Micarea

{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Micarea prasina BP2 (2).JPG | image_caption = ''Micarea prasina'' | taxon = Micarea | authority = Fr. (1825) | type_species = ''Micarea prasina'' | type_species_authority = Fr. (1825) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivisions = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/><ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> | synonyms = *''Hastifera'' {{au|D.Hawksw. & Poelt (1986)}} *''Stereocauliscum'' {{au|Nyl. (1865)}} *''Szczawinskia'' {{au|A.Funk (1984)}} *''Uluguria'' {{au|Vězda (2004)}} }}

'''''Micarea''''' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ectolechiaceae. The widely distributed genus contains 156 species<ref name="CoL_5R9H"/> and new species are described actively. Species in the genus are crustose lichens and their photobiont (the non-fungal organism) is a single-celled green alga.<ref name="Andersen & Ekman 2005"/> The genus was established by the Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1825. ''Micarea'' lichens are typically small and often overlooked, producing minute fruiting bodies that are usually whitish, grey, or bluish in colour. Many species reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through specialised structures, and they are found on substrates ranging from tree bark and dead wood to rocks and even moss. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species recorded from Europe, Australasia, the Americas, Africa, and oceanic islands. Several species are of interest to researchers studying how shifts between different substrates and reproductive strategies drive the formation of new species.

==Taxonomy==

''Micarea'' was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1825 work ''Systema Orbis Vegetabilis''.<ref name="Fries 1825"/> In his {{lichengloss|diagnosis}}, Fries characterised the genus by an effuse, crust-like thallus made up of aggregated gelatinous {{lichengloss|granules}}, together with free, almost spherical apothecia that are "always open" and lack a distinct margin. He recorded it from rocks and especially damp wood, and remarked that sterile material of ''Micarea prasina'' (the type species<ref name="Index Fungorum"/>) could be difficult to tell apart from algae-like crusts recognised at the time.<ref name="Fries 1825"/>

There have been some taxonomic disputes about the genus.<ref name="Jørgensen 1984"/><ref name="Coppins 1989"/> Early molecular studies suggested that ''Micarea'' as traditionally circumscribed did not always form a single evolutionary lineage,<ref name="Andersen & Ekman 2005"/> because some analyses placed other ectolechiaceous genera within ''Micarea'' when only one or a few gene regions were sampled. A large, five–locus phylogeny published in 2026 (based on worldwide sampling of 314 specimens representing 102 species) recovered ''Micarea'' in a broad sense as a single, moderately to strongly supported clade when some lineages historically treated as separate genera were included. In that analysis, ''Micarea'' formed the sister lineage to a predominantly tropical, foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) clade ("Ectolechiaceae ''sensu stricto''") that includes genera such as ''Byssoloma'', ''Calopadia'', ''Fellhanera'', ''Lasioloma'' and ''Sporopodium'', although support for this relationship varied among analyses.<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/>

On a classificatory level, that study favoured a middle-ground ("mesogeneric") solution rather than splitting the phylogeny into many small genera. It treated the earliest-diverging lineage (centred on ''Micarea crassipes'' and allies) as the separate genus ''Helocarpon'', and retained the remaining clades in ''Micarea''. It also reduced ''Szczawinskia'' to synonymy with ''Micarea'' (with new combinations for its species) and treated ''Uluguria'' as a synonym as well. The authors also discussed two small, potentially related genera. In their expanded sampling, ''Fellhaneropsis'' (including the type, ''F.&nbsp;myrtillicola'') fell within the broader ''Micarea'' clade, but its placement and status were treated as unresolved because of missing data and limited sampling. Separate gene-tree analyses also suggested that ''Micareopsis irriguata'' may belong within the ''Micarea melanoprasina'' lineage, although this placement was treated as provisional pending additional data.<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/>

The 2026 phylogeny also recovered multiple strongly supported infrageneric clades that often correlate with combinations of thallus structure, ascospore and conidial morphology, and pigment or secondary-chemistry profiles. The core ''M.&nbsp;prasina'' group (the clade containing the type species) is largely characterised by {{lichengloss|goniocyst}}-based thalli and by the restricted occurrence of micareic acid, methoxymicareic acid, and prasinic acid, whereas many of the more basal lineages lack detectable lichen substances and include a wider mix of thallus forms and {{lichengloss|photobiont}} types.<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/>

===Classification=== The familial placement of ''Micarea'' has changed as classification systems have been revised. In morphology-based schemes the genus was long treated as the type of the family Micareaceae. Molecular phylogenetic work then showed that the "core" ''Micarea'' lineage is closely allied to, and in single-locus analyses can intergrade with, a predominantly tropical group of foliicolous lichens that had often been treated as the separate family Pilocarpaceae; this led to proposals to merge Micareaceae into that broader family concept.<ref name="Andersen & Ekman 2005"/>

