Iu Mien language

{{Short description|Language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China}} {{Infobox language |name=Iu Mien |nativename={{lang|ium|Iu Mienh}} |pronunciation={{IPA|ium|ju˧ mjɛn˧˩|}} |states=China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand,<br>Communities in United States, and France. |speakers={{sigfig|837,400|1}} |date=1995–2019 |ref=e25 |familycolor=Hmong-Mien |fam2=Mienic |fam3=Mian–Jin |nation= (Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County) |iso3=ium |glotto=iumi1238 |glottorefname=Iu Mien |notice=IPA }}

The '''Iu Mien''' language ({{langx|ium|Iu Mienh}}, {{IPA|ium|ju˧ mjɛn˧˩|}}; {{lang-zh|勉語}} or {{lang|zh|勉方言}}; {{langx|th|ภาษาเมี่ยน}} or {{lang|th|ภาษาอิ้วเมี่ยน}}) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and, more recently, the United States in diaspora. Like other Mien languages, it is tonal and monosyllabic.

Linguists in China consider the dialect spoken in Changdong, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi to be the standard. This standard is also spoken by Iu Mien in the West, however, because most are refugees from Laos, their dialect incorporates influences from the Lao and Thai languages.<ref name=e25/>

Iu Mien has 78% lexical similarity with Kim Mun (Lanten), 70% with Biao-Jiao Mien, and 61% with Dzao Min.<ref name=e25/>

== Geographic distribution == In China, it is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:302–303).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mao |first1=Zongwu 毛宗武 |title=Bāhēng yǔ yánjiū |last2=Li |first2=Yunbing 李云兵 |date=1997 |publisher=Shanghai yuandong chubanshe |location=Shanghai |language=zh |script-title=zh:巴哼语研究 |trans-title=A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]}}</ref> There are 130,000 speakers in Hunan province, and 400,000 speakers in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Jiangxi provinces. *''Guangxi'': Yangshuo, Lingui, Guanyang, Ziyuan, Xing'an, Longsheng, Gongcheng, Yongfu, Luzhai, Lipu, Mengshan, Pingle, Jinxiu, Yishan, Rong'an, Rongshui, Luocheng, Huanjiang, Shanglin, Xincheng, Laibin, Baise, Napo, Lingyun, Tianlin, Cangwu, Hezhou, Fuchuan, Zhaoping, Fangcheng, Shangsi *''Guangdong'': Yingde, Lechang, Shixing, Qujiang, Renhua, Wengyuan, Ruyuan, Liannan, Lianshan, Yangshan, Yangchun *''Yunnan'': Hekou, Jinping, Honghe, Mengla, Malipo, Maguan, Gangnan, Funing, Wenshan *''Guizhou'': Rongjiang, Congjiang, Sandu, Danzhai, Leishan, Zhenfeng, Luodian *''Jiangxi'': Quannan, Shanggao *''Hunan'': Jianghua, Yongzhou, Shuangpai, Xintian, Changning, Daoxian, Lanshan, Lingxian, Ningyuan, Jiangyong, Dong'an, Chenzhou, Zixing, Lingwu, Guiyang, Xinning, Yizhang, Chengbu, Qiyang, Chenxi; also in Longzha Township (龙渣瑶族乡), Yanling County

In Vietnam, Dao people belonging to the Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Quần Chẹt, Ô Gang, Cóc Ngáng, and Cóc Mùn subgroups speak Iu Mien dialects.<ref>Phan Hữu Dật & Hoàng Hoa Toàn (1998). "Về vấn đề xác minh tên gọi và phân loại các ngành Dao Tuyên Quang." In Phan Hữu Dật (ed). ''Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam'', p.483-567. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội. [Comparative word list of 9 Dao dialects in Tuyen Quang Province from p. 524–545]</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

