it would exempt Tomás Marsano from his obligations as an urban developer. Eventually, Miraflores reached an agreement with Tomás Marsano, where he gave up a 10,000 m2 land on the La Calera de la Merced farm for the construction of the new Miraflores Municipal Cemetery (current Surquillo Municipal Cemetery).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|access-date=2024-04-06 |last=Nieri Romero |date=2018 |doi=10.26439/ulima.tesis/6614 |first=María Paloma |periodical=Universidad de Lima |title=Surquillo: recordatorio urbano de una ciudad segregada. Investigación de la segregación socioespacial del distrito de Surquillo |url=https://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12724/6614|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Municipalidad de Miraflores - Miraflores Antiguo (7847312470).jpg|thumb|245x245px|1944 map of Miraflores, including ''Surquillo Viejo'' (upper right).]] In the first years since its urbanization, the proliferation of narrow [[Alley|alleys]] and small [[Quinta (estate)|country houses]] was generated, due to the typology of large lots for people with limited resources. Subsequently, the population of Surquillo grew rapidly, going from 7,000 inhabitants in 1935 to 40,000 in 1949.<ref name=":1" /> Prior to its urbanization, according to the Gazetteer of Peru, Surquillo had a population of 120 inhabitants in 1922.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2024-08-18 |last=Stiglich |date=1922 |first=Germán |language=es |publisher=Imp. Torres Aguirre |title=Diccionario geográfico del Perú |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTA8AAAAMAAJ&q=surquillo}}</ref> In the 1930s, large industrial [[Factory|factories]] appeared, due to the fact that it had a [[Working class|working-class]] neighborhood with large, low-cost land and the lack of [[zoning]] in the area.

Before 1949, Surquillo belonged to the [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores district]] as the "''Fundo de Surquillo''", from which it would be separated on July 15 of that same year at the request of a group of owners, during the presidency of [[Manuel A. Odría|Manuel Odría]], by means of the Decree Law No. 11058 for being a district that is too large to take care of the needs of its increasingly growing population, as well as for not providing basic services to Surquillo.<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=4 September 2024 |date=15 July 1949 |title=Ley de Creación de Surquillo |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/distrito/ley-creacion.pdf}}</ref> The limits established for the district were the following:<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-01 |author=Municipalidad de Surquillo |title=Límites de Surquillo Decreto Ley N° 11170 |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/distrito/ley-limites.pdf}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=To the north with the [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro District]], starting from the intersection of [[Paseo de la República]] with Panama Street, continue along the extension of this street, passing through the center of the Limatambo roundabout, continues with the axis of the extension of said street, bordering the [[Limatambo International Airport|Limatambo airport]], to the south, to the east and continues until it meets the extension of [[Javier Prado Avenue ]], along which it will turn towards the East following said extension until its intersection with the line of the [[Railway in Peru#Lima-Lurín Railway|Railway from Lima to Lurín]] to the [[Surco River]], along whose bank Right continues until its intersection with the [[Tomás Marsano Avenue|highway to Atocongo]]. To the south and west with a broken line that begins with the intersection of Panama Street with the axis of Paseo de la República and continues to the south the axis of said Paseo until its intersection with [[Avenida Andrés Avelino Cáceres (Lima)|Avenida Andrés Avelino Cáceres]] until its intersection with [[República de Panamá Avenue|Av. Panamericana (Roosevelt)]] continuing along the extension of Av. Cáceres until its intersection with the Atocongo highway, following the axis of said highway to the south until its intersection with the Surco River.|author=Brigade Manager [[Manuel A. Odría]], [[President of Peru|President of the Military Government Junta]]}}

In the 1950s, the informal occupation of Casas Huertas occurred, which were originally agricultural fields that, eventually, the new owners converted into [[Tenement|tenements]] for rent. Some time later, this part would be consolidated with a layout of large blocks and narrow alleys. The sale of small plots of land and the alley-type urbanization without any property title led to the consolidation of the neighborhood as a "''barriada''." Likewise, in the 60s the invasion of Villa Victoria would be consolidated.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, given the concentration of the population and the appearance of the so-called "barriadas", in turn the appearance of the phenomenon of urban violence where the nickname "''[[Chicago]] Chico''" (Small Chicago) appears, a term that increased the bad reputation of Surquillo and will place it as an ineligible district for residence.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-06 |page=7 |title=Plan Integral de Desarrollo del Distrito de Surquillo |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/transparencia_municipal/plan_integral_de_desarrollo_2015.pdf}}</ref>