Under current nomenclature, Pilocarpaceae is treated as an illegitimate name and Ectolechiaceae as the correct family name for this group, while Byssolomataceae (used in some databases) is treated as a later synonym. The 2026 multilocus revision adopted Ectolechiaceae for ''Micarea'' and recovered the genus as the sister lineage to a mainly foliicolous clade ("Ectolechiaceae ''sensu stricto''") containing genera such as ''Byssoloma'' and ''Calopadia''.<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/><ref name="Andersen & Ekman 2005"/>

==Description==

Species of ''Micarea'' are small crustose lichens whose thallus forms a thin, spreading crust that may sit on the surface or be partly immersed in the substrate. The thallus is commonly built from tiny, almost spherical granules called {{lichengloss|goniocysts}} (minute clusters of fungal hyphae wrapped around algal cells). These granules may remain distinct, merge into convex areoles, or form a cracked (rimose) or scurfy crust; in some species the areoles break down into soredia for asexual dispersal, while isidia are only rarely present. A distinct marginal {{lichengloss|prothallus}} is usually absent or inconspicuous, and the thallus typically lacks a true outer {{lichengloss|cortex}}, though some species develop a thin, colourless outer layer.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

The photobiont is usually a {{lichengloss|coccoid}}, single-celled green alga with thin-walled cells about 4–8&nbsp;micrometres (μm)) across. In ''Micarea'' sensu stricto these "micareoid" photobionts have been identified mainly as members of ''Coccomyxa'' and ''Elliptochloris'', with other algal partners recorded occasionally. Cephalodia (cyanobacteria-containing structures) have been documented in a small subset of species; published examples include ''M.&nbsp;flagellispora'', ''M.&nbsp;incrassata'', ''M.&nbsp;inopinula'', ''M.&nbsp;saxicola'', ''M.&nbsp;subconfusa'' and ''M.&nbsp;tubaeformis'', with the cyanobacteria reported as ''Nostoc'' or ''Stigonema'' depending on the species.<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/>

Sexual fruiting bodies (apothecia) are usually present but are often minute (mostly under 1&nbsp;mm across). They are commonly whitish to grey or bluish, but may be brown to black, and they are not {{lichengloss|pruinose}}. The apothecia are typically immarginate and sit close to the thallus. Stalked forms occur only rarely, and a thallus-derived margin is absent in almost all cases. Internally, the apothecial margin ({{lichengloss|exciple}}) ranges from poorly developed to well developed and is formed from radiating, branched hyphae. The pigments in these tissues can give characteristic reactions in standard chemical tests, and the spore-bearing layer (hymenium) is gelatinised and may turn blue in iodine. The hymenium contains mostly branched paraphyses, though some species also have sturdier, unbranched paraphyses; the tips are not, or only slightly, swollen and lack a dark apical cap. The asci bear eight spores and are club-shaped, with apical structures that show characteristic staining patterns. Ascospores are colourless and smooth, lack a {{lichengloss|perispore}}, and may be {{lichengloss|simple}} or transversely septate. Their shapes range from ellipsoid and ovoid to spindle-shaped or needle-like. Asexual reproductive structures are usually pycnidia (rarely {{lichengloss|sporodochia}}), which may be immersed, sessile, or raised on short stalks. Three conidium types are produced: macroconidia (often curved, thread-like, or coiled, and often septate), mesoconidia (shorter, usually aseptate, often with oil droplets, and mostly about 1–2&nbsp;μm wide), and microconidia (very small, simple, and to about 1&nbsp;μm wide). Chemically, many species have no detectable secondary metabolites by thin-layer chromatography, while others produce a range of substances. Gyrophoric acid occurs in several species.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

==Reproduction==

Lichen-forming fungi have developed diverse reproduction strategies. Genus ''Micarea'' is used as a model for studying how reproductive traits and environmental factors relate to speciation, because species differ in both substrate use and reproductive mode. Some ''Micarea'' species are generalists that can grow on several substrates, while others are restricted to narrow microhabitats. In the ''Micarea prasina'' group, some species are predominantly sexual, while others often lack sexual structures but bear numerous pycnidia that produce asexual conidia. The roles of the different conidium types are still not fully understood, but mesoconidia are thought to act as asexual propagules, based in part on specimens that regularly have only mesopycnidia and no apothecia. Recent phylogenetic analyses together with ancestral state reconstruction indicate that shifts in reproduction mode have evolved independently several times in the group, and that facultative and obligate lignicoles can be sister species. This pattern is consistent with a facultative lignicole ancestor, and suggests that shifts from bark to dead wood can coincide with a move towards asexual reproduction. One proposed explanation is that dead wood is a short-lived habitat, so species confined to it may need to colonise new suitable substrata quickly; faster dispersal via asexual propagules could then promote reproductive divergence and contribute to speciation.<ref name="Kantelinen et al. 2022" />