There are 31 cited consonant phonemes in Iu Mien. A distinguishing feature of Iu Mien consonants is the presence of voiceless nasals and laterals.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Consonant phonemes of Iu Mien (unknown dialect) ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Palatal ! rowspan="2" | Velar ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |- ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|sibilant}} |- ! rowspan="2" | Nasal ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPAlink|m}} | {{IPAlink|n}} | | {{IPAlink|ɲ}} | {{IPAlink|ŋ}} | |- ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPAlink|m̥}} | {{IPAlink|n̥}} | | {{IPAlink|ɲ̥}} | {{IPAlink|ŋ̊}} | |- ! rowspan="3" | Plosive/<br />Affricate ! {{small|plain}} | {{IPAlink|p}} | {{IPAlink|t}} | {{IPAlink|t͡s}} | {{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}} | {{IPAlink|k}} | rowspan="3" | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} |- ! {{small|aspirated}} | {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} | {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}} | {{IPA link|kʰ}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPAlink|b}} | {{IPAlink|d}} | {{IPAlink|d͡z}} | {{IPAlink|d͡ʑ}} | {{IPAlink|ɡ}} |- ! colspan="2" | Fricative | {{IPAlink|f}} | | {{IPAlink|s}} | | | {{IPAlink|h}} |- ! colspan="2" | Glide | | | | {{IPAlink|j}} | {{IPAlink|w}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | Lateral ! {{small|voiced}} | | {{IPAlink|l}} | | | | |- ! {{small|voiceless}} | | {{IPAlink|l̥}} | | | | |}

# The standard spelling system for Iu Mien does not represent the stop sounds in a way that corresponds to the IPA symbols, but instead uses e.g. {{angle bracket|t}}, {{angle bracket|d}}, and {{angle bracket|nd}} to represent {{IPA|/tʰ/, /t/, and /d/}}. This may stem from an attempt to model the Iu Mien spelling system on Pinyin (used to represent Mandarin Chinese), where {{angle bracket|t}} and {{angle bracket|d}} represent {{IPA|/tʰ/ and /t/}}. The Pinyin influence is also seen in the use of {{angle bracket|c}}, {{angle bracket|z}}, and {{angle bracket|nz}} to represent the alveolar affricates {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/, /t͡s/, and /d͡z/}} and {{angle bracket|q}}, {{angle bracket|j}}, and {{angle bracket|nj}} for the postalveolar affricates {{IPA|/t͡ɕʰ/, /t͡ɕ/, and /d͡ʑ/}}. The use of {{angle bracket|ng}} to represent the velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}} means that it cannot also be used to represent {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, as would be predicted; instead, {{angle bracket|nq}} is used. # According to Aumann and Pan,<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Aumann |first1=Greg |first2=Chengqian |last2=Pan |date=2004 |title=Report on the Iu Mien—Chinese—English Dictionary Project |url=http://crcl.th.net/sealex/Aumann_IuMienDict.pdf |conference=Asian Lexicography Conference, Chiangmai 24–26th May 2004 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040821144929/http://crcl.th.net/sealex/Aumann_IuMienDict.pdf |archive-date=2004-08-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in a certain Chinese dialect, the postalveolar affricates are instead palatal stops ({{IPA|/cʰ/, /c/, /ɟ/}}). # According to Daniel Bruhn,<ref name="Bruhn August 2007">{{Citation |last=Bruhn |first=Daniel |title=The Phonetic Inventory of Iu-Mien |date=27 August 2007 |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_iu-mien.pdf |via=linguistics.berkeley.edu |language=en}}</ref> the voiceless nasals are actually sequences {{IPA|[h̃m], [h̃n], [h̃ŋ], and [h̃ɲ]}} (i.e. a short nasalized {{IPA|/h/}} followed by a voiced nasal), while the voiceless lateral is actually a voiceless lateral fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}}. # Bruhn also observed that younger-generation Iu Mien Americans were more likely to substitute the voiceless nasals and voiceless laterals with {{IPA|/h/}} and the alveolo-palatal affricates with their corresponding palato-alveolar variants.<ref name="Bruhn August 2007" />

==== Onset ==== It appears that all single consonant phonemes except {{IPA|/ʔ/}} can occur as the onset.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesson 1 - Consonants |url=http://mienh.net/language/consonants.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101220225/http://mienh.net/language/consonants.html |archive-date=2005-11-01 |website=Mienh.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Zhou|2003|page=259}}</ref>

==== Coda ==== Unlike Hmong, which generally prohibits coda consonants, Iu Mien has seven single consonant phonemes that can take the coda position. These consonants are {{IPA|/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and /ʔ/}}. Some of the stops can only occur as final consonants when accompanied by certain tones; for example, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} only occurs with the tone {{angle bracket|c}} or {{angle bracket|v}}.

