Rhodolirium

{{short description|Genus of flowers}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Rhodophiala rhodolirion (8485341211).jpg | image_caption = ''Rhodolirium montanum'' | taxon = Rhodolirium | authority = Phil.{{sfn|Philippi|1858}} | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = * ''Rhodolirium andicola'' * ''Rhodolirium chilense'' * ''Rhodolirium fulgens'' * ''Rhodolirium laetum'' * ''Rhodolirium montanum'' * ''Rhodolirium speciosum'' | synonyms= *''Rhodophiala'' C.Presl * ''Rhodolirion'' |type_species = ''Rhodolirium montanum'' |type_species_authority = Phil. }}

[[File:Rhodophiala andicola.JPG|thumb|''Rhodolirium andicola'']] '''''Rhodolirium''''' is a small South American genus in the tribe Hippeastreae of the family Amaryllidaceae. Although originally described by Philippi in 1858{{sfn|Philippi|1858}} it has long remained buried in other taxa, principally ''Hippeastrum'' and more recently ''Rhodophiala''. Only in recent years has it been rehabilitated.{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}{{sfn|Garcia et al|2014}}

Restoring the genus was first proposed by Naranjo & Poggio (2000),{{sfn|Naranjo|Andrada|1975}} and accepted by Ravenna in 2003,{{sfn|Ravenna|2003}} although he used the name ''Rhodolirion'', originally used by Baker (1878) in his very broad construction of ''Hippeastrum'' including both ''Rhodophiala'' and "''Rhodolirion''". He also renamed ''Rhodolirium andinum'' as ''Hippeastrum rhodolirion''.{{sfn|Baker|1878}} Later he elevated ''Rhodolirion'' to the status of subgenus, with ''H. rhodolirion'' (subsequently ''Rhodophiala rhodolirion''){{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=286939 ''Rhodophiala rhodolirion'']}} as the type species .{{sfn|Baker|1888}} Subsequently, the genus has been treated as part of ''Rhodophiala''.{{sfn|Tropicos|2015|loc=[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024975 ''Rhodolirion'']}}{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}

== Description == Flowers single or pluriflor, perigone infundibular (funnel shaped) with elongated floral tube. Paraperigonium, if present, has free segments. Stigma capitate.{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}

==Taxonomy == For early treatment of ''Rhodolirium'', see Taxonomy of Hippeastrum. The rehabilitation has yet (as of February 2016) to be recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,{{sfn|WCLSPF|2015|loc=[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=286866 ''Rhodolirium'']}} but is by the Missouri Botanical Gardens, with six species.{{sfn|Tropicos|2015|loc=[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024980 ''Rhodolirium'']}} The ability to resolve phylogenetic relationships based solely on morphological data is limited in the Amaryllidaceae, necessitating the use of molecular methods in addition. In their study of the American amaryllidaceae, Meerow ''et al.'' (2000) noted that ''Rhodophiala'' was polyphyletic.{{sfn|Meerow et al|2000}}{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}

Subsequently, Munoz ''et al.'' undertook a detailed study of ''Rhodophiala/Rhodolirium'' species and related genera and confirmed the genus as circumscribed was indeed polyphyletic with three species segregating as a sister group to ''Phycella'' which they proposed to resurrect as genus ''Rhodolirium'', while the remainder of the species segregated in a separate clade more closely associated with ''Hippeastrum'', which they proposed as ''Rhodophiala'' ''sensu stricto''. When the morphology of the two groups thus identified was examined they were distinguishable by ''Rodophiala'' having a trifid stigma compared to capitate for ''Rhodolirium'', by the nature of the paraperigon segments, and by their chromosome numbers (2n=18 for ''Rhodophiala'' and 16 for ''Rhodolirium'') and their chromosome symmetry. Both groups appeared to be monophyletic and their differences sufficient to justify separation into two distinct genera. ''Rhodophiala'' and ''Hippeastrum'' appeared sufficiently close to explain their treatment as a single genus in older classifications, but their separation was consistent with the study by Meerow et al.{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}

The proposal to separate the two genera supports Ravenna's morphological studies, with ''Rhodolirium montanum'' (formerly ''Rhodophiala rhodolirion'') as the type species for the new genus. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis by Garcia et al. (2014) confirmed this distinction between the genera and proposed dividing Hipppeastrea into two subtribes, Hippeastrinae and Traubiinae, placing ''Rhodophiala'' in the first and ''Rhodolirium'' in the second.{{sfn|Garcia et al|2014}}