Several years later, the La Calera estate began to be urbanized in 1968 through small [[Residential area|developments]] by business groups. New urbanizations would be founded such as Jorge Chávez (1970), Los Sauces (1974), El Pedregal, La Calera de la Merced, VIPEP, Los Jardines de Higuereta, Las Orquídeas, among others.<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=13 February 2024 |periodical=Historia de Surquillo Nuevo |title=Historia de Surquillo Nuevo |url=http://munisurquillo.gob.pe/portal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Historia_de_Surquillo_Nuevo.pdf}}</ref> [[File:Plano Lima Metropolitana 1977.jpg|thumb|1977 [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|MML]] map of Lima.]] On June 1, 1983, during the second government of [[Fernando Belaúnde]], Surquillo would lose more than half of its territory, due to the creation of the [[San Borja District|San Borja district]], through Law No. 23604. San Borja established its limits between the avenues Canada, Circunvalación, the [[Pan-American Highway|Panamericana Sur highway]], and Primavera - Angamos, Miguel Iglesias, José Gálvez Barrenechea and Guardia Civil avenues. The new district is segregated from the district of Surquillo, and at the same time, absorbs territories from the districts of [[Santiago de Surco]] and [[San Luis District, Lima|San Luis]].<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=4 September 2024 |date=2 June 1983 |periodical=Normas Legales |title=Crean el distrito de San Borja, en la provincia de Lima |url=https://biblioteca.congreso.gob.pe/exlibris/aleph/u23_1/alephe/www_f_spa/icon/html/Demarcacion/LILE23604.pdf}}</ref> [[File:Ex-Casa "El Castillo" Suquillo.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Facade of the house (left) where [[Abimael Guzmán]] was [[Operation Victoria|captured]].]] In June 1992, during the [[Internal conflict in Peru]], Operation Huascaura took place, in which members of the [[GEIN]] captured Luis Alberto Arana Franco, known as "Sotil". During his interrogation, Arana Franco revealed the location of [[Abimael Guzmán]].<ref>{{cite web|title=El hombre que delató a Abimael Guzmán |url=https://www.verdadyreconciliacionperu.com/admin/files/articulos/391_digitalizacion.pdf}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=«The car was driven by a pituca [[Miraflores District, Lima|miraflorina]] (in reference to {{ill|Maritza Garrido-Lecca|es}}), they blindfolded me. "[[Abimael Guzmán|President Gonzalo]]" asked me to rent a house in the Urbanization Los Sauces, Surquillo. And the next day I went there. Suddenly I saw the same couple who had taken me to meet Abimael get out of a car and I left. <ref>{{cite news|access-date=10 September 2018 |date=September 9, 2018 |language=es-ES |newspaper=Diario Expreso |title="Sotil", a key player in the fall of the genocidal Abimael Guzmán - Diario Expreso |url=https://www.expreso.com.pe/informe/sotil-pieza-clave-en-la-caida-del-genocida-abimael-guzman/}}</ref>}} In July, GEIN agents had set up shop in front of the house which was Abimael Guzmán's refuge. This house belonged to a colonel of the [[Peruvian Investigative Police]]. After two months of surveillance and monitoring, on September 12 at 5:30 p.m., GEIN agents broke into the building, thus capturing Abimael Guzmán, leader and founder of [[Sendero Luminoso]], and other members of the terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-08 |language=es |title=Abimael Guzmán: así fue la captura del cabecilla terrorista |url=https://canaln.pe/actualidad/abimael-guzman-hace-25-anos-gein-capturo-al-lider-terrorista-n291594 |website=canaln.pe|date=13 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=11 September 2018 |date=14 September 1992 |issn=1134-6582 |language=es |periodical=El País |title=Fujimori desarticula la cúpula de Sendero Luminoso |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/14/internacional/716421613_850215.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Peru marks 27 years of terrorist leader's capture |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-marks-27-years-of-terrorist-leaders-capture-766385.aspx |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Andina Agencia Peruana de Noticias |date=12 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Abimael Guzmán desafió a sus captores al ser detenido en Lima |newspaper=El Paais |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/20/internacional/716940017_850215.html |access-date=11 September 2018 |agency=EFE |publisher=[[El País]] |issn=1134-6582 |language=es}}</ref>