=== Vowels ===

{|class="wikitable" |+ Monophthongs of Iu Mien (unknown dialect) ! ! Front ! Central ! Back |-align=center ! High | {{IPA link|i}} | | {{IPA link|u}} |-align=center ! High-mid | {{IPA link|e}} | | {{IPA link|o}} |-align=center ! Low-mid | {{IPA link|ɛ}} | {{IPA link|ɜ}} | |-align=center ! Near-low | {{IPA link|æ}} | {{IPA link|ɐ}} | |-align=center !Low | {{IPA link|aː}} | | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |}

Iu Mien vowels are represented in the Iu Mien United Script using combinations of the six letters, {{angle bracket|a}}, {{angle bracket|e}}, {{angle bracket|i}}, {{angle bracket|o}}, {{angle bracket|u}}, and {{angle bracket|r}}.

According to Bruhn,<ref name="Bruhn August 2007" /> the monophthongs are {{angle bracket|i}}, {{angle bracket|u}}, {{angle bracket|e}}, {{angle bracket|o}}, {{angle bracket|ai}}, {{angle bracket|er}}, {{angle bracket|ae}}, {{angle bracket|a}}, {{angle bracket|aa}}, and {{angle bracket|or}}. The diphthongs are {{angle bracket|ai}}, {{angle bracket|aai}}, {{angle bracket|au}}, {{angle bracket|aau}}, {{angle bracket|ei}}, {{angle bracket|oi}}, {{angle bracket|ou}}, {{angle bracket|eu}}. Furthermore, additional diphthongs and triphthongs can be formed from the aforementioned vowels through {{IPA|/i/}}- or {{IPA|/u/}}-on-gliding (having {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} before the vowel). Such vowels attested by Bruhn include {{angle bracket|ia}}, {{angle bracket|iaa}}, {{angle bracket|ie}}, {{angle bracket|io}}, {{angle bracket|iu}}, {{angle bracket|ior}}, {{angle bracket|iai}}, {{angle bracket|iaai}}, {{angle bracket|iau}}, {{angle bracket|iaau}}, {{angle bracket|iei}}, {{angle bracket|iou}}, {{angle bracket|ua}}, {{angle bracket|uaa}}, {{angle bracket|uae}}, {{angle bracket|ue}}, {{angle bracket|ui}}, {{angle bracket|uo}}, {{angle bracket|uai}}, {{angle bracket|uaai}}, and {{angle bracket|uei}}.

The dialect studied by Bruhn, and described in the above table, has a phoneme {{IPA|/ɛ/}} that does not have its own spelling, but is represented in various contexts either as {{angle bracket|e}} or {{angle bracket|ai}} (which are also used for {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/aɪ/}}, respectively). In all cases where {{IPA|/ɛ/}} is spelled {{angle bracket|e}}, and nearly all cases where it is spelled {{angle bracket|ai}}, it does not contrast with {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/aɪ/}}, respectively, and can be viewed as an allophone of these sounds. The only potential exception appears to be when occurring as a syllable final by itself, where it has an extremely restricted distribution, occurring only after the (alveolo-)palatal consonants {{IPA|/tɕ/, /dʑ/, and /ɲ/}}. The sound {{IPA|/ɛ/}} may be a secondary development from {{IPA|/aɪ/}} in this context, although Bruhn does not discuss this issue.

=== Tones === Iu Mien is a tonal language with six observed tonemes.

In the Iu Mien United Script (the language's most common writing system), tones are not marked with diacritics; rather, a word's tone is indicated by a special marker letter at the end of the word. If a word lacks a marker, then it is to be pronounced with a middle tone.