=== Subdivision === Five to six species.{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}{{sfn|Tropicos|2015|loc=[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024975 ''Rhodolirion'']}} * ''Rhodolirium andicola'' (Poepp.) Ravenna syn. ''Rhodophiala andicola'' (Chile to Argentina (Neuquén)) * ''Rhodolirium chilense'' (L'Hér.) Ravenna syn. ''Rhodophiala chilensis'' (Chile) * ''Rhodolirium fulgens'' * ''Rhodolirium laetum'' (Phil.) Ravenna syn. ''Rhodophiala pratensis'' (Northern and Central Chile) * ''Rhodolirium montanum'' Phil. syn. ''Rhodophiala rhodolirion'' (Chile to Argentina (Mendoza)) * ''Rhodolirium speciosum'' (Herb.) Ravenna

== Distribution and habitat == From northern Chile, in coastal vegetation zones to Osorno province in the south, at altitudes of 150–2500 m. Also in Argentina.{{sfn|Munoz et al|2011}}

== References == {{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|last1=Philippi|first1=R.A.|authorlink=Rodolfo Amando Philippi|title=Plantarum novarum chilensium. Centuria quinta.|journal=Linnaea|date=1858|volume=29|pages=65–66}} * {{cite journal|last1=García|first1=Nicolás|last2=Meerow|first2=Alan W.|last3=Soltis|first3=Douglas E.|last4=Soltis|first4=Pamela S.|authorlink2=Alan Meerow|authorlink4 = Pamela S. Soltis|title=Testing Deep Reticulate Evolution in Amaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) with ITS and Chloroplast Sequence Data|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 March 2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=75–89|doi=10.1600/036364414X678099|s2cid=86117335|ref={{harvid|Garcia et al|2014}}}} * {{cite journal |last1=García |first1=Nicolás |last2=Meerow |first2=Alan W. |last3=Arroyo-Leuenberger |first3=Silvia |last4=Oliveira |first4=Renata S. |last5=Dutilh |first5=Julie H.|last6=Soltis |first6=Pamela S. |last7=Judd |first7=Walter S. |author-mask1=1|title=Generic classification of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae |journal=Taxon |date=June 2019 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=481–498 |doi=10.1002/tax.12062|s2cid=202854432 |ref={{harvid|Garcia et al|2019}}}}{{link note|note=With [https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12208 corrections] published 2020}} * {{cite journal|last1=Muñoz|first1=Manuel|last2=Riegel|first2=Ricardo|last3=Seemann|first3=Peter|last4=Peñailillo|first4=Patricio|last5=Schiappacasse|first5=Flavia|last6=Núñez|first6=José|title=Relaciones filogenéticas de Rhodolirium montanum Phil. y especies afines, basadas en secuencias nucleotídicas de la región ITS y análisis cariotípico|journal=Gayana. Botánica|date=2011|volume=68|issue=1|pages=40–48|doi=10.4067/S0717-66432011000100005|ref={{harvid|Munoz et al|2011}}|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Naranjo|first1=C.A.|last2=Andrada|first2=B.|title=El cariotipo fundamental del género Hippeastrum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae)|journal=Darwiniana|date=1975|volume=19|pages=556–582}} * {{cite journal|last1=Ravenna|first1=P.|authorlink=Pierfelice Ravenna|title=Elucidation and systematics of the Chilean genera of Amaryllidaceae|journal=Botanica Australis|date=2003|volume=2|pages=1–20}} * {{cite journal|last=Baker|first=J.G.|authorlink=John Gilbert Baker|title=An enumeration and classification of the species of ''Hippeastrum''|journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign|year=1878|volume=16|pages=79–85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-ZCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA79|access-date=1 April 2014|editor1-first=Henry|editor1-last=Trimen|publisher=West, Newman & Company|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Baker|first=John Gilbert|authorlink=John Gilbert Baker|title=Handbook of the Amaryllideæ including the Alstrœmerieæ and Agaveæ|year=1888|publisher=Bell|location=London|page=41|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52710#page/59/mode/1up|access-date=31 March 2014|chapter=Hippeastrum}} * {{cite web|title=Tropicos|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Home.aspx|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|access-date=30 December 2015|date=2015|ref={{harvid|Tropicos|2015}}}} * {{cite web|title= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|access-date=8 August 2015|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |ref={{harvid|WCLSPF|2015}} }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Meerow | first1 = A.W. | last2 = Guy | first2 = C.L. | last3 = Li | first3 = Q.-B. | last4 = Yang | first4 = S.-L. | authorlink1 = Alan Meerow | title = Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences | journal = Systematic Botany | year = 2000 | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 708–726 | doi = 10.2307/2666729 | url = http://www.bulbsociety.org/meerow/Meerow%20et%20al-American.pdf | access-date = 25 January 2015 | ref = {{harvid|Meerow et al|2000}} | jstor = 2666729 | s2cid = 20392462 | archive-date = 23 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195144/http://www.bulbsociety.org/meerow/Meerow%20et%20al-American.pdf | url-status = dead }}{{refend}}

Category:Amaryllidoideae Category:Amaryllidaceae genera