{{Short description|Purported geroprotective agent}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}} {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | INN = | type = <!-- empty --> | image = Pinealon.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | alt = | caption = <!-- Clinical data --> | pronounce = | tradename = | Drugs.com = | MedlinePlus = | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_category= | routes_of_administration = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = <!-- 'none' if uncategorised --> | ATC_suffix = <!-- Legal status --> | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --> | legal_AU_comment = | legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C5, D1, D2, E, F1, F2, F3, F4 --> | legal_BR_comment = | legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_CA_comment = | legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --> | legal_DE_comment = | legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> | legal_NZ_comment = | legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --> | legal_UK_comment = | legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> | legal_US_comment = | legal_EU = | legal_EU_comment = | legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --> | legal_UN_comment = | legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = | duration_of_action= | excretion = <!-- Identifiers --> | CAS_number = 175175-23-2 | PubChem = 10273502 | ChemSpiderID = 8448980 | DrugBank = | ChEBI = 156374 | synonyms = Glu-Asp-Arg <!-- Chemical and physical data --> | IUPAC_name = (4''S'')-4-Amino-5-<nowiki>[[</nowiki>(2''S'')-3-carboxy-1-<nowiki>[[</nowiki>(1''S'')-1-carboxy-4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butyl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | C = 15 | H = 26 | N = 6 | O = 8 | StdInChI=1S/C15H26N6O8/c16-7(3-4-10(22)23)12(26)21-9(6-11(24)25)13(27)20-8(14(28)29)2-1-5-19-15(17)18/h7-9H,1-6,16H2,(H,20,27)(H,21,26)(H,22,23)(H,24,25)(H,28,29)(H4,17,18,19)/t7-,8-,9-/m0/s1 | StdInChIKey = QPRZKNOOOBWXSU-CIUDSAMLSA-N | SMILES = C(C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)N)CN=C(N)N }}
'''Pinealon''', also known as '''EDR peptide''', is a synthetic tripeptide of sequence (Glu-Asp-Arg) and purported geroprotector documented in the Russian scientific literature.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meshchaninov VN, Tkachenko EL, Zharkov SV, Gavrilov IV, Katyreva I | title = Effect of Synthetic Peptides on Aging of Patients with Chronic Polymorbidity and Organic Brain Syndrome of the Central Nervous System in Remission | journal = Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–67 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26390612 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mendzheritskiĭ AM, Karantysh GV, Ivonina KO | title = [Effects of introduction of short peptides before carotid artery occlusion on behaviour and caspase-3 activity in the brain of old rats] | journal = Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–79 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21809624 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khavinson V, Ribakova Y, Kulebiakin K, Vladychenskaya E, Kozina L, Arutjunyan A, Boldyrev A | title = Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes | journal = Rejuvenation Research | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 535–541 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21978084 | doi = 10.1089/rej.2011.1172 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kozina LS | title = [Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides] | journal = Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–67 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18546825 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((Khavinson VKh)), Lin'kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI, Umnov RS, Elashkina EV, Durnova AO | date = May 2014 | title = Short peptides stimulate serotonin expression in cells of brain cortex | url = | journal = Bull Exp Biol Med | volume = 157 | issue = 1| pages = 77–80 | doi = 10.1007/s10517-014-2496-y | pmid = 24909721 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Trofimova S | title = EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | page = 159 | date = 2020-12-31 | pmid = 33396470 | pmc = 7795577 | doi = 10.3390/molecules26010159 | doi-access = free | issn = 1420-3049 }}</ref> Pinealon is one of several tripeptide "bioregulators" developed in Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Bashkireva AS, Artamonova VG | title = [The peptide correction of neurotic disorders among professional truck-drivers] | journal = Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 718–728 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23734521 | issn = 1561-9125 }}</ref><ref>Yumpu.com. "[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/52954279/prof-galina-ryzhak-st-petersburg-institute-of-bioregulation-and-/6 GARMONIA Ltd.] – visit u". ''yumpu.com''. Retrieved 2024-06-11.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kitachev KV, Sazonov AB, Kozlov KL, Petrov KI, Sliusarev AS, Khavinson VK | title = [The efficacy of peptide bioregulators of vessels in lower limbs chronic arterial insufficiency treatment in old and elderly people] | journal = Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 156–159 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25051774 | issn = 1561-9125 }}</ref>
== Research == Pinealon has been shown to protect rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia and correspondingly improve post natal cognitive function.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Arutjunyan A, Kozina L, Stvolinskiy S, Bulygina Y, Mashkina A, Khavinson V | title = Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia | journal = International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–185 | date = 2012-04-06 | pmid = 22567179 | pmc = 3342713 }}</ref>
Pinealon likewise maintains learning retention rats with experimentally-induced diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Karantysh GV, Fomenko MP, Menzheritskii AM, Prokof'ev VN, Ryzhak GA, Butenko EV | title = Effect of Pinealon on Learning and Expression of NMDA Receptor Subunit Genes in the Hippocampus of Rats with Experimental Diabetes | journal = Neurochemical Journal | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 314–320 | date = July 2020 | doi = 10.1134/S181971242003006X | language = en | s2cid = 255382498 | issn = 1819-7132 }}</ref>
== Chemistry == Pinealon is a tripeptide composed of <small>L</small>-glutamic acid, <small>L</small>-aspartic acid, and <small>L</small>-arginine and is notated as Glu-Asp-Arg or EDR.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Pinealon | work = PubChem | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10273502 | access-date = 2023-09-18 | language = en }}</ref>
== See also == * Adamax * Cartalax * Epitalon * GHK-Cu * KPV tripeptide * Selank * Semax * Vladimir Khavinson
== References == {{reflist}}
Category:Tripeptides Category:Neuroprotective agents Category:Peptide therapeutics Category:Russian drugs
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