=== Recent history === During the 90s the district began to migrate from factories and large industries to a greater number of [[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]. This process was completed in the 2000s, when the majority of factories were relocated to the peripheries.<ref name=":1" /> Currently the district is focused on the gastronomic sector with the consolidation of restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-07 |date=2023-12-16 |language=es |title=Surquillo alista proyecto similar al jirón de la Unión que duplicará negocios gastronómicos {{!}} gastronomía {{!}} ECONOMIA |url=https://gestion.pe/economia/empresas/surquillo-alista-proyecto-similar-al-jiron-de-la-union-que-duplicara-negocios-gastronomicos-gastronomia-noticia/ |website=Gestión}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-04-24 |last=Castillo Castro |date=2024-04-17 |first=Sophia |issn=1605-3052 |language=es-PE |periodical=El Comercio |title=El desafío de Surquillo: entre el boom gastronómico de los restaurantes de lujo y la preservación los 'huariques' |url=https://elcomercio.pe/provecho/tendencias/el-desafio-de-surquillo-entre-el-boom-gastronomico-de-los-restaurantes-de-lujo-y-la-preservacion-los-huariques-gastronomia-restaurantes-de-barrio-comida-platos-carta-negocios-locales-noticia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-06-08 |last=Pastor |date=2024-06-05 |first=Marilia |issn=1605-3052 |language=es-PE |periodical=El Comercio |title=Av. Villarán: los puntos gastronómicos más sabrosos en esta calle de Surquillo |url=https://elcomercio.pe/provecho/surquillo-5-de-los-puntos-mas-sabrosos-que-encontraras-en-la-av-villaran-polleria-hamburguesas-anticuchos-pizzas-helados-noticia/}}</ref> Likewise, the commercial sector has increased within the district, highlighting the inauguration of the [[Open Plaza|Open Plaza Angamos]] shopping center in 2010.

== Politics == Surquillo is under the jurisdiction of its own [[Municipalities of Peru|district municipality]], as well as that of the [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima]].

=== List of mayors === Since 2023, the incumbent mayor is Cintia Loayza.

{| class="wikitable" style_"font-size:85% |- bgcolor="#ececec" ! rowspan=2|№ ! rowspan=2|Mayor ! rowspan=2|Party ! colspan=2|Term |- ! Begin ! End |- |1 |Luis Faura Bedoya |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1949}} |{{dts|1951}} |- |2 |Juan Ventura Rossi |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1951}} |{{dts|1954}} |- |3 |Alfonso Barrantes López |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1954}} |{{dts|1956}} |- |4 |Luis Samanamud Maldonado |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1956}} |{{dts|1957}} |- |5 |Juan Palacios Pintado |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1957}} |{{dts|1957}} |- |6 |Oscar Dyer Contreras |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1957}} |{{dts|1960}} |- |7 |Armando Coronado Huamán |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1960}} |{{dts|1961}} |- |8 |Joaquín Planas Gamero |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1961}} |{{dts|1962}} |- |9 |Jorge Quiroz Rivas |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1962}} |{{dts|1963}} |- |10 |Eduardo Salas Neri |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1963}} |{{dts|1964}} |- |11 |Humberto Toledo Rosas |[[Popular Action (Peru)|AP]]-[[Christian Democratic Party (Peru)|DC]] |{{dts|1964}} |{{dts|1967}} |- |12 |Humberto Toledo Rosas |[[Popular Action (Peru)|AP]]-[[Christian Democratic Party (Peru)|DC]] |{{dts|1967}} |{{dts|1970}} |- |13 |Eduardo Niezen Menaut |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1970}} |{{dts|1971}} |- |14 |Alfredo Batisttini More |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1971}} |{{dts|1971}} |- |15 |Augusto Díaz Farro |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1971}} |{{dts|1972}} |- |16 |Amado Vásquez Castillo |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1972}} |{{dts|1973}} |- |17 |Otto Espinoza Carmen |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1973}} |{{dts|1974}} |- |18 |Bernardo Paredes Grieve |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1974}} |{{dts|1977}} |- |19 |Félix Yamamoto Hong |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1977}} |{{dts|1978}} |- |20 |Luis Beteta Graziani |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1978}} |{{dts|1979}} |- |21 |Germán Zegarra Farfán |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1979}} |{{dts|1979}} |- |22 |Jaime Ortiz Tarrillo |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1979}} |{{dts|1980}} |- |23 |Pablo Castro Colina |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1980}} |{{dts|1980}} |- |24 |Adolfo Merino Martigena |{{N/A}} |{{dts|1980}} |{{dts|1981}} |- |25 |Juan Alvarado Vela |[[Popular Action (Peru)|AP]] |{{dts|1981}} |{{dts|1984}} |- |26 |{{ill|Wilfredo Álvarez Valer|es}} |[[United Left (Peru)|IU]] |{{dts|1984}} |{{dts|1987}} |- |27 |Hugo Sánchez Medina |[[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] |{{dts|1987}} |{{dts|1989}} |- |28 |Julio Zegarra Farfán |[[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] |{{dts|1989}} |{{dts|1990}} |- |29 |{{ill|Guido Casassa|es|lt=Guido Casassa Bacigalupo}} |[[Democratic Front (Peru)|FREDEMO]] |{{dts|1990}} |{{dts|1993}} |- |30 |{{ill|Guido Casassa|es|lt=Guido Casassa Bacigalupo}} |[[Christian People's Party (Peru)|PPC]] |{{dts|1993}} |{{dts|1996}} |- |31 |Edwin Laguerre Gallardo |[[We Are Peru|SP]] |{{dts|1996}} |{{dts|1996}} |- |32 |Carlos Iparraguirre Gallo |[[We Are Peru|PDSP]] |{{dts|1996}} |{{dts|1999}} |- |33 |{{ill|Guido Casassa|es|lt=Guido Casassa Bacigalupo}} |MIVV |{{dts|1999}} |{{dts|2002}} |- |34 |{{ill|Gustavo Sierra|es|lt=Gustavo Sierra Ortiz}} |MIVV |{{dts|2002}} |{{dts|2003}} |- |35 |{{ill|Gustavo Sierra|es|lt=Gustavo Sierra Ortiz}} |[[National Unity (Peru, 2000)|UN]] |{{dts|2003}} |{{dts|2007}} |- |36 |{{ill|Gustavo Sierra|es|lt=Gustavo Sierra Ortiz}} |[[National Unity (Peru, 2000)|UN]] |{{dts|2007}} |{{dts|2011}} |- |37 |José Luis Huamaní González |[[Christian People's Party (Peru)|PPC]] |{{dts|2011}} |{{dts|2015}} |- |38 |José Luis Huamaní González |[[Christian People's Party (Peru)|PPC]] |{{dts|2015}} |{{dts|2019}} |- |39 |{{ill|Giancarlo Casassa|es|lt=Giancarlo Casassa Sánchez}} |[[Christian People's Party (Peru)|PPC]] |{{dts|2019}} |{{dts|2023}} |- |40 |{{ill|Cintia Loayza|es|lt=Cintia Loayza Álvarez}} |[[Popular Renewal|RP]] |{{dts|2023}} |{{dts|}}''Incumbent'' |- |}

=== Twin cities === Surquillo is twinned with the following municipalities:

* {{Flag decoration|PER}} [[San Isidro District, Lima]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-07 |date=21 November 2019 |title=Convenio Marco de Cooperación Interinstitucional entre la Municipalidad distrital de San Isidro y la Municipalidad distrital de Surquillo |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/sims/normas_legales/UPLOADS/CONVENIO_N%C2%BA_009_2019_MDS.PDF}}</ref> * {{Flag decoration|PER}} [[Santiago de Surco District]], Lima<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-31 |date=2016-08-30 |language=es |title=Surco renovó hasta el 2020 convenio "Municipios sin fronteras" con seis distritos |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-surco-renovo-hasta-2020-convenio-municipios-sin-fronteras-seis-distritos-628627.aspx |website=andina.pe}}</ref> * {{Flag decoration|COL}} [[Itagüí|Municipality of Itagüí]]<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2024-04-08 |date=11 August 2015 |periodical=Material para la sesión extraordinaria de consejo municipal del martes 11 de agosto de 2015 |title=Cargo de Recepción |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/sims/normas_legales/UPLOADS/AGENDA_N%C2%BA_016_2015_MDS.PDF}}</ref>

== Geography == The district of Surquillo is located west of the city of [[Lima]], forming part of the subregion called [[Cono Centro|Lima Centro]]. It has an area of 4.49 km², which makes it one of the smallest districts in the [[province of Lima]].<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2024-04-09 |title=Localización Geográfica - Surquillo |url=https://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/distrito/localizacion.pdf}}</ref> Meanwhile, its average height is 105 [[meters above sea level]].

=== Boundaries === It limits to the north with the [[San Isidro District, Lima|district of San Isidro]], through streets 3 Sur and 32. Then, it also limits to the north, with the [[San Borja District|district of San Borja]], through avenues José Gálvez Barrenechea, Miguel Iglesias and [[Angamos Avenue|Angamos Este]]. Subsequently, it limits to the east and southeast with the district of [[Santiago de Surco]], through El Sauce Avenue, Intihuatana Avenue and Gerona Street, following the path of the [[Surco River]]. Afterwards, it borders to the south, with the [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores district]] through [[Tomás Marsano Avenue]], and Alejandro Deustua and Juan José Calle streets. Next, the limit continues through Manuel Arce de Oliva Avenue, Manuel Almenara Street, and Roca and Boloña, [[República de Panamá Avenue|República de Panamá]], Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Ricardo Palma avenues. Subsequently, the limit continues to the west, through [[Paseo de la República|Paseo de la República avenue]]. And finally, it limits to the northwest, also with the district of San Isidro, through [[Andrés Aramburú Avenue]]. {{Adjacent communities|North=[[File:Escudo de San Isidro (Lima).png|30px]] [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro District]] / [[File:Escudo de San Borja.png|30px]] [[San Borja District]]|North-east=[[File:Escudo de San Borja.png|30px]] [[San Borja District]]|North-west=[[File:Escudo de San Isidro (Lima).png|30px]] [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro District]]|South-west=[[File:Escudo de Miraflores(Lima).png|30px]] [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores District]]|South=[[File:Escudo de Miraflores(Lima).png|30px]] [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores District]]|South-east=[[File:Escudo de Santiago de Surco.jpg|30px]] [[Santiago de Surco|Santiago de Surco District]]|EAST=[[File:Escudo de Santiago de Surco.jpg|30px]] [[Santiago de Surco|Santiago de Surco District]]|WEST=[[File:Escudo de Miraflores(Lima).png|30px]] [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores District]]|Centre=Surquillo}}