==Species== {{As of|2026|February}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 156 species of ''Micarea''.<ref name="CoL_5R9H"/> A major multilocus revision published in 2026 described four additional species (''M.&nbsp;arthonioides'', ''M.&nbsp;athromelaena'', ''M.&nbsp;lignosorediata'' and ''M.&nbsp;regalis'') and treated ''M.&nbsp;assimilata'', ''M.&nbsp;crassipes'', ''Micarea erratica'' and ''Micarea paratropa'' as belonging to ''Helocarpon'' rather than ''Micarea''.<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> [[File:Micarea denigrata 93742.jpg|thumb|right|''Micarea denigrata'']] [[File:Fennoscandian crustose lichens (10.3897-mycokeys.25.13375) Figure 2C.jpg|thumb|right|''Micarea hylocomii''; scale bar is 0.5&nbsp;mm]] [[File:Fennoscandian crustose lichens (10.3897-mycokeys.25.13375) Figure 3A.jpg|thumb|right|''Micarea subconfusa''; scale bar is 0.5&nbsp;mm]] *''Micarea adnata'' {{au|Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea aeruginoprasina'' {{au|van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, A.M.Brand & Sérusiaux (2019)}}<ref name="Guzow-Krzemińska et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea alabastrites'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1982)}}<ref name="Topham & Joy 1982"/> *''Micarea alectorialica'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea amplissima'' {{au|van den Boom & Etayo (2023)}}<ref name="Van den Boom et al. 2023"/> *''Micarea argopsinosa'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2016)}}<ref name="McCarthy & Elix 2016"/> *''Micarea arthonioides'' {{au|van den Boom, Aptroot, Kantel. & Myllys (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea athromelaena'' {{au|Kantvilas, Myllys & Kantel. (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea austroternaria'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)}}<ref name="Coppins & Kantvilas 2007"/> – Australia *''Micarea azorica'' {{au|van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, A.M.Brand & Sérusiaux (2019)}}<ref name="Guzow-Krzemińska et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea bacidiella'' {{au|(Vain.) Vězda (1976)}} *''Micarea bebourensis'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea borbonica'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea boryana'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea botryoides'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1980)}} *''Micarea byssacea'' {{au|(Th.Fr.) Czarnota, Guzow-Krzem. & Coppins (2010)}} *''Micarea canariensis'' {{au|van den Boom (2013)}}<ref name="van den Boom 2013"/> *''Micarea capitata'' {{au|M.Svenss. & G.Thor (2011)}}<ref name="Svensson & Thor 2011"/> *''Micarea ceracea'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea ceylanica'' {{au|Coppins (2021)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 2021"/> – Sri Lanka *''Micarea cilaosensis'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea cinerea'' {{au|(Schaer.) Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea cinereopallida'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia; South America *''Micarea contexta'' {{au|Hedl. (1892)}}<ref name="Hedlund 1892"/> *''Micarea coppinsii'' {{au|Tønsberg (1992)}}<ref name="Tønsberg 1992"/> *''Micarea corallothallina'' {{au|M.Cáceres, D.A.Mota & Aptroot (2013)}} *''Micarea crassa'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2020)}} *''Micarea curvata'' {{au|Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea czarnotae'' {{au|Launis, van den Boom, Sérus. & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019b"/> *''Micarea deminuta'' {{au|Coppins (1995)}}<ref name="Coppins 1995"/> *''Micarea denigrata'' {{au|(Fr.) Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea doliiformis'' {{au|(Coppins & P.James) Coppins & Sérus. (2010)}} *''Micarea elachista'' {{au|(Körb.) Coppins & R.Sant. (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea epiphylla'' {{au|van den Boom (2021)}} *''Micarea eucalypti'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2016)}} *''Micarea eximia'' {{au|Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea fallax'' {{au|Launis & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea farinosa'' {{au|Coppins & Aptroot (2008)}}<ref name="Coppins & Aptroot 2008"/> *''Micarea fennica'' {{au|Launis & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis & Myllys 2019"/> *''Micarea flagellispora'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)}}<ref name="Coppins & Kantvilas 2007"/> – Australasia *''Micarea flavoleprosa'' {{au|Launis, Malíček & Sérus. (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea foliicola'' {{au|(Holien & Tønsberg) Myllys & Kantvilas (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea globulosella'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea granuloblastidiata'' {{au|van den Boom (2017)}}<ref name="van den Boom et al. 2017b"/> – Panama *''Micarea hedlundii'' {{au|Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea herbarum'' {{au|M.Brand, Coppins, Sérus. & van den Boom (2017)}}<ref name="van den Boom et al. 2017"/> – Europe *''Micarea humilis'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)}}<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018"/> – Australia *''Micarