{{Short description|Interpretation of socialist principles}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{use British English|date=June 2019}} [[File:Fórum Social Mundial 2008 - AL.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Fernando Lugo (President of Paraguay), Evo Morales (President of Bolivia), Lula da Silva (President of Brazil), Rafael Correa (President of Ecuador) and Hugo Chávez (President of Venezuela) on 29 January 2009]] {{socialism sidebar|variants}} {{social democracy sidebar|variants}}
'''Socialism of the 21st century''' is an interpretation of socialist principles first advocated by German sociologist and political analyst Heinz Dieterich and taken up by a number of Latin American leaders. Dieterich argued in 1996 that free-market and industrial capitalism and Marxism–Leninism have failed to solve urgent problems of humanity such as poverty, hunger, exploitation of labour, economic oppression, sexism, racism, the destruction of natural resources and the absence of true democracy.<ref name="Dieterich">Heinz Dieterich: ''Der Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts – Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Demokratie nach dem globalen Kapitalismus'', Einleitung<br />Socialism of the 21st Century – Economy, Society, and Democracy in the era of global Capitalism, Introduction.</ref> Socialism of the 21st century has democratic socialist elements but also resembles Marxist revisionism.<ref name="Burbach">{{cite book |title=Latin America's Turbulent Transitions |last1=Burbach |first1=Roger |last2=Fox |first2=Michael |last3=Fuentes |first3=Federico |publisher=Zed Books |year=2013 |isbn=9781848135697 |location=London}}</ref>
Leaders who have advocated for this form of socialism include Hugo Chávez of Venezuela, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina,<ref name="ccsyh">{{cite journal |title=The XXI century socialism in the context of the new Latin American left |first=Julio Ramírez |last=Montañez |date=27 June 2016 |journal=Civilizar Ciencias Sociales y Humanas |volume=17 |issue=33 |pages=97–112 |doi=10.22518/16578953.902 |publisher=Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana |location=Colombia |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1002/100254730006/html/ |quote="This socialism of the XXI century, overflowed the Venezuelan experience and became a trend that took greater force throughout Latin America, especially in Ecuador with its President Rafael Correa, in Bolivia implemented by its president Evo Morales and in Argentina initially with Néstor Kirchner and later with his wife Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, as well as in Nicaragua, El Salvador, Uruguay. This ideological conception sought primarily to give responses to the serious problem of underdevelopment in which the region lives due to the social imbalances, injustice and inequality (Hamburger, 2014)."|doi-access=free }}</ref> Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Michelle Bachelet of Chile.<ref name=PT>{{cite conference |url=https://www.pt.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Resolucoesdo3oCongressoPT.pdf |title=Resoluções do 3º Congresso do PT |language=pt-BR |author=Partido dos Trabalhadores |conference=3º Congresso do PT}}</ref> Because of the local unique historical conditions, socialism of the 21st century is often contrasted with previous applications of socialism in other countries, with a major difference being the effort towards a more effective economic planning process.<ref name="Burbach"/> Outside Latin America, socialism of the 21st century has been promoted by left-wing leaders such as Mark Drakeford and Jeremy Corbyn in the United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Michael |date=28 September 2016 |title=Jeremy Corbyn pledges 'socialism for 21st century' as he plans business tax hike and benefits free-for-all |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/28/jeremy-corbyn-immigration-labour-conference-speech-live/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2016 |title=Labour must prepare for a 2017 general election, says Corbyn |url=https://www.ft.com/content/00641b88-858a-11e6-8897-2359a58ac7a5 |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Osborne |first=Rob |date=12 November 2018 |title=Mark Drakeford on drugs, the monarchy and his vision for Wales, as he launches his manifesto |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-11-12/mark-drakeford-on-drugs-the-monarchy-and-his-vision-for-wales-as-he-launches-his-manifesto |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=ITV News}}</ref> and Lothar Bisky, Egon Krenz and Oskar Lafontaine in Germany,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herzinger |first=Richard |date=5 June 2007 |title=Eingemauert |trans-title=Walled in |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/allgemein/eingemauert/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=Jüdische Allgemeine |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2010 |title=Linkspartei: Auf der Suche nach einem Grundsatzprogramm |trans-title=Left Party: In Search of a Policy Program |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/linkspartei-auf-der-suche-nach-einem-grundsatzprogramm-1953408.