== Demographics == In 2023, Surquillo had an approximate population of 104,832 inhabitants and a [[population density]] of 29,863.3 inhabitants per km2, making it the most densely populated district in [[Lima metropolitan area|Metropolitan Lima]] and [[Peru]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-02-12 |language=es-pe |title=Población de Lima Metropolitana supera los 10 millones 151 mil habitantes |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/inei/noticias/689179-poblacion-de-lima-metropolitana-supera-los-10-millones-151-mil-habitantes |website=www.gob.pe}}</ref> It is inhabited by 50.2% of families from a [[Upper class|high socioeconomic stratum]], with incomes greater than 2,400 [[Peruvian sol|soles]]. While, the remaining percentage corresponds to families of medium-high and [[Middle class|medium socioeconomic level]].<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=13 February 2024 |date=2020 |page=57 |periodical=Planos Estratificados de Lima Metropolitana 2020 |title=Planos Estratificados de Lima Metropolitana a Nivel de Manzanas 2020 |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1744/libro.pdf}}</ref> In 2019, its [[Human Development Index|human development index]] was 0.8171, making it the tenth district of [[Lima]] with the highest HDI.<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=13 February 2024 |date=2019 |pages=18 |periodical=El Reto de la Igualdad |title=El Reto de la Igualdad |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/pe/PNUD-Peru---El-Reto-de-la-Igualdad.pdf}}</ref> {{Vertical bar chart|1993|88464|2007|89283|2017|91023|2023|104832|position=center|type=demographic|name=Surquillo|color=blue|width=600|note={{Small|'''Sources:''' 1993,<ref name=perfilsocio>{{cite web|author=Municipalidad de Surquillo |title=Población de Surquillo |url=http://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/distrito/poblacion.pdf}}</ref> 2007, 2017<ref name=poblacionestimada>{{cite web|author=Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica |title=Provincia de Lima: Resultados Definitivos |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1583/15ATOMO_01.pdf}}</ref> and 2023 population.<ref name="Censo2017">{{cite web|title=Estadística Poblacional - Ministerio de Salud del Perú |url=https://www.minsa.gob.pe/reunis/data/poblacion_estimada.asp}}</ref>}}}}

== Culture == === Landmarks === [[File:Edificio Morar - Surquillo.jpg|thumb|Morar Tower under construction.]] Surquillo is a district that borders [[Upper class|upper]] and [[upper middle class]] districts. This is why many real estate agencies have put their interest in the district for the construction of [[Multifamily residential|multi-family homes]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-05-08 |date=2023-09-26 |language=es |title=Precio de viviendas {{!}} Ante restricciones en Lima Top, ¿adónde migrarán los proyectos inmobiliarios? |url=https://gestion.pe/tu-dinero/inmobiliarias/precio-de-viviendas-ante-restricciones-en-lima-top-adonde-migraran-los-proyectos-inmobiliarios-oferta-inmobiliaria-noticia/ |website=Gestión}}</ref>

The trapezoidal area that would be the northern and best-known part of the district is the most populated part of Surquillo; There the old area of Surquillo coexists with popular urbanizations such as Villa Victoria or Casas Huertas; However, it is the most commercially active and increasingly developed part. This area is also characterized by the lack of green areas, as well as the high rates of crimes committed in this part of the district, which causes Surquillo to be seen as a very dangerous district.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-07 |date=2024-01-18 |first=Por Carlos |language=es-ES |last=Espinoza |title=Estos son los distritos de Lima y Callao donde las personas se sienten más inseguras |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/01/18/estos-son-los-distritos-de-lima-donde-las-personas-se-sienten-mas-inseguras/ |website=infobae}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-04-07 |date=2016-01-23 |issn=1605-3052 |language=es-PE |periodical=El Comercio |title='Bujiazo': estas son las zonas más peligrosas de Lima |url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/bujiazo-son-zonas-peligrosas-lima-264673-noticia/#:~:text=En%20Surquillo,%20la%20zona%20conocida,los%20callejones%20cercanos%20para%20huir.}}</ref> On the other hand, in 2023, the Municipality of Surquillo won a project to prioritize [[Walkability|pedestrian]] and [[Cyclability|bicycle]] mobility through the implementation of [[Superblock (urban planning)|superblocks]], promoted by the [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Municipality of Lima]] and the [[World Bank]], which would intervene in the quadrant between shreds Santa Rosa, El Carmen, José Manuel Iturregui and República de Panamá and Andrés Avelino Cáceres avenues, with the aim of recovering public spaces and promoting [[sustainable mobility]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-18 |language=es-pe |title=Supermanzana será una realidad en Surquillo |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/munisurquillo/noticias/876295-supermanzana-sera-una-realidad-en-surquillo |website=www.gob.pe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-18 |date=2023-04-04 |language=es |title=¿Qué son las zonas de tránsito calmado?: El proyecto para priorizar movilidad peatonal y ciclística en Lima Metropolitana |url=https://peru21.pe/lima/que-son-las-zonas-de-transito-calmado-el-proyecto-para-priorizar-movilidad-peatonal-y-ciclistica-en-lima-metropolitana-ciclovias-peaton-transito-banco-mundial-noticia/ |website=Peru21}}</ref>

The areas of Barrio Médico (adjacent to the [[Miraflores District, Lima|district of Miraflores]]) and Limatambo (adjacent to the districts of [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro]] and Miraflores), consist of parks, spacious houses and modern buildings inhabited by people of [[Upper class|high socioeconomic level]], with a better economic situation than the neighbors from other areas of the district. This point being the most modern part of the district. Likewise, their housing complexes were generally designed for single people or newly married couples, for the minimum amount of square meters. In the Limatambo urbanization, for almost 20 years, the homes located in said place have begun to sink due to the unstable terrain. This happens because the buildings were built on the land of an old [[quarry]], which was filled with sanitary and [[construction waste]], the latter when the [[Vía Expresa Paseo de la República]] was built. The land was sold to former employees of the ''[[Banco de la Vivienda]]'' (Housing Bank), who built in the area without carrying out any study on the soil in the area.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-16 |date=2023-02-03 |first=Isabel |language=es |last=Nomberto |title=Surquillo: ¿por qué la urbanización Limatambo se está hundiendo desde hace más de 10 años? |url=https://larepublica.pe/datos-lr/respuestas/2022/11/25/surquillo-por-que-la-urbanizacion-limatambo-se-esta-hundiendo-desde-hace-mas-de-10-anos-lima-peru-evat |website=larepublica.pe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-16 |date=2023-05-17 |language=es |title=Surquillo: Vecinos de la urbanización Limatambo preocupados por hundimiento de terreno [video] |url=https://rpp.pe/lima/actualidad/surquillo-vecinos-de-urbanizacion-limatambo-preocupados-por-hundimiento-de-terreno-video-noticia-1484947 |website=rpp.pe}}</ref>

Likewise, there is the triangular area adjacent to the districts of [[San Borja District|San Borja]], [[Santiago de Surco]] and Miraflores, which is also a residential area of [[Upper class|high socioeconomic level]], where its distribution somewhat resembles its bordering districts. This area has as its main arteries Angamos Este, Tomás Marsano, [[Avenida Aviación|Aviación]], Principal and Manuel Villarán avenues, its main urbanizations being La Calera de la Merced, El Pedregal, Los Sauces and Vipep, occupying the southern part of the district. In addition, there are businesses located along Manuel Villarán, Angamos and Aviación avenues, being located in commercial areas.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-23 |author=Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima |date=May 2007 |title=Plano de Zonificación de Lima Metropolitana - Surquillo |url=https://munisurquillo.gob.pe/portal/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/PLANO_DE_ZONIFICACION.pdf}}</ref>

==== Main buildings ==== Surquillo has 3 model markets (of which [[Mercado N° 1 de Surquillo|Market N° 1]] stands out for its gastronomic variety), a [[cemetery]], a youth building, 35 parks and a [[Stadium|municipal stadium]].<ref name=":2" /> Its main [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] temples are San Vicente de Paul, Jesús Obrero, Nuestra Señora de la Evangelización and Santa María de Nazareth. [[File:CCHHAlfredoDammertMuelle.jpg|thumb|Alfredo Dammert Muelle residential complex, built during the second government of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry.]] In 1984, the Alfredo Dammert Muelle housing complex was built by [[ENACE]] (National Building Company) and promoted by the government of [[Fernando Belaúnde|Fernando Belaúnde Terry]], where the depot of the [[Lima Tramway|Lima tram network]] was located until its disappearance in 1965. and from which part of the old Convent of La Merced was built.<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2024-04-24 |date=March 1984 |title=Conjunto Habitacional Dammert Muelle (Surquillo, Lima) |url=https://repositorio.usil.edu.pe/entities/publication/52aa4438-838c-4926-81ec-0cd18f5224df}}</ref>

==== Main facilities ==== The district is home to the main headquarters of [[Mibanco]], a [[Telefónica]] headquarters, the [[National Geographic Institute of Peru]] (IGN), the headquarters of [[OSITRAN]], the [[National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases]] and the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Tourism and Psychology of the [[University of San Martín de Porres]], as well as the new campus under construction of the [[Scientific University of the South]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-03-22 |title=Nuevo Campus Aramburú - Universidad Científica Del Sur |url=https://nueva-sede.cientifica.edu.pe/ |website=nueva-sede.cientifica.edu.pe}}</ref>

Likewise, in the 20th century, there have been plants and factories for soft drinks, textiles, etc. Today, there are [[Hardware store|hardware stores]], [[Supermarket|supermarkets]] and extensive [[Shopping center|shopping centers]].