{| class="wikitable" !! scope="col" | IPA !! scope="col" | Description !! scope="col" | IMUS !! scope="col" | Example !! scope="col" | English meaning |- || ˦/˦˥ || High || v || {{lang|ium|maai'''v'''}} || lopsided |- || ˧˩ || Mid, falling || h || {{lang|ium|maai'''h'''}} || to have |- || ˧ || Mid || ∅ || {{lang|ium|maai}} || basic tail of bird |- || ˨/˨˩ || Low || c || {{lang|ium|maai'''c'''}} || to sell |- || ˨˧ || Low, rising || x || {{lang|ium|maai'''x'''}} || nightmare |- || ˨˧/˨˧˨ || Lower, longer, rise-fall || z || {{lang|ium|maai'''z'''}} || to buy |}

== Grammar == Iu Mien is an analytic language and lacks inflection. It is also a monosyllabic language, with most of its lexicon consisting of one syllable.

The language follows a SVO word order. Some other syntactic properties include the following: * Adjectives usually follow nouns. * Question words like those meaning 'where' generally come at the end of sentences. * The negative word {{lang|ium|maiv}} (often shortened to {{lang|ium|mv}}) may occur before verbs to negate them. * A prevalence of contractions. Some words consist of a contracted syllable followed by an uncontracted second syllable (in IMUS, these syllables are separated by apostrophes). One such example is {{lang|ium|ga'nyorc}} ("spider"), a contraction of {{lang|ium|gaeng-nyorc}} ("insect-spider").

== Writing system == In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Iu Mien speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in China; however, this is extremely difficult for Iu Mien speakers from other countries such as Laos and from groups who now live in the West.

In an effort to address this, an Iu Mien Unified Script was created in 1984 using the Latin script, based on an earlier orthography developed in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Iu Mien Community in Cyberspace |url=http://www.iumien.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1&page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514020443/http://www.iumien.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1&page=2 |archive-date=2006-05-14 |website=iumien.com |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the Vietnamese language, this alphabet does not use any diacritics to distinguish tones or different vowel sounds, and only uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. This orthography distinguishes 30 initials, 128 finals, and eight tones. Hyphens are used to link adjectives with the nouns they modify. The alphabet is similar to the RPA used to write the Hmong language and the Hanyu Pinyin transcription scheme used for Chinese.

=== IMUS spelling-to-sound correspondences ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Consonants |- !Spelling !IPA !Example |- |hm||{{IPA|/m̥/}}||{{lang|ium|'''hm'''ien}} ('face') |- |m||{{IPA|/m/}}||{{lang|ium|'''m'''aiv}} ('not'), {{lang|ium|hna'''m'''v}} |- |hn||{{IPA|/n̥/}}||{{lang|ium|'''hn'''oi}} ('day') |- |n||{{IPA|/n/}}||{{lang|ium|'''n'''ie}} ('soil'), {{lang|ium|bu'''n'''}} ('give') |- |hny||{{IPA|/ɲ̥/}}||{{lang|ium|'''hny'''angx}} ('year') |- |ny||{{IPA|/ɲ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''ny'''ei}} ('mine') |- |hng||{{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}||{{lang|ium|'''hng'''ongx}} ('dumb') |- |ng||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''ng'''ongh}} ('cow'), {{lang|ium|zaa'''ng'''z}} ('elephant') |- |p||{{IPA|/pʰ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''p'''orng}} ('shovel') |- |b||{{IPA|/p/}}||{{lang|ium|'''b'''enx}} ('to become') |- |mb||{{IPA|/b/}}||{{lang|ium|'''mb'''uo}} ('us') |- |t||{{IPA|/tʰ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''t'''ov}} ('to beg') |- |d||{{IPA|/t/}}||{{lang|ium|'''d'''a'nyeic}} ('second') |- |nd||{{IPA|/d/}}||{{lang|ium|'''nd'''au}} ('ground') |- |k||{{IPA|/kʰ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''k'''orqv}} ('gourd') |- |g||{{IPA|/k/}}||{{lang|ium|'''g'''anh}} ('oneself') |- |nq||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''nq'''aang}} ('rear') |- |q (syllable-final)||{{IPA|/ʔ/}}||{{lang|ium|zu'''q'''c}} ('must') |- |c||{{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''c'''ongh}} ('from') |- |z||{{IPA|/t͡s/}}||{{lang|ium|'''z'''ingh}} ('city wall') |- |nz||{{IPA|/d͡z/}}||{{lang|ium|'''nz'''angc}} ('character') |- |q (syllable-initial)||{{IPA|/t͡ɕʰ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''q'''am}} ('hug') |- |j||{{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''j'''aix}} ('penis') |- |nj||{{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''nj'''iuv}} ('scissors') |- |f||{{IPA|/f/}}||{{lang|ium|'''f'''ingx}} ('surname') |- |s||{{IPA|/s/}}||{{lang|ium|'''s'''iang}} ('new') |- |h||{{IPA|/h/}}||{{lang|ium|'''h'''oqc}} ('learn') |- |y||{{IPA|/j/}}||{{lang|ium|'''y'''ie}} ('I') |- |w||{{IPA|/w/}}||{{lang|ium|'''w'''etv}} ('dig') |- |hl||{{IPA|/l̥/}}||{{lang|ium|'''hl'''o}} ('big') |- |l||{{IPA|/l/}}||{{lang|ium|'''l'''aengz}} (accept) |}