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |language=German}}</ref> and also by parties such as the Communist Party of Spain<ref>[http://www.tercerainformacion.es/spip.php?article7838 "Hay que emprender, como ya han hecho otros países, el camino del socialismo del"], 14 de abril de 2009.</ref> and United Left in Spain<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091220002903/http://izquierda-unida.es/noticia.php?id=4966 "Hemos decidido que queremos construir el socialismo del y, para ello, se necesita mucha movilización"], ''Cayo Lara'', coordinador general de IU, 14 de abril de 2009.</ref> and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and Just Russia.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324075429/http://www.sras.org/fair_and_just_russia_2 |date=12 August 2009 |language=en |location=Woodside, California, EUA |publisher=The School of Russian and Asian Studies |title=Politics in Translation / A Fair and Just Russia, Part 2 |url=http://www.sras.org/fair_and_just_russia_2}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
== Historical foundations == After a series of structural adjustment loans and debt restructuring led by the International Monetary Fund in the late 20th century, Latin America experienced a significant increase in inequality. Between 1990 and 1999, the Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality in the income or wealth distribution, rose in almost every Latin American country.<ref>{{cite journal |last=ECLAC |title=Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |journal=Social Panorama of Latin America 2000-2001 |year=2002 |page=71}}</ref> Volatile prices and inflation led to dissatisfaction. In 2000, only 37% of Latin Americans were satisfied with their democracies (20 points less than Europeans and 10 points less than sub-Saharan Africans).<ref>{{cite web |title=Encuesta Latinobarómetro 1999-2000 |language=es |trans-title=Latino Barometer Survey 1999-2000 |url=http://www.latinobarometro.org/latin/LATContenidos.jsp |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref> In this context, a wave of left-leaning socio-political movements, called the Pink tide, on behalf of indigenous rights, ''cocaleros'', labor rights, women's rights, land rights and educational reform emerged to eventually provide momentum for the election of socialist leaders.<ref name="Burbach" /> Socialism of the 21st century draws on indigenous traditions of communal governance and previous Latin America socialist and communist movements, including those of Salvador Allende, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and the Sandinista National Liberation Front.<ref name="Burbach" /> == Theoretical tenets == According to Dieterich, this form of socialism is revolutionary in that the existing society is altered to be qualitatively different, but the process itself should be gradual and non-violent, instead utilising democracy to secure power, education, scientific knowledge about society and international cooperation. Dieterich suggests the construction of four basic institutions within the new reality of post-capitalist civilisation:<ref name="Dieterich"/> # Equivalent economy based on the Marxian economic labor theory of value and democratically determined by those who directly create value instead of principles of market economies. # Majority democracy which makes use of referendums to decide upon important societal questions. # Basic state democracy with a suitable protection of minority rights. # Citizens who are responsible, rational and self-determined.
==Post-neoliberalism== '''Post-neoliberalism''', also known as '''anti-neoliberalism''', is a set of ideals characterized by its rejection of neoliberalism and the economic policies embodied by the Washington Consensus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=William |last2=Gane |first2=Nicholas |title=Post-Neoliberalism? An Introduction |journal=Theory, Culture & Society |date=2021 |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/02632764211036722 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Öniş |first1=Ziya |last2=Şenses |first2=Fikret |date=November 2003 |title=Rethinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus: A Critical Appraisal |url=http://www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0309.pdf |journal=Economic Research Center |series=ERC Working Papers in Economics |location=Ankara |publisher=Middle Eastern Technical University |volume=3 |issue=9 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Macdonald, Proulx & Ruckert 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Macdonald|first1=Laura|last2=Proulx|first2=Kristina R.|last3=Ruckert|first3=Arne|year=2017|title=Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: A Conceptual Review|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=38|issue=7|pages=1583–1602|doi=10.1080/01436597.2016.1259558|s2cid=157767263}}</ref> While there is scholarly debate about the defining features of post-neoliberalism, it is often associated with economic progressivism as a response to neoliberalism's perceived excesses or failures, ranging from nationalization and wealth redistribution to embracing protectionism and revival of trade unions; it can also refer to left-wing politics more generally.<ref name="Macdonald, Proulx & Ruckert 2017"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Albo|first1=Gregory|last2=Altvater|first2=Elmar|last3=Bamford|first3=Alec|last4=Bayer|first4=Kurt|last5=Brand|first5=Ulrich|last6=Bond|first6=Patrick|last7=Brie|first7=Michael|last8=Chanyapate|first8=Chanida|last9=Ceceña|first9=Ana Esther|last10=Demirovic|first10=Alex|last11=Gago|first11=Verónica |last12=Melber|first12=Henning|last13=Selkler|first13=Nicola|last14=Sader|first14=Emir|last15=Sum|first15=Ngai-Ling|last16=Sztulkwark|first16=Diego Sztulwark|last17=Wichterich|first17=Christa|year=2009|url=https://www.daghammarskjold.se/publication/postneoliberalism-beginning-debate/|title=Postneoliberalism – A Beginning Debate|edition=issue No. 51, paperback|location=Uppsala, Sweden|publisher=Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation|isbn=9789185214525|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
The movement has had particular influence in Latin America, where the pink tide brought about a substantial shift towards left-wing governments in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Encarnación|first=Omar G.|date=9 May 2018|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/the-ebb-and-flow-of-latin-americas-pink-tide/|title=The Rise and Fall of the Latin American Left|magazine=The Nation|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> Examples of post-neoliberal governments include the former governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia and Rafael Correa in Ecuador.<ref name="Merino 2011">{{cite journal |last=Merino |first=Roger |date=4 October 2011 |title=What is 'Post' in Post-Neoliberal Economic Policy? Extractive Industry Dependence and Indigenous Land Rights in Bolivia and Ecuador |journal=University of Bath - Department of Social & Policy Sciences |location=Rochester, New York |ssrn=1938677}}</ref> It has also been claimed by some analysts that the Joe Biden administration in the United States exhibited post-neoliberal characteristics.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/05/biden-just-declared-the-death-of-neoliberalism.html |title= The Biden Administration Just Declared the Death of Neoliberalism |last= Levitz |first= Eric |date= May 3, 2023 |website= Intelligencer |publisher= Vox Media Network |access-date= September 30, 2023|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/09/how-bidenomics-got-a-lot-more-progressive-00055653 |title= The Unexpected Ways Joe Biden Is Ushering In a New Economic Paradigm |last= Ward |first= Ian |date= September 9, 2022 |website= Politico |publisher= Axel Springer SE |access-date= September 30, 2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/is-bidenomics-a-break-from-neoliberalism/ |title= Is 'Bidenomics' a break from neoliberalism?|last= Bachtell|first= John |date= August 10, 2023 |website= People's World |publisher= Long View Publishing Co., Inc. |access-date= September 30, 2023 |quote=}}</ref>
=== History === [[File:Evo Morales at COP15.jpg|thumb|Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia, is often associated with post-neoliberalism.]] The idea of post-neoliberalism arose during the pink tide of the 1990s and 2000s, in which left-wing Latin American critics of neoliberalism like Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales were thrust into power. According to researchers, the election of Chávez as the president of Venezuela in 1999 marked a definite start to the pink tide and post-neoliberal movement.<ref name="McLean & McMillan 2009">{{cite book|last1=McLean|first1=Ian|last2=McMillan|first2=Allistair|year=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199207800.001.0001/acref-9780199207800-e-1571|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=9780199207800|access-date=14 June 2022|via=Oxford Reference}}</ref><ref name="Macdonald & Ruckert 2009">{{cite book|last1=Macdonald|first1=Laura|last2=Ruckert|first2=Arne|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybyGDAAAQBAJ|title=Post-Neoliberalism in the Americas: An Introduction|edition=E-book|location=London, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9780230232822|isbn=9780230232822}}</ref> Following his election, Rafael Correa, Néstor Kirchner, Evo Morales, and numerous other leaders associated with the post-neoliberal movement were elected in Latin America during the 2000s and 2010s.<ref name="Macdonald, Proulx & Ruckert 2017"/> Into the 2020s, the Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric, who emerged victorious in the 2021 Chilean general election, pledged to end the country's neoliberal economic model, stating: "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."<ref name="Cambero 2021">{{cite news|last=Cambero|first=Fabian|date=20 December 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/student-protest-leader-president-elect-gabriel-boric-caps-rise-chiles-left-2021-12-20/|title=Student protest leader to president-elect: Gabriel Boric caps rise of Chile's left|publisher=Reuters|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
