Pachychilidae

{{Short description|Family of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Paleogene - recent | image = Pachychilus laevisimus 004.JPG | image_caption = Two shells of ''Pachychilus laevissimus'' | taxon = Pachychilidae | authority = P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892<ref>Fischer P. & Crosse H. (19 November 1892). "Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale". ''Recherches zoologiques'', Partie 7, '''2'''(13): 313.</ref> | diversity_link = | diversity_ref = <ref name="Strong 2008">Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia'' 595: 149-166. http://hdl.handle.net/10088/7390 {{doi|10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6}}.</ref><ref name="Strong 2011">Strong E. E., Colgan D. J., Healy J. M., Lydeard C., Ponder W. F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011). "Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithioidea using morphology and molecules". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''162'''(1): 43-89. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00670.x}}.</ref> | diversity =  191-226 extant species | type_genus = ''Pachychilus'' | type_genus_authority = I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = * Brotiinae Golikov & Starobogatov, 1987<ref>Golikov & Starobogatov (1987). ''Vsesoiuznoe soveshchanie po izucheniiu molliuskov'' '''8''': 25.</ref> * Fauninae Cossmann, 1909<ref>Cossmann (1909). ''Essais de paléoconchologie comparrée'' '''8''': 156.</ref> * Melanatriinae Thiele, 1921<ref>Thiele (1921). ''Archiv für molluskenkunde'' '''53'''(3): 142.</ref> * Potadomatinae Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927<ref>Pilsbry H. A. & Bequaert J. (1927). "The Aquatic Mollusks of the Belgian Congo. With a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology". ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''53'''(2): 69-602. pages 248 and 272. [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/975 PDF].</ref> | display_parents = 3 }}

'''Pachychilidae''', common name '''pachychilids''', is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod molluscs in the clade Sorbeoconcha.<ref name="WioRMS">Gofas, S. (2014). Pachychilidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411651 on 2014-11-20</ref>

== Distribution == thumb|left|The global distribution of the family Pachychilidae Pachychilids are freshwater snails with a worldwide distribution in the tropics. Representatives are found in South and Central America, Africa, Madagascar, South and South-east Asia and tropical Australia (Queensland: Torres Strait Islands).

== Description == Pachychilids have an operculum, which is concentric and multispiral.

== Ecology == All species in the family inhabit freshwater except ''Faunus ater'', which is a brackish water snail found in estuaries and other coastal habitats. Pachychilids are either oviparous (lay eggs), ovoviviparous or viviparous (retain developing eggs and youngs in special incubatory structures).

== Notes on the taxonomy == The name is derived from a combination of the words 'pachy' (Greek = thick) and the suffix '-chilus' (Greek = Lip), meaning 'thick lipped' - with respect to the thickened aperture of the shell in some species. Most 20th-century authors did not recognize Pachychilidae as an independent family, but affiliated species under different groups, such as Thiaridae and Pleuroceridae. However, recent revisions based on molecular and morphological evidence have proven their independent and distinct status from the former. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref>

== Genera == thumb|Shells of various pachychilid species Genera within the family Pachychilidae include: * † ''Bellatara'' Strand, 1928 - with only one species ''Bellatara janus'' (Mayer, 1870)<ref name="WoRMS 2015">Gofas, S. (2015). Pachychilidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411651 on 2015-10-09</ref> * ''Brotia'' H. Adams, 1866<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/><ref>Köhler F. & Glaubrecht M. (2006). "A systematic revision of the Southeast Asian freshwater gastropod ''Brotia'' (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae)." ''Malacologia'' '''48''': 159-251.</ref> * ''Doryssa'' Swainson, 1840<ref name="Köhler 2010"/> * † ''Eginea'' Pacaud & Harzhauser, 2012<ref name="WoRMS 2015"/> * ''Faunus'' de Montfort, 1810<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/> * ''Jagora'' Köhler & Glaubrecht, 2003<ref>Köhler F. & Glaubrecht M. (2003). "Morphology, reproductive biology and molecular genetics of ovoviviparous freshwater gastropods (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) from the Philippines, with description of the new genus ''Jagora''". ''Zoologica Scripta'' '''32'''(1): 35-59. {{doi|10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00100.x}}.</ref> * † ''Jponsia'' Pacaud & Harzhauser, 2012<ref name="WoRMS 2015"/> * ''Madagasikara'' Köhler & Glaubrecht, 2010 - synonym: ''Melanatria'' Bowdich, 1822 auctt.<ref name="Köhler 2010">Köhler F. & Glaubrecht M. (2010). "Uncovering an overlooked radiation: molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Madagascar’s endemic river snails (Caenogastropoda: Pachychilidae: ''Madagasikara'' gen. nov.). ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''99''': 867-894. {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01390.x}}.</ref> * † ''Nodifaunus'' Olsson, 1944<ref name="WoRMS 2015"/> * ''Pachychilus'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 - type genus of the family Pachychilidae<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/> * ''Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900<ref>Köhler F. & Glaubrecht M. (2007). "Out of Asia and into India - On the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the endemic freshwater gastropod ''Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900 (Caenogastropoda: Pachychilidae)." ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''91''': 627-651. {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00866.x}}.</ref> * ''Potadoma'' Swainson, 1840<ref name="Bouchet 2005"/> * † ''Pseudobellardia'' Cox, 1931<ref name="WoRMS 2015"/> * ''Pseudopotamis'' Martens, 1894<ref>Glaubrecht M. & von Rintelen T. (2003). "Systematics, molecular genetics and historical zoogeography of the viviparous freshwater gastropod ''Pseudopotamis'' (Cerithioidea, Pachychilidae): a relic on the Torres Strait Islands, Australia". ''Zoologica Scripta'' '''32'''(5): 415-435. {{doi|10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00127.x}}.</ref> * ''Sulcospira'' Troschel, 1858 - synonym: ''Adamietta'' Brandt, 1974<ref>Köhler F. & Dames C. (2009). "Phylogeny and systematics of the Pachychilidae of mainland Southeast Asia – novel insights from morphology and mitochondrial DNA (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cerithioidea)". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''157''': 679-699. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00541.x}}.</ref> * † ''Tinnyea'' Hantken, 1887<ref name="WoRMS 2015"/> * ''Tylomelania'' Sarasin & Sarasin, 1897<ref>von Rintelen T. & Glaubrecht M. (2005). "Anatomy of an adaptive radiation: a unique reproductive strategy in the endemic freshwater gastropod ''Tylomelania'' (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) on Sulawesi, Indonesia and its biogeographical implications." ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''85''': 513–542. {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00515.x}}.</ref> * † ''Wingeastonia'' K. Martin, 1906<ref name="WoRMS 2015"/> ;Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Acrostoma'' Brot, 1871: synonym of ''Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900 * ''Antimelania'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892: synonym of ''Brotia'' H. Adams, 1866 * ''Brotella'' Rovereto, 1899: synonym of ''Paracrostoma'' Cossmann, 1900 * Fauninae Cossmann, 1909 (subfamily) : synonym of ''Pachychilidae'' P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892 * ''Melanatria'' Bowdich, 1822: synonym of ''Faunus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Oxymelania'' Crosse & P. Fischer, 1892: synonym of ''Pachychilus'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 * ''Pirena'' Lamarck, 1822: synonym of ''Faunus'' Montfort, 1810 * ''Sphaeromelania'' Rovereto, 1899: synonym of ''Pachychilus'' I. Lea & H. C. Lea, 1851 * ''Wanga'' Chen, 1943: synonym of ''Brotia'' H. Adams, 1866

==Cladogram== A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences showing phylogenic relations of Pachychilidae:<ref name="Köhler 2010"/>

{{clade |label1=Pachychilidae |1={{clade |1=''Faunus ater'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Potadoma freethi'' |2=''Doryssa consolidata'' }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Sulcospira hainanensis'' |2={{clade |1=''Sulcospira testudinaria'' |2=''Sulcospira housei'' |3={{clade |label1=''Brotia'' |1={{clade |1=''Brotia pagodula'' |2=''Brotia sumatrensis'' }} |label2=''Paracrostoma'' |2={{clade |1=''Paracrostoma martini'' |2=''Paracrostoma tigrina'' }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=''Pseudopotamis'' |1={{clade |1=''Pseudopotamis supralirata'' |2=''Pseudopotamis semoni'' }} |label2=''Tylomelania'' |2={{clade |1=''Tylomelania perfecta'' |2=''Tylomelania neritiformis'' }} }} |label2=''Jagora'' |2={{clade |1=''Jagora dactylus'' |2=''Jagora asperata'' }} }} |2={{clade |label1=''Pachychilus'' |1={{clade |1=''Pachychilus indiorum'' |2=''Pachychilus conicus'' }} |label2=''Madagasikara'' |2={{clade |1=''Madagasikara madagascariensis'' |2={{clade |1=''Madagasikara spinosa'' |2={{clade |1=''Madagasikara zazavavindrano'' |2={{clade |1=''Madagasikara vazimba'' |2=''Madagasikara vivipara'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * Köhler F., von Rintelen T., Meyer A. & Glaubrecht M. (2004). "Multiple origin of viviparity in southeast Asian gastropods (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) and its evolutionary implications". ''Evolution'' '''58'''(10): 2215-2226. {{doi|10.1554/04-344}}.

== External links == * {{Commons category-inline|Pachychilidae}}

Category:Pachychilidae Category:Gastropod families Category:Taxa named by Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse Category:Taxa named by Paul Henri Fischer