==== Places of interest ==== [[File:MINISTRO DE DEFENSA SUPERVISÓ OPERATIVO CONJUNTO EN AVENIDAS Y MERCADOS (49882451898).jpg|thumb|Open Plaza Angamos on the left side.]] In Surquillo there are several places of interest, of which the following stand out:

* [[Parque Reducto No. 5]] * [[Héroes de la Paz Park]] * [[Open Plaza|Open Plaza Angamos]] [<nowiki/>[[:es:Open_Plaza|es]]] * [[Mercado N° 1 de Surquillo]] * [[Huaca La Merced]] [<nowiki/>[[:es:Huaca_La_Merced|es]]]

==== Real estate boom ==== [[File:Proyecto inmobiliario en Surquillo-2023.jpg|left|thumb|247x247px|Real estate project on Tomás Marsano Avenue on late-2023.]] Since the beginning of the 2000s and the beginning of the 2010s, and to a greater extent today, there has been a considerable [[real estate boom]] within Surquillo, in which many residential real estate companies have invested in new residential building projects in several points of the district due to the modification of the urban and building parameters in the district.<ref>{{cite journal|periodical=2017 |title=Ordenanza N°391 |url=http://www.munisurquillo.gob.pe/sims/normas_legales/UPLOADS/ORDENANZA_N%C2%BA_391_2017_MDS.PDF}}</ref> For this reason, many high-altitude residential buildings have been built in different points such as the areas adjacent to Principal and [[Andrés Aramburú Avenue|Andrés Aramburú]] avenues, as well as parts of urbanizations such as La Calera, Barrio Médico, Los Sauces, and recently along the route of [[Tomás Marsano Avenue]] on the border with the [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores district]] and sections of [[Angamos Avenue]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-05-08 |last=Vega Córdova |date=2021-05-05 |first=Élida |issn=1605-3052 |language=es-PE |periodical=El Comercio |title=Crecimiento inmobiliario vertical de Lima muestra comportamientos diferenciados |url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/negocios/crecimiento-inmobiliario-vertical-de-lima-muestra-comportamientos-diferenciados-mercado-inmobiliario-capeco-tinsa-ncze-noticia/}}</ref> This also brought about the appreciation of [[house prices]] in various parts of the district.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-24 |date=2013-08-09 |language=es |title=Los distritos emergentes se convierten en la nueva apuesta inmobiliaria del futuro |url=https://gestion.pe/tu-dinero/inmobiliarias/distritos-emergentes-convierten-nueva-apuesta-inmobiliaria-futuro-45311-noticia/ |website=Gestión}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2024-02-11 |last=Vega Córdova |date=2021-04-16 |first=Élida |issn=1605-3052 |language=es-PE |periodical=El Comercio |title=Surquillo pugna por consolidarse entre distritos de mayor demanda en Lima Moderna |url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/negocios/surquillo-pugna-por-consolidarse-entre-distritos-de-mayor-demanda-en-lima-moderna-lima-moderna-surquillo-sector-inmobiliario-mercado-inmobiliario-noticia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-04-24 |language=es |title=Las diez zonas de Lima donde las viviendas se revalorizaron más rápido en cinco años – IPDU |url=https://ipdu.pe/2023/07/22/las-diez-zonas-de-lima-donde-las-viviendas-se-revalorizaron-mas-rapido-en-cinco-anos/}}</ref>

== See also == *[[Administrative divisions of Peru]] *[[Lima metropolitan area]]

== References == {{reflist}}

[[Category:Surquillo| ]]