While the ideas of post-neoliberalism are not exclusive to Latin America, they are largely associated with the region.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grugel|first1=Jean|last2=Riggirozzi|first2=Pia|year=2012|url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/300440/1/Dev_and_Change_2012.pdf|title=Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis|journal=Development and Change|publisher=Blackwell Publishing/International Institute of Social Studies|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01746.x|access-date=14 June 2022|via=ePrints Soton at the University of Southampton}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Macdonald|first1=Laura|last2=Proulx|first2=Kristina R.|last3=Ruckert|first3=Arne|year=2017|title=Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: A Conceptual Review|journal=Third World Quarterly|publisher=Routledge|volume=38|issue=7|pages=1583–1602|doi=10.1080/01436597.2016.1259558|s2cid=157767263|quote=The main objective of this article is to perform a critical conceptual review of post-neoliberalism to find consensus and discord in the existing literature. ... Although our search was not limited to literature on any specific region, the overwhelming amount of research we encountered was focused on Latin America, with little material identified through the search on post-neoliberalism in Africa or Asia.}}</ref> Post-neoliberalism has drawn criticism from the right of the political spectrum; right-wing and far-right critics have claimed that the term itself is vague and populistic, while also arguing that "post-neoliberal" policies harm international investment and economic development.<ref name="Merino 2011"/>
=== Ideology === Post-neoliberalism seeks to fundamentally change the role of the state in countries where the Washington Consensus once prevailed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wylde|first=Cristopher|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve1uvXo5cPwC|title=Latin America After Neoliberalism|edition=hardcover|location=London, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230301597|access-date=14 June 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref> To achieve this, post-neoliberal leaders in Latin America have advocated for the nationalization of several industries, notably the gas, mining, and oil industries.<ref name="Macdonald, Proulx & Ruckert 2017"/> Post-neoliberalism also advocates for the expansion of welfare benefits, greater governmental investment in poverty reduction, and increased state intervention in the economy.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaltwasser|first=Cristóbal Rovira|year=2011|title=Toward Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America?|journal=Latin American Research Review|publisher=Latin America Research Commons on behalf of Latin American Studies Association|volume=46|issue=2|pages=225–234|doi=10.1353/lar.2011.0029|s2cid=144279718 |issn=1542-4278}}</ref>
== Latin American application == {{see also|Pink tide}}
=== Regional integration === The model of socialism of the 21st century encourages economic and political integration among nations in Latin America and the Caribbean. This is often accompanied with opposition to North American influence. Regional organizations like ALBA and CELAC promote cooperation with Latin America and exclude North American countries. ALBA is most explicitly related to socialism of the 21st century while other organizations focus on economic integration, ALBA promotes social, political and economic integration among countries that subscribe to democratic socialism. Its creation was announced in direct opposition to George W. Bush's attempts to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas that included the United States. In 2008, ALBA introduced a monetary union using the SUCRE as its regional currency.
=== Bolivarian process === {{Further|Bolivarian Revolution}} Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez initiated a process of social reforms in Venezuela known as the Bolivarian Revolution. This approach was more heavily influenced by the theories of István Mészáros, Michael Lebowitz and Marta Harnecker (who was Chávez's adviser between 2004 and 2011) than by those of Heinz Dieterich. The process draws its name from Latin American liberator Simón Bolívar and is a contemporary example of Bolivarianism.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
=== ''Buen vivir'' === {{see|Sumak kawsay}} Often translated to good living or living well, the concept of {{lang|es|buen vivir}} is related to the movement for indigenous rights and rights of nature. It focuses on living sustainably as the member of a community that includes both human beings and Nature.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Regine |last=Cochrane |title=Climate Change, Buen Vivir, and the Dialectic of Enlightenment: Toward a Feminist Critical Philosophy of Climate Justice |journal=Hypatia |volume=29 |number=3 |date=Summer 2014 |pages=576–598|doi=10.1111/hypa.12099 |s2cid=143724316 }}</ref> {{lang|es|Buen vivir}} is enshrined in 2008 Constitution of Ecuador as an alternative to neoliberal development. The constitution outlines a set of rights, one of which is the rights of nature.<ref name="Gudynas">Gudynas, Eduardo. 