{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{about|the plant genus|the particular species widely used in herbal medicine (as "golden root", "roseroot", etc.)|Rhodiola rosea}} <!--If you're adding information on ''Rhodiola rosea'', including its medicinal use, please add it to that article, not this one.--> {{Automatic taxobox | image = Rhodiola heterodonta.jpg | image_caption = ''Rhodiola heterodonta'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Rhodiola | authority = L. | subdivision = c. 90 | synonyms = * ''Rosea Fabr.'' }}
'''''Rhodiola''''' is a genus of perennial plants in the family Crassulaceae{{sfn|Stevens|2019}} that resemble ''Sedum'' and other members of the family. Like sedums, ''Rhodiola'' species are often called stonecrops. Some authors merge ''Rhodiola'' into ''Sedum''.<ref>{{citation |last=Ivey |first=Robert DeWitt |year=2003 |title=Flowering Plants of New Mexico |edition=Fourth |publisher=RD & V Ivey |page=246 |isbn=0-9612170-3-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=National Collection of Imperiled Plants |date=2008-01-29 |chapter=''Sedum integrifolium'' ssp. ''leedyi'' |publisher=Center for Plant Conservation |chapter-url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=7501 |access-date=2009-07-26}}</ref>
''Rhodiola'' species grow in high-altitude and other cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name=FOCRhodiola>{{citation |last1=Fu |first1=Kunjun |last2=Ohba |first2=Hideaki |last3=Gilbert |first3=Michael G. |title=Flora of China |volume=8 |chapter=''Rhodiola'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1035. 1753 |page=251 |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128370 |access-date=2009-07-26}}</ref> ''Plants of the World Online'' gives the number of accepted species as 74,<ref>{{cite web |title=''Rhodiola'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=English |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30061153-2 |access-date=2024-06-19}}</ref> the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website gives it as 90,{{sfn|Stevens|2019}} and the ''Flora of China'' gives it as about 90, with 55 in China and 16 endemic there.<ref name=FOCRhodiola/> ''Flora of North America'' lists only three species in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{citation |author=Reid V. Moran |year=2009 |title=Flora of North America Online |volume=8 |chapter=''Rhodiola'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1035. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 457. 1754 |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128370}}</ref>
== Description ==
Among the distinguishing characters of the genus are two series of stamens totaling twice the number of petals; free or nearly free petals (not joined in a tube); a stout rhizome from whose axils the flowering stems rise; and a basal rosette of leaves. This genus contains the only species of Crassulaceae that have unisexual flowers.<ref name=FOCRhodiola/><ref>{{citation |title=Flora of China |volume=8 |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10225 |author1=Kunjun Fu |author2=Hideaki Ohba |author3=Michael G. Gilbert |chapter=Crassulaceae Candolle}}</ref>
=== Phytochemistry ===
Rhodionin is a herbacetin rhamnoside found in ''Rhodiola'' species.{{sfn|Li |Zhang|2008}} *Rhodiolin [86831-53-0] *Rhodiolgin [94696-39-6]
== Taxonomy ==
Although Linnaeus distinguished ''Rhodiola'' from ''Sedum'' on the basis of being dioecious,{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}} it was later submerged in the latter genus until the twentieth century, when it was restored, on the basis of well developed rhizomes and annual flowering stems, arising from axils of the scaly radical leaves. This separation was subsequently confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies. {{sfn|Mayuzumi|Ohba|2004}}
''Rhodiola'' is placed within family Crassulaceae, in subfamily Sempervivoideae, tribe Umbiliceae. There it is a sister group to ''Pseudosedum'',{{sfn|Thiede|Eggli|2007}} though some authors have suggested that the latter genus be submersed within ''Rhodiola''.{{sfn|Mayuzumi|Ohba|2004}}
=== Subdivision === Traditionally ''Rhodiola'' was divided into subgenera, sections and series, based on plant characteristics. Four subgenera were recognised; ''Rhodiola'', ''Primuloides'', ''Crassipedes'' and ''Clementsia''. However molecular studies have failed to demonstrate monophyly of these subtaxa.{{sfn|Mayuzumi|Ohba|2004}}
{{Main|List of Rhodiola species}} Species include:<ref>{{cite web |title=''Rhodiola'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30061153-2 |website=Plants Of the World Online |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref> *''Rhodiola crenulata'' *''Rhodiola integrifolia'' *''Rhodiola pachyclados'' *''Rhodiola rhodantha'' *''Rhodiola rosea''
=== Etymology ===
The name combines the Greek ''rhodon'', meaning ''rose'' and referring to the rose-like smell of the roots, with the Latin diminutive suffix ''-iola''.{{sfn|Eggli|Newton|2004|loc=p. 203}}
== Ecology ==
Dioecy, having separate male and female flowers, has evolved at least three times in the genus, and reversals to a hermaphrodite condition have also occurred, which is a rare occurrence in flowering plants. It has been suggested that dioecy in the genus may correlate with abiotic pollination in the cold environment.{{sfn|Zhang et al|2014}}
== Uses ==
''Rhodiola'' extracts have been used historically in medicine throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Rhodiola'' |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/rhodiola |website=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=October 2020}}</ref> A number of species are grown as ornamentals, but growing them is difficult outside their native subarctic and alpine climates.<ref>{{citation |last=Stephenson |first=Ray |year=1994 |title=Sedum: Cultivated Stonecrops |publisher=Timber Press |pages=289–290 |isbn=0-88192-238-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo9VgQAsMtkC&pg=PA289 |access-date=2009-07-26}}</ref>
In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts of ''Rhodiola'' plants are used for conditions such as fatigue and altitude sickness.<ref>{{citation |title=Chinese Herb List: ''Rhodiola'' |url=http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/hongjingtian.html |website=www.shen-nong.com |access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last1=Eggli |first1=Urs |last2=Newton |first2=Leonard E. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names |chapter=''Rhodiola'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n5vusQ1DEC&pg=PA203 |date=2004 |page=203 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-00489-9}} * {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/315/mode/1up |year=1753 |volume=2 |chapter=''Rhodiola'' |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/477/mode/1up |page=1035 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm}}, ''see also'' Species Plantarum * {{cite book |last1=Thiede |first1=J |last2=Eggli |first2=U |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=Klaus |editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki |title=Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |year=2007 |chapter=Crassulaceae |pages=83–119 |publisher=Springer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC&pg=PA83 |isbn=978-3540322146}} ''([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227205999_Crassulaceae full text at]'' ResearchGate) * {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Tao |last2=Zhang |first2=Hao |title=Identification and Comparative Determination of Rhodionin in Traditional Tibetan Medicinal Plants of Fourteen ''Rhodiola'' Species by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry |journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |date=2008 |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=807–814 |doi=10.1248/cpb.56.807 |pmid=18520085 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mayuzumi |first1=Shinzo |last2=Ohba |first2=Hideaki |title=The Phylogenetic Position of Eastern Asian Sedoideae (Crassulaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences |journal=Systematic Botany |date=2004 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=587–598 |issn=0363-6445 |jstor=25063994 |doi=10.1600/0363644041744329 |bibcode=2004SysBo..29..587M |s2cid=84319808}} * {{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jian-Qiang |last2=Meng |first2=Shi-Yong |last3=Wen |first3=Jun |last4=Rao |first4=Guang-Yuan |title=Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of ''Rhodiola'' (Crassulaceae) based on Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Plastid ''trnL-F'' and ''psbA-trnH'' Sequences |journal=Systematic Botany |date=1 June 2014 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1600/036364414X680753 |bibcode=2014SysBo..39..441Z |s2cid=86198481 |ref={{harvid|Zhang et al|2014}}}} * {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |author-link=Peter F. Stevens |date=2019 |orig-year=2001 |website=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |title=Crassulaceae |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/orders/Saxifragalesweb.htm#Crassulaceae |access-date=11 October 2019}} (''see also'' Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) {{refend}}
{{commons category|Rhodiola}}
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Category:Rhodiola Category:Crassulaceae Category:Crassulaceae genera