{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Vowels |- !Spelling !IPA !Example |- |a||{{IPA|/ɐ/}}||{{lang|ium|j'''a'''pv}} ('to cut with scissors') |- |aa||{{IPA|/a/}}||{{lang|ium|m'''aa'''}} ('mother') |- |aai||{{IPA|/aːɪ/}}||{{lang|ium|l'''aai'''}} ('final') |- |aau||{{IPA|/aːʊ/}}||{{lang|ium|s'''aau'''}} ('to socialize') |- |ae||{{IPA|/æ/}}||{{lang|ium|d'''ae'''}} ('father') |- |ai||{{IPA|/aɪ/}}||{{lang|ium|l'''ai'''}} ('vegetable') |- |au||{{IPA|/aʊ/}}||{{lang|ium|nd'''au'''}} ('ground') |- |e||{{IPA|/e/}}||{{lang|ium|h'''e'''h}} ('shoe') |- |ei||{{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}||{{lang|ium|m'''ei'''h}} ('you') |- |er||{{IPA|/ɜ/}}||{{lang|ium|s'''er'''n}} (a raw meat dish) |- |eu||{{IPA|/ɜo/}}||{{lang|ium|b'''eu'''}} ('to wrap') |- |i||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{lang|ium|'''i'''}} ('two') |- |o||{{IPA|/o/}}||{{lang|ium|g'''o'''}} ('far') |- |oi||{{IPA|/oɪ/}}||{{lang|ium|'''oi'''x}} ('like') |- |or||{{IPA|/ɒ/}}||{{lang|ium|p'''or'''ng}} ('shovel') |- |ou||{{IPA|/əu/}}||{{lang|ium|s'''ou'''}} ('book') |- |u||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{lang|ium|'''u'''v}} ('gestures') |}

{| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Tones |- !Spelling !IPA !Example |- |v||{{IPA|/˦/, /˦˥/}}||{{lang|ium|maai'''v'''}} ('lopsided') |- |h||{{IPA|/˧˩/}}||{{lang|ium|maai'''h'''}} ('to have') |- |∅||{{IPA|/˧/}}||{{lang|ium|maai}} ('basic tail of bird') |- |c||{{IPA|/˨/, /˨˩/}}||{{lang|ium|maai'''c'''}} ('to sell') |- |x||{{IPA|/˨˧/}}||{{lang|ium|maai'''x'''}} ('nightmare') |- |z||{{IPA|/˨˧/, /˨˧˨/}}||{{lang|ium|maai'''z'''}} ('to buy') |}

== Films == The following films feature the Iu Mien language: *2003 – ''Death of a Shaman''. Directed by Richard Hall; produced by Fahm Fong Saeyang. Heartbreaking documentary of identities of a Mien daughter and her shaman father. *2010 – "Siang-Caaux Mienh". A Christian propaganda story of an irresponsible family man, alcoholic, and drug addict. He likes his bad friends but he does not love his family. But as he starts paying his mistakes, has become a turning point in his life. *2011 – "Mborqv Jaax Ciangv". A Christian propaganda movie.