2011. Buen Vivir: Today's Tomorrow Development 54(4):441-447.</ref> In line with the assertion of these rights, {{lang|es|buen vivir}} seeks to change the relationship between nature and humans to a more bio-pluralistic view, eliminating the separation between nature and society.<ref name="Gudynas" /><ref name="SENPLADES">SENPLADES. [http://plan2009.senplades.gob.ec/web/en/presentation 2009 National Plan for Good Living]. Electronic document. Retrieved May 2012.</ref> This approach has been applied to the Yasuní-ITT Initiative. ''Buen vivir'' is sometimes conceptualised as collaborative consumption in a sharing economy and the term is used to look at the world in way sharply differentiated from natural, social or human capital.<ref name="Balch">{{cite news |last1=Balch |first1=Oliver |title=Buen vivir: the social philosophy inspiring movements in South America |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/buen-vivir-philosophy-south-america-eduardo-gudynas |access-date=18 May 2015 |work=The Guardian |date=2013}}</ref>
== Criticism ==
=== Authoritarianism === Critics claim that socialism of the 21st century in Latin America acts as a façade for authoritarianism. The charisma of figures like Hugo Chávez and mottoes like "Country, Socialism, or Death!" have drawn comparisons to the Latin American dictators and ''caudillos'' of the past.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news |title=Venezuela after Chávez: Now for the Reckoning |url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21573095-after-14-years-oil-fuelled-autocracy-hugo-ch%C3%A1vezs-successors-will-struggle-keep |access-date=4 May 2013 |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 March 2013}}</ref> According to Steven Levitsky of Harvard University, "Only under the dictatorships of the past ... were presidents reelected for life", with Levitsky further stating that while Latin America experienced democracy, citizens opposed "indefinite reelection, because of the dictatorships of the past".<ref name=CSMecuador>{{cite news |title=Does Ecuador's leader aspire to a perpetual presidency? |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/Latin-America-Monitor/2014/0411/Does-Ecuador-s-leader-aspire-to-a-perpetual-presidency |access-date=10 July 2015 |agency=The Christian Science Monitor |date=11 April 2014}}</ref> Levitsky then observed: "In Nicaragua, Venezuela and Ecuador, reelection is associated with the same problems of 100 years ago."<ref name=CSMecuador/> ''The Washington Post'' also stated in 2014 that "Bolivia's Evo Morales, Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez ... used the ballot box to weaken or eliminate term limits."<ref name=WP2014>{{cite news |last1=Miroff |first1=Nick |title=Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ecuadors-popular-powerful-president-rafael-correa-is-a-study-in-contradictions/2014/03/15/452111fc-3eaa-401b-b2c8-cc4e85fccb40_story.html |access-date=10 July 2015 |agency=The Washington Post |date=15 March 2014}}</ref>
In 2015, ''The Economist'' stated that the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela—now under Nicolás Maduro after Chávez's death in 2013—was devolving from authoritarianism to dictatorship as opposition politicians were jailed for plotting to undermine the government, violence was widespread and opposition media shut down.<ref>{{cite news |title=A slow-motion coup. The authoritarian regime is becoming a naked dictatorship. The region must react. |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21645193-authoritarian-regime-becoming-naked-dictatorship-region-must-react-slow-motion |access-date=12 June 2015 |newspaper=The Economist |date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Western media coverage of Chávez and other Latin American leaders from the 21st-century socialist movement has been criticised as unfair by their supporters and leftist media critics.<ref>[https://www.laprogressive.com/oliver-stone-interview-specter-haunting-latin-america-specter-21st-century-socialism/ "Oliver Stone Interview: There's a Specter Haunting Latin America, the Specter of 21st Century Socialism"].</ref><ref name=FAIR>{{cite web |last=Hart |first=Peter |title=NYT Debates Hugo Chavez- Minus the Debate |date=8 March 2013 |url=http://www.fair.org/blog/2013/03/08/nyt-debates-hugo-chavez-minus-the-debate/ |publisher=Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) |access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>
=== Economics === The sustainability and stability of economic reforms associated with governments adhering to socialism of the 21st century have been questioned. Latin American countries have primarily financed their social programs with extractive exports like petroleum, natural gas and minerals, creating a dependency that some economists claim has caused inflation and slowed growth.<ref name=Roth>{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Charles |title=Venezuela's Economy Under Chávez, by the Numbers |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/03/06/venezuelas-economy-under-chavez-by-the-numbers/ |access-date=4 May 2013 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=6 March 2013}}</ref> For the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, their economic policies led to shortages in Venezuela, a high inflation rate and a dysfunctional economy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela toilet paper shortage an anti-Bolivarian conspiracy, gov't claims |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/venezuela-toilet-paper-shortage-an-anti-bolivarian-conspiracy-govt-claims/ |access-date=18 March 2015 |agency=CBS News |date=16 May 2013}}</ref> However, the economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration and Maduro governments have attributed Venezuela's economic problems to the decline in oil prices, sanctions imposed by the United States and economic sabotage by the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Abby |url=http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/41040-empire-files-venezuela-economy-minister-sabotage-not-socialism-is-the-problem |title=Empire Files: Venezuela Economy Minister – Sabotage, Not Socialism, Is the Problem |agency=Truthout |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> In 2015, Venezuela's economy was performing poorly—the currency had collapsed, it had the world's highest inflation rate and its gross domestic product shrank into an economic collapse in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://qz.com/362275/why-venezuela-is-the-worlds-worst-performing-economy-in-three-charts/ |title=Why Venezuela is the world's worst performing economy, in three charts |access-date=22 March 2015 |work=Quartz |date=16 March 2015}}</ref>
=== Populism === {{populism sidebar}}
Although democratic socialist intellectuals have welcomed a socialism of the 21st century, some have been skeptical of Latin America's examples. While citing their progressive role, they argue that the appropriate label for these governments is populist rather than socialist.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munck |first=Ronaldo |author-link=Ronaldo Munck |title=Contemporary Latin America |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=at4cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=chavez+has+undoubtedly+played+a+progressive+role 119] |quote=In a broad historical sense Chávez has undoubtedly played a progressive role but he is clearly not a democratic socialist [...].}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Iber |first=Patrick |date=Spring 2016 |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/path-democratic-socialism-lessons-latin-america |title=The Path to Democratic Socialism: Lessons from Latin America |newspaper=Dissent |access-date=20 August 2020 |quote=Most of the world's democratic socialist intellectuals have been skeptical of Latin America's examples, citing their authoritarian qualities and occasional cults of personality. To critics, the appropriate label for these governments is not socialism but populism.}}</ref> Similarly, some of the left-wing pink tide governments were criticised for turning from socialism to authoritarianism and populism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lopes |first=Arthur |date=Spring 2016 |title=¿Viva la Contrarrevolución? South America's Left Begins to Wave Goodbye |journal=Harvard International Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=12–14 |jstor=i26445824- |quote=South America, a historical bastion of populism, has always had a penchant for the left, but the continent's predilection for unsustainable welfarism might be approaching a dramatic end. [...] This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Faria |first1=Carlos Aurélio Pimenta |last2=Lopes |first2=Dawisson Belém |date=January–April 2016 |title=When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America |journal=Contexto Internacional |type=Literature review |publisher=Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=11–53 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2016380100001 |doi-access=free |issn=1982-0240 |quote=The wrong left, by contrast, was said to be populist, old-fashioned, and irresponsible [...].}}</ref>
== List of anti-neoliberal or post-neoliberal political parties == {{quote box|width=22em|quote="If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."<ref name="Cambero 2021"/>|source=—Gabriel Boric, 20 December 2021<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59694056 |title=Gabriel Boric: From student protest leader to Chile's president|publisher=BBC|date=20 December 2021|access-date=14 June 2022|quote=When Mr Boric won the candidacy of his leftist bloc to run for president, he made a bold pledge. 'If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave,' he said. 'Do not be afraid of the youth changing this country.'}}</ref>}} {{div col|colwidth=50em}}
