{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Other uses|Rose (disambiguation)|Rosé (disambiguation)|Roses (disambiguation)|Rosa (disambiguation)}} {{pp-move}} {{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{more footnotes needed|date=February 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Rose | oldest_fossil = Eocene | image = Rosa rubiginosa 1.jpg | image_caption = ''Rosa rubiginosa'', a wild rose native to Europe and West Asia | image2 = Rosa Precious platinum.jpg | image2_caption = ''Rosa'' 'Precious Platinum', a hybrid tea garden cultivar | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Rosa | authority = L.<ref name="IPNI">{{IPNI |taxon=Rosa|authority=L.|id=30002432-2|access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref> | type_species = ''Rosa cinnamomea'' | type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{IPNI|id=732074-1|taxon=Rosa cinnamomea|authority=L. |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref> | synonyms = {{Genus list |Bakeria|(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg. |Chabertia|(Gand.) Gand. |Chavinia|(Gand.) Gand. |Cottetia|(Gand.) Gand. |Crepinia|(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg. |Ernestella|Germ. |Hesperhodos|Cockerell |Hulthemia|Dumort. |× Hulthemosa|Juz. |Juzepczukia|Chrshan. |Laggeria|(Gand.) Gand. |Lowea|Lindl. |Ozanonia|(Gand.) Gand. |Platyrhodon|Decne. ex Hurst, nom. illeg. |Pugetia|(Gand.) Gand. |Rhodophora|Neck., nom. invalid. |Rhodopsis|(Endl.) Rchb., nom. rejic. |Ripartia|(Gand.) Gand. |Saintpierrea|Germ. |Scheutzia|(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg. }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_30002432-2>{{Cite POWO|title=''Rosa'' L..|id=30002432-2|access-date=2024-01-20|mode=cs1}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See List of ''Rosa'' species }} A '''rose''' is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus '''''Rosa''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|z|ə}}),<ref name="W3">{{Cite book |editor-first=Philip B. |editor-last=Gove |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary |publisher=G. & C. Merriam |year=1961 }}</ref> in the family Rosaceae ({{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|z|eɪ|s|iː|ˌ|iː}}),<ref name="W3" /> or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roses - Rosa {{!}} Plants {{!}} Kew |url=https://www.kew.org/plants/roses |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.kew.org}}</ref> The plants range in size and form, from trailing and erect shrubs to climbers up to {{Convert|7|m}} in height. Sharp prickles appear on the stems of many species.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Rose {{!}} Description, Species, Images, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/rose-plant |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through pinks, reds, oranges and yellows.

Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and Northwest Africa.<ref name="Britannica" /> Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies.

== Etymology == The name ''rose'' comes from Latin ''rosa'', which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ῥόδον ''rhódon'' (Aeolic βρόδον ''wródon''), itself borrowed from Old Persian ''wrd-'' (''wurdi''), related to Avestan ''varəδa'', Sogdian ''ward'', Parthian ''wâr''.<ref>''The Free Dictionary'', "[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Rose rose]".</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gol |title=GOL |publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica |orig-date=December 15, 2001 |date=February 9, 2012 |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>

== Botany ==

The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species, they are {{convert|5|to|15|cm|frac=4}} long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (−13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.

=== Thorns === The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are modified stems. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it.

Some species such as ''Rosa rugosa'' and ''R.&nbsp;pimpinellifolia'' have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Science |last1=Satterlee |first1=J.W. |last2=Alonso |first2=D. |last3=Gramazio |first3=P. |title=Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time. |date=2024 |volume=385 |issue=6708 |page=1663 |doi=10.1126/science.ado1663 |pmid=39088611 |pmc=11305333 |bibcode=2024Sci...385o1663S }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=How Did Roses Get Their Thorns? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/science/how-did-roses-get-their-thorns.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=August 1, 2024}}</ref> Blocking the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds.

{{gallery|mode=packed |Rose Prickles.jpg|Rose thorns |Roseleaves3800px.JPG|Rose leaflets }}

=== Flower === The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of ''Rosa omeiensis'' and ''Rosa sericea'', which usually have only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some ''R.&nbsp;omeiensis'' and ''R.&nbsp;sericea'', four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals.

The coloured petals are fused on the axis and arranged in five bundles forming a circle, the petal bundles expand further from each other;<ref name="AJB">{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Gemma |title=The morphology of the flowers of ''Rosa'' and certain cloesly related genera |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=October 1934 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=453–466 |doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1934.tb04973.x |bibcode=1934AmJB...21..453J |url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1934.tb04973.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{rp|458–459}} the petals form a cup or disc surrounding the gynoecium.<ref name="AJB" />{{rp|453}} There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mabberley |first=D. J. |year=1997 |title=The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/plantbookportabl00mabb |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-41421-0 }}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed |Rose hip 02 ies.jpg|Longitudinal section of a developing rose hip |Roses Boutons FR 2012.jpg|Exterior view of rose buds |||A close-up of climbing roses.jpg|A close-up of a climbing rose }}

=== Reproduction === {{unreferenced section|date=February 2025}} Roses are insect-pollinated in nature. A fertilized ovary forms a berry-like aggregate fruit called a "hip". The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. ''Rosa pimpinellifolia'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (''Rosa canina'') and rugosa rose (''R.&nbsp;rugosa''), are very rich in vitamin&nbsp;C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings.

Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are too tightly petalled to provide access for pollination and the plants can only propagate through human-made cuttings.{{verify source|date=February 2025}}

=== Evolution === The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=DeVore|first1=M. L.|last2=Pigg|first2=K. B.|date=July 2007|title=A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=266|issue=1–2|pages=45–57|doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3|bibcode=2007PSyEv.266...45D |s2cid=10169419 |issn=0378-2697|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Roses were present in Europe by the early Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kellner|first1=A.|last2=Benner|first2=M.|last3=Walther|first3=H.|last4=Kunzmann|first4=L.|last5=Wissemann|first5=V.|last6=Ritz|first6=C. M.|date=March 2012|title=Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/663965|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=173|issue=3|pages=239–250|doi=10.1086/663965|bibcode=2012IJPlS.173..239K |s2cid=83909271 |issn=1058-5893|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China, via the imported Rosa chinensis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.extension.illinois.edu/roses/history.cfm |title=The History of Roses — Our Rose Garden |work=University of Illinois Extension |date= |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity – Scientific Reports | journal=Scientific Reports | date=2017 | volume=7 | issue=1 | page=15437 | doi=10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6 | last1=Tan | first1=Jiongrui | last2=Wang | first2=Jing | last3=Luo | first3=Le | last4=Yu | first4=Chao | last5=Xu | first5=Tingliang | last6=Wu | first6=Yuying | last7=Cheng | first7=Tangren | last8=Wang | first8=Jia | last9=Pan | first9=Huitang | last10=Zhang | first10=Qixiang | pmid=29133839 | pmc=5684293 }}</ref>

===Genome===

A study of the patterns of natural selection in the genome of roses indicated that genes related to DNA damage repair and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely during their domestication.<ref name = Li2018>{{cite journal |vauthors=Li S, Zhong M, Dong X, Jiang X, Xu Y, Sun Y, Cheng F, Li DZ, Tang K, Wang S, Dai S, Hu JY |title=Comparative transcriptomics identifies patterns of selection in roses |journal=BMC Plant Biol |volume=18 |issue=1 |article-number=371 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30579326 |pmc=6303930 |doi=10.1186/s12870-018-1585-x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BMCPB..18..371L }}</ref> This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of growth.<ref name = Li2018/>

=== Species === {{Main|List of Rosa species}}

[[File:Redoute - Rosa gallica purpuro-violacea magna.jpg|thumb|upright|''Rosa gallica'' 'Evêque', painted by Redouté]]

The genus ''Rosa'' is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leus |first1=Leen |last2=Van Laere |first2=Katrijn |last3=De Riek |first3=Jan |last4=Van Huylenbroeck |first4=Johan |editor1-last=Van Huylenbroeck |editor1-first=Johan |title=Ornamental Crops |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-90697-3 |pages=719–767 See p. 720 |chapter=Rose |series=Handbook of Plant Breeding |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27 |volume=11 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27}}</ref>

* ''Hulthemia'' (formerly ''Simplicifoliae'', meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from Southwest Asia, ''Rosa persica'' and ''Rosa berberifolia'', which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosa persica - Trees and Shrubs Online |url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rosa/rosa-persica/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=www.treesandshrubsonline.org}}</ref> * ''Hesperrhodos'' (from the Greek for "western rose") contains ''Rosa minutifolia'' and ''Rosa stellata'', from North America. * ''Platyrhodon'' (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, ''Rosa roxburghii'' (also known as the chestnut rose). * ''Rosa'' (the type subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called ''Eurosa'') containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections. ** ''Banksianae''&nbsp;– white and yellow flowered roses from China. ** ''Bracteatae''&nbsp;– three species, two from China and one from India. ** ''Caninae''&nbsp;– pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa. ** ''Carolinae''&nbsp;– white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America. ** ''Chinensis''&nbsp;– white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and Burma. ** ''Gallicanae''&nbsp;– pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe. ** ''Gymnocarpae''&nbsp;– one species in western North America (''Rosa gymnocarpa''), others in east Asia. ** ''Laevigatae''&nbsp;– a single white flowered species from China. ** ''Pimpinellifoliae''&nbsp;– white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe. ** ''Rosa'' (syn. sect. ''Cinnamomeae'')&nbsp;– white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa. ** ''Synstylae''&nbsp;– white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.

== Ecology == Some birds, particularly finches, eat the seeds.

===Pests and diseases=== {{Main|List of pests and diseases of roses}}

Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the Rosaceae.

Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect, arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.

== Uses == Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have also been used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.

=== Ornamental plants === {{main|Garden roses}}

The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as ''Rosa glauca'' and ''R.&nbsp;rubiginosa''), ornamental thorns (such as ''R.&nbsp;sericea'') or for their showy fruit (such as ''R.&nbsp;moyesii'').

Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jack |last=Goody |title=The Culture of Flowers |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofflowers0000good |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0-521-41441-5 |oclc=1148849511}}</ref> It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jxb/ers387 |title=Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses |year=2013 |last1=Bendahmane |first1=Mohammed |last2=Dubois |first2=Annick |last3=Raymond |first3=Olivier |last4=Bris |first4=Manuel Le |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=847–857 |pmid=23364936 |pmc=3594942 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having morphed into additional petals.

In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.

=== Cut flowers === {{main|Cut flowers}}

thumb|Bouquet of pink roses

Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale. The price of the roses depends partly on the characteristics of the rose itself, such as how long the stem is and how big the bloom is, and partly on factors about how it was grown, such as which country it was grown in.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Stefanos |last2=Grunwald |first2=Adrienne |date=2024-04-15 |title=Roses Are Red, Love Is True. Here's Why This Bouquet Costs $72. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/15/nyregion/flowers-cost-roses-nyc.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/market/Uganda/reports/Roses.PDF |work=FOODNET Uganda 2009 |title=ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses |date=May 14, 2001 |access-date=13 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630085646/http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/market/Uganda/reports/Roses.PDF |archive-date=2012-06-30 }}</ref>

Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like rainbow roses.

=== Perfume === {{further|Rose oil|Rose water}} thumb|left|Geraniol ({{chem|C|10|H|18|O}})|class=skin-invert-image

Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Ali |last1=Nikbakht |first2=M.A. |last2=Kafi |title=A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (''Rosa damascena'') and its therapeutic and healing properties |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=790 |pages=251–4 |date=January 2004 |issue=790 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.790.36 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260293005 |quote=The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century Persian physician, distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz, Persia. }}</ref> and then spread through Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (''Rosa'' × ''damascena'' 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world ''Rosa'' × ''centifolia'' is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.

The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and L-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stewart, D.|year=2005|title=The Chemistry Of Essential Oils Made Simple: God's Love Manifest In Molecules|publisher=Care|isbn=978-0-934426-99-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ3qKgNUljcC}}</ref> β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.

=== Food and drink === [[File:Rosa rubiginosa hips.jpg|thumb|upright|''Rosa rubiginosa'' hips]] [[File:Rose fields Vampula 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Farming of ''Rosa rugosa'']]

Rose hips, usually from ''R. canina'', are high in vitamin C, and are edible raw after the removal of the irritant hairs.<ref name="Angier-1974">{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/186/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=186|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa%20chinensis |title=Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database |publisher=Pfaf.org |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> Hips can be made into jam, jelly, marmalade, and soup, or brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Hip Benefits |url=https://www.herbwisdom.com/herb-rose-hip.html |website=Herbwisdom.com |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>Diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses"<ref>{{OED|dia-}}</ref>) is the historic name for various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.

[[File:Gulaab Jamun (homemade!) bright.jpg|thumb|upright|Gulab jamun made with rose water]]

Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used in Middle Eastern, Persian, and South Asian cuisine—especially in sweets such as Turkish delight,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/rosewater |title=Rosewater recipes – BBC Food |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> barfi, baklava, halva, gulab jamun, knafeh, and nougat. Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined with other herbs to make herbal teas. A sweet preserve of rose petals called gulkand is common in the Indian subcontinent. The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea.<ref name="Angier-1974" />

In France, there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent, Rooh Afza, a concentrated squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as ice cream and kulfi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecurry.com/blog/desserts-sweets/rose-flavored-ice-cream-with-rose-petals/ |title=Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals |work=eCurry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/rooh-afza-the-syrup-that-sweetens-the-subcontinent-s-summers-1.462271/ |title=Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers |author=Samanth Subramanian |author-link=Samanth Subramanian |work=The National |date=27 April 2012}}</ref>

The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases).<ref name="Angier-1974" /> The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19251031&id=rBlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6474,906524|title=St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref> Other minor uses include candied rose petals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=rosepetal+candy|title=rosepetal candy – Google Search|work=google.co.uk}}</ref>

Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.

Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,<ref>{{cite web |title= Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)|website=Food and Drug Administration |date=6 September 2019|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/gras/default.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323045704/http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/default.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref> there are only certain ''Rosa'' species, varieties, and parts are listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). * Rose absolute: ''Rosa alba'' L., ''Rosa centifolia'' L., ''Rosa damascena'' Mill., ''Rosa gallica'' L., and vars. of these spp. * Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto * Rose buds * Rose flowers * Rose fruit (hips) * Rose leaves: ''Rosa'' ''spp.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/|title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)|website=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)}}</ref>

== Art and symbolism == {{Main|Rose symbolism}}

thumb|''Rosa hemisphaerica'' (syn.: ''R.&nbsp;sulphurea''), watercolor by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840)

The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite.<ref name="Cyrino2010">{{cite book|last=Cyrino|first=Monica S.|date=2010|title=Aphrodite|series=Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=Aphrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77523-6|pages=63, 96}}</ref><ref name="Clark2015">{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Nora|date=2015|title=Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw7nBwAAQBAJ&q=rose+symbol+Aphrodite&pg=PA210|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-7127-3|pages=209–210}}</ref> In the ''Iliad'', Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the "immortal oil of the rose"<ref>''Iliad'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D161 23.185–187]</ref><ref name="Cyrino2010" /> and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms".<ref>Ibycus, fragment 288.4</ref><ref name="Cyrino2010" /> The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood.<ref>Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'' [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Paus.%206.24.7 6.24.7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928201140/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Paus.%206.24.7 |date=2018-09-28 }}</ref><ref name="Cyrino2010" /> Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel ''The Golden Ass'' by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity.<ref name="Clark2015" /> French writer René Rapin invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named Rhodanthe ("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of Artemis by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god Apollo then transformed her into a rosebush.<ref>{{cite book | last = Watts | date = May 2, 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC | first = Donald C. | title = Dictionary of Plant Lore | location = Bath, United Kingdom | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-12-374086-1 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC&pg=PA322 322]}}</ref>

Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary. The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ftd.com/blog/share/rose-meaning-and-symbolism|title=Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism|date=20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Lisa |last=Cucciniello |chapter=Rose to Rosary: The Flower of Venus in Catholicism |editor-first=Frankie |editor-last=Hutton |title=Rose Lore: Essays in Semiotics and Cultural History |publisher=Lexington Books |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-7391-3015-5 |pages=64–65 |oclc=248733215}}</ref><ref name="Clark2015"/> The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity.<ref>{{harvnb|Cucciniello|2008|pp=65–67}}</ref><ref name="Clark2015"/> The Rose Cross incorporates the flower directly into the Christian cross, and is the namesake of the esoteric religious order of Rosicrucianism.

[[File:Plucking the Red and White Roses, by Henry Payne.jpg|thumb|Framed print after 1908 painting by Henry Payne of the scene in the Temple Garden, where supporters of the rival factions in the Wars of the Roses pick either red or white roses]]

Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have had a Crown Rosary of the Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary.<ref name="Clark2015"/> In the 1400s and 1500s, the Carthusians promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.<ref name="Clark2015"/> Albrecht Dürer's painting ''The Feast of the Rosary'' (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees.<ref name="Clark2015"/>

Roses symbolised the Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Subsequently, roses of the corresponding colours have been used as emblems for the English counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire.

The Tudor rose combines the colours of the roses of York and Lancaster, and is an emblem of then Tudor dynasty and of England.

Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.

Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.

Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of Trieste with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.<ref>Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021, [https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/trieste/cronaca/2021/01/25/news/la-rarissima-rosa-di-trieste-spezza-l-oblio-e-rispunta-a-sorpresa-sulle-colline-di-muggia-1.39817480 La Rosa].</ref>

In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-or-officially-designated-item/state-flower/rose|title=National Flower &#124; The Rose|website=statesymbolsusa.org|date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> the floral emblem of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.growerflowers.com/SENation.asp |title=National Flower of United States – Fresh from the Grower |publisher=Growerflowers.com |date= |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>

The rose is often exchanged on St. Valentines Day and is used often as a symbol of such.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2019-02-13 |title=Giving Roses for Valentine's Day? Here's How the Flower Came to Symbolize Love |url=https://time.com/5519476/roses-symbol-love-valentines-day/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

The term {{nihongo||薔薇|bara}}, "rose" in Japanese, has historically been used in Japan as a pejorative for men who love men, roughly equivalent to the English language term "pansy".<ref name=Problem>{{cite web |url= http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/102108686772/i-see-that-the-wish-to-move-away-from-the-term |title= Is 'Bara' Problematic? |last= Kolbeins |first= Graham |date= November 8, 2014 |work= Gay Manga! |access-date= October 8, 2018 |archive-date= December 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181204173646/http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/102108686772/i-see-that-the-wish-to-move-away-from-the-term |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=":0 2">{{Cite book |title=Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men who Make it |publisher=Fantagraphics |year=2014 |isbn=9781606997857 |editor-last=Ishii |editor-first=Anne |pages= |editor-last2=Kidd |editor-first2=Chip |editor-last3=Kolbeins |editor-first3=Graham}}</ref>{{Rp|page=40}} Beginning in the 1960s, the term was reappropriated by Japanese gay media: notably with the 1961 anthology {{Interlanguage link|Ba-ra-kei: Ordeal by Roses|lt=''Ba-ra-kei: Ordeal by Roses''|ja|薔薇刑|WD=}}, a collection of semi-nude photographs of homosexual writer Yukio Mishima by photographer Eikoh Hosoe,<ref name=":0 2" />{{Rp|page=34}} and later with {{nihongo||薔薇族|Barazoku|lit. "rose tribe"}} in 1971, the first commercially produced gay magazine in Asia.<ref name="TimesBarazoku">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/japan/voice-of-gay-japan-falls-silent-after-30-years-in-the-pink-pqtmmswbcwk|title=Voice of gay Japan falls silent after 30 years in the pink|last1=Lewis|first1=Leo|last2=Teeman|first2=Tim|date=October 12, 2004|work=The Times|access-date=September 1, 2009|archive-date=April 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420055754/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/voice-of-gay-japan-falls-silent-after-30-years-in-the-pink-pqtmmswbcwk|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of the rose as a prominent symbol of love between males is supposedly derived from the Greek myth of King Laius having affairs with boys under rose trees.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ito|first=Bungaku|trans-title=The Chief of ''Barazoku''|title=『薔薇族』編集長|year=2006|publisher=Gentosha Outlaw Bunko|isbn=978-4-344-40864-7|pages=35–37}}</ref> Since the 2000s, ''bara'' has been used by non-Japanese audience as an umbrella term to describe a wide variety of Japanese and non-Japanese gay media featuring love and sex between masculine men.<ref name=HistoryofBara>{{cite web |url= http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/86321737982/tagagen-my-old-friend-sent-me-a-vintage |title= The History of the Term 'Bara' (via Archive) |last= Kolbeins |first= Graham |date=May 20, 2014 |work= Gay Manga! |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718132337/http://gaymanga.tumblr.com/post/86321737982/tagagen-my-old-friend-sent-me-a-vintage |access-date= October 8, 2018 |archive-date= July 18, 2014}}</ref> The rose is also the sacred flower of Eros,<ref name=Smith1873>{{cite book |author-link=William Smith (lexicographer) |last=Smith |first=William |year=1873 |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |place=London, UK |chapter=Eros |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Deros-bio-1 |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826214833/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic%20letter%3DE%3Aentry%20group%3D6%3Aentry%3Deros-bio-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Greek god of love and sex, and patron of love between men.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit|last=Conner |first=Randy P. |author2=Sparks, David Hatfield|author3=Sparks, Mariya |year=1998 |publisher=Cassell |location=UK |isbn=0-304-70423-7 |page=133}}</ref> Eros was responsible for the first rose to sprout on Earth, followed by every flower and herb.<ref>{{cite book |first=James M. |last=Robinson |author-link=James M. Robinson |year=2007 |orig-year=1st&nbsp;publ.&nbsp;1978 |section=On the Origin of the World |title=The Nag Hammadi Scriptures |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780060523787 |url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/origin-Barnstone.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2022-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821092404/http://gnosis.org/naghamm/origin-Barnstone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Roses are a symbol of pederasty in ancient Greece: handsome boys were metaphorically called roses by their male admirers in homoerotic poems such as those by Solon, Straton, Meleager, Rhianus, and Philostratos.<ref name=Géczi2006>{{cite book |author-link= |last=Géczi |first=János |year=2006 |title=The rose in ancient Greek culture. Practice and Theory in Systems of Education. |place= |chapter=The roses of pederasty – trend toward desanctification |chapter-url=http://epa.oszk.hu/01400/01428/00001/pdf/0101geczi.pdf |access-date=2022-08-27 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827021049/http://epa.oszk.hu/01400/01428/00001/pdf/0101geczi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

As opposed to the red rose and its association with romantic affection, giving someone a yellow rose is symbolic of platonic love. Because of this, yellow roses have also become popular as symbols of aromantic people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aromantic flag and symbols explained |url=https://www.asexuals.net/aromantic-flag-and-symbols-explained/ |website=asexuals.net |access-date=2023-03-25 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325211817/https://www.asexuals.net/aromantic-flag-and-symbols-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Tang-4.jpg|''{{ill|Avalokiteśvara as Guide of Souls|lt=|zh|引路菩萨图}}'' (late 9th c.) with a rose twig on the left 百花圖卷-長春花.jpg|13th-century Chinese painting of ''Rosa chinensis'' 'Old Blush' 31-primavera,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|Illustration of roses from a 14th-century edition of ''Tacuinum Sanitatis'' Codex Manesse Rudolf von Neuenburg.jpg|Codex Manesse illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German Pisanello - Madone à la caille.jpg|''Madonna of the Quail'' (c. 1420) with roses in the background Maria Amelia of Braganza.jpg|Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil with a rose in her hair (1849) The Roses of Heliogabalus.jpg|''The Roses of Heliogabalus'' by Alma-Tadema (1888) Et-Viljandi coa.svg|White rose pictured in the coat of arms of Viljandi Tudor Rose.svg|The Tudor rose is a combination of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil) - Fram Museum.jpg|Insignia of the Brazilian Order of the Rose </gallery>

== See also == * ADR rose * List of Award of Garden Merit roses * List of rose cultivars named after people * Rose (colour) * Rose garden * Rose Hall of Fame * Rose show * Rose trial grounds

== References == {{reflist}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Rosa}} {{Wikispecies|Rosa}} {{Wikiquote|Roses}} * [https://www.worldrose.org/ World Federation of Rose Societies] * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Rose}}

{{Rose}} {{List of official United States national symbols}} {{National Symbols of Saint Lucia}} {{US state flowers}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q34687}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Roses Category:Catalan symbols Category:Garden plants Category:Medicinal plants Category:National symbols of the United States Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Category:Rosoideae Category:Constantly blooming plants Category:Symbols of New York (state)