== Notes == {{reflist}}

=== References === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Lombard |first=Sylvia J. |title=Yao–English Dictionary |date=1968 |publisher=Cornell University |series=Data Paper No. 69 |location=Ithaca, New York |language=en |hdl=1813/57537 |hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Panh |title=Modern English–Mienh and Mienh–English Dictionary |date=2002 |publisher=Trafford |isbn=1-55369-711-1 |location=Victoria, BC |language=en}}  * {{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Tony |date=1990 |title=Adaptation and Migration among the Mien People of Southeast Asia |journal=Ethnic Groups |language=en |volume=8 |pages=127–141}} * {{Cite book |title=Yáo yǔ jiǎnzhì |date=1982 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |editor-last=Mao |editor-first=Zongwu 毛宗武 |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:瑶语简志 |trans-title=Overview of the Yao Language |editor-last2=Meng |editor-first2=Chaoji 蒙朝吉 |editor-last3=Zheng |editor-first3=Zongze 郑宗泽}} * {{Cite book |last=Mao |first=Zongwu 毛宗武 |title=Yáozú Miǎn yǔ fāngyán yánjiū |date=2004 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:瑶族勉语方言研究 |trans-title=Studies in Mien Dialects of the Yao Nationality}} * {{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Minglang |title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017896-6 |location=Berlin |language=en}} * {{Cite web |title=Mien of Thailand |url=http://www.omf.org/omf/us/peoples_and_places/people_groups/mien_of_thailand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013184102/http://www.omf.org/omf/us/peoples_and_places/people_groups/mien_of_thailand |archive-date=2010-10-13 |website=OMF International |language=en}} ; Dissertations * {{Cite thesis |last=Court |first=Christopher |title=Fundamentals of Iu Mien (Yao) Grammar |date=1985 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4bt0n84j |language=en}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Arisawa |first=Tatsuro Daniel |title=An Iu Mien Grammar: A Tool for Language Documentation and Revitalisation |date=2016 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=La Trobe University |language=en |hdl=1959.9/561960 |hdl-access=free}} {{refend}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Katherine Cowy |title=Quietly Torn: A Literary Journal by Young Iu Mien American Women Living in Richmond, California |date=1999 |publisher=Pacific News Service |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Jue |first=Zongze 劂宗泽 |title=Jiānghuá Miǎn yǔ yánjiū |date=2011 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=978-7-105-11371-2 |location=Beijing shi |language=zh |script-title=zh:江华勉语研究 |trans-title=The Mien Language of Jianghua County}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Luo |first=Meifang 罗梅芳 |title=Pínglè Yáo yǔ jí qí Hàn yǔ jiècí yǔyīn yánjiū |date=2016 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Shanghai shifan daxue |language=zh |location=Shanghai |script-title=zh:平乐瑶语及其汉语借词语音研究}} * {{Cite book |last=Saechao |first=David |title=From Mountains to Skyscrapers: The Journey of the Iu Mien |date=2018–2019 |edition=2nd |language=en}} {{refend}}

== External links == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190506205836/http://immien.com/ An Online Blog by Iu Mien Americans] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210414/http://mienh.net/language/language.html Mienh.net Language] *[http://www.iumien.com/ The Iu-Mien Community Online] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801211529/http://mienkingdom.com/ Mien Kingdom – Community Forum] *[http://www.smithpanh.com] *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/ium OLAC resources in and about the Iu Mien language] *[http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mie World Atlas of Language Structures entry] *[http://www.learnmien.com/ LearnMien.com] *[https://learniumien.org/ LearnIuMien.org – free Iu Mien dictionary, neural translator, and online lessons] *[https://yaozu.pages.dev/en/mien/ci Free Iu Mien - English Dictionary]

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