'''South America:''' * Argentina: Union for the Homeland, Frente de Todos,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/151337-un-frente-anti-neoliberal|title=Un frente antineoliberal|trans-title=An anti-neoliberal front|newspaper=Página/12|language=es|date=27 October 2018|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=29 October 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/10/29/anti-neoliberal-wave-rocking-latin-america/|title=The anti-neoliberal wave rocking Latin America|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> Front for Victory,<ref name="Macdonald & Ruckert 2009"/> Patria Grande Front<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/151337-un-frente-anti-neoliberal | title=Un frente anti neoliberal | Grabois lanza el Frente Patria Grande junto a otros dirigentes sociales | date=27 October 2018 }}</ref> * Bolivia: Movement for Socialism<ref name="Merino 2011"/> * Chile: Social Convergence<ref>{{cite news|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/socialist-gabriel-boric-elected-chiles-youngest-ever-president-highest-ever-vote-tally|title=Socialist Gabriel Boric elected Chile's youngest ever president with highest ever vote tally|newspaper=Morning Star|date=20 December 2021|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> * Ecuador: Citizen Revolution Movement, PAIS Alliance under Rafael Correa<ref name="Merino 2011"/> * Uruguay: Broad Front<ref>https://www.frenteamplio.uy/estatutos/</ref> * Venezuela: Fifth Republic Movement, Great Patriotic Pole, United Socialist Party of Venezuela, under Hugo Chávez,<ref name="McLean & McMillan 2009"/><ref name="Macdonald & Ruckert 2009"/> Communist Party of Venezuela {{div col end}}
'''North America:''' * Canada: Québec Solidaire, Green Party of Quebec * Mexico: Morena<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morena.si/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/declaracion-de-principios-de-morena1.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Declaración de principios de MORENA|publisher=Morena|language=es|date=December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314235013/https://morena.si/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/declaracion-de-principios-de-morena1.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2015|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> * Honduras: Liberty and Refoundation * United States: Democratic Socialists of America,{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Party for Socialism and Liberation,{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Working Families Party{{citation needed | date=August 2025}}
'''Asia''' * Japan: Social Democratic Party<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www5.sdp.or.jp/policy/policy.htm|url-status=dead|title=Zhèngcè|script-title=ja:政策|trans-title=Policy|publisher=Social Democratic Party|date=22 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514200922/http://www5.sdp.or.jp/policy/policy.htm|archive-date=14 May 2021|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> * Philippines: Partido Lakas ng Masa<ref>{{cite news|last = Delizo|first = Rasti|title = The BMP's resolute struggle for socialism in the Philippines|url = https://links.org.au/bmps-resolute-struggle-socialism-philippines|website = Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal|date = August 20, 2024|access-date = May 1, 2026}}</ref> * South Korea: Progressive Party<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/946536.html#csidx535f08b381a769e902e0f38e958540b|title=Bagnojaui hangug, angwa bakk nolaeleul bulleossdaga 'joein'i doeneun nala, daehanmingug|script-title=ko:박노자의 한국, 안과 밖 노래를 불렀다가 '죄인'이 되는 나라, 대한민국|trans-title=Pak Noja's South Korea, inside and outside. A country where you sing song and then become a 'sinner'. That's the Republic of Korea.|newspaper=The Hankyoreh|date=26 May 2020|access-date=14 June 2022|quote=민중당은 조직 노동자, 비정규직 노동자들의 지지를 받으며 좌파민족주의적 입장에서 신자유주의를 비판하는 정당이다. [''Minjungdang-eun jojig nodongja, bijeong-gyujig nodongjadeul-ui jijileul bad-eumyeo jwapaminjogjuuijeog ibjang-eseo sinjayujuuileul bipanhaneun jeongdang-ida.'']|trans-quote=Minjung Party is a political party that is supported by organizational and non-regular workers and criticizes neoliberalism from a left-wing nationalist standpoint.}}</ref> * Sri Lanka: National People's Power * Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey,<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/turkey.pdf, pg. 176</ref> Patriotic Party,{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Labour and Freedom Alliance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duvar |first=Gazete |date=2022-09-24 |title=Emek ve Özgürlük İttifakı deklarasyonu açıklandı |url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/emek-ve-ozgurluk-ittifaki-deklarasyonu-aciklandi-haber-1582368 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/emek-ve-ozgurluk-ittifaki-deklarasyonu-aciklandi-haber-1582368 |language=tr-TR}}</ref>
'''Europe''' *France: New Anticapitalist Party<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clavel |first1=Geoffroy |date=30 January 2015 |title=NPA recherche anciens militants: où sont-ils partis? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2015/01/30/npa-anciens-militants-partis-front-gauche-pas-que_n_6578072.html |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=HuffPost |language=fr}}</ref> *Iceland: Socialist Party of Iceland<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vindum ofan af nýfrjálshyggjunni |url=https://sosialistaflokkurinn.is/2021/08/06/vindum-ofan-af-nyfrjalshyggjunni/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408124917/https://sosialistaflokkurinn.is/2021/08/06/vindum-ofan-af-nyfrjalshyggjunni/ |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Sósíalistaflokkurinn |language=is-IS}}</ref> *Ireland: Independents 4 Change<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-24 |title=Independents 4 Change {{!}} left |url=https://left.eu/groups/delegation/independents-4-change/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024083351/https://left.eu/groups/delegation/independents-4-change/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 }}</ref> *Italy: Power to the People *Norway: Red Party<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019|title=Prinsipprogram for Rødt – Bokmål, pg 17 |url=https://roedt.no/fil/f60b95dfc54397a984de84cd600dbbedd2bf8745.pdf?dl=| access-date=2024-08-20|language=nb-NB|trans-quote= From charter on Socialism for the 21st century, pg 17: The revolutionary forces that are trying today to develop a strategy for socialism for the 21st century are learning from the mistakes that have been made in the past. Rødt sees himself as part of this movement, but insists that a Norwegian socialism cannot be a copy of someone else's. It must build on the traditions from our own history of class struggle and political struggle, which among other things led to the idea of cooperation, cooperation and the demands for a well-developed welfare state. It must further develop the democratic rights that the working class has fought for over a hundred years, which freedom of association, right to vote, freedom of expression and legal certainty. Internationally, an eco-socialist movement is also developing which points to the abolition of capitalism as a decisive prerequisite for preserving the basis of life and avoiding climate catastrophe. Rødt also sees itself as part of this movement, and will cooperate with anti-capitalist parties and organizations in other countries within this network.}}</ref>
'''Oceania''' * Australia: Australian Greens<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Greens Are Building a Movement to End Neoliberalism |url=https://jacobin.com/2021/09/australia-greens-green-new-deal-gnd-elections |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
== See also == * Anti-capitalism * Kirchnerism * Millennial socialism * Pink tide * Post-capitalism * Post-Marxism * Project Cybersyn
== References == {{Wikiquote}} {{reflist}}
==Further reading== *Báez, Michelle and David Cortez. [http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/b_Buen%20Vivir%20Sumak%20Kawsay.html "Buen Vivir, Sumak Kawsay"] (2012). University Bielefeld – Center for InterAmerican Studies. *https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/2359 *https://bilimveaydinlanma.org/which-characteristics-will-socialism-have-during-the-21st-century/ *https://monthlyreview.org/2016/10/01/what-is-socialism-for-the-twenty-first-century/ *http://links.org.au/node/1600 *Anil Rajimwale, M. Vijaya Kumar. Socialism in the 21st Century * {{cite book |last=Gerstle |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Gerstle |date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0197519646}} * {{cite book |last1=Mitchell|first1=William |last2=Fazi|first2=Thomas|author-link1=Bill Mitchell (economist)|date=2017 |title=Reclaiming the State: A Progressive Vision of Sovereignty for a Post-Neoliberal World |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0745337326}} * {{cite book|last=Padoan|first=Enrico|year=2020|url=http://cosmos.sns.it/publication/anti-neoliberal-populisms-in-comparative-perspective/|title=Anti-Neoliberal Populisms in Comparative Perspective: A Latinamericanisation of Southern Europe?|edition=1st|location=London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367322151|access-date=14 June 2022|via=Centre on Social Movement Studies}}
== External links == * {{cite interview|last=Palombarini|first=Stefano|date=12 June 2022|url=https://jacobin.com/2022/06/nupes-melenchon-government-european-union-neoliberalism-legislative-election|title=A Mélenchon Government Would Shake the Foundations of Neoliberalism in Europe|magazine=Jacobin|interviewer-last=Kouvélakis|interviewer-first=Stathis|access-date=14 June 2022}} * {{cite news |last=Foroohar|first=Rana |date=9 October 2022 |title=The new rules for business in a post-neoliberal world|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e04bc664-04b2-4ef6-90f9-64e9c4c126aa?segmentId=b385c2ad-87ed-d8ff-aaec-0f8435cd42d9|work=Financial Times}} * {{cite news |last=Levitz|first=Eric|date=February 1, 2023 |title=The End of 'Zombie Neoliberalism'?|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/02/industrial-policy-designer-economy.html|work=New York}} * {{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Akhil |date=May 16, 2023 |title=The new Biden trade doctrine is a death knell for neoliberalism|url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/4004914-the-new-biden-trade-doctrine-is-a-death-knell-for-neoliberalism/|work=The Hill|location= |access-date=}} * {{cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis |date=July 17, 2023 |title=The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/07/24/the-rise-and-fall-of-neoliberalism|magazine=The New Yorker |location= |access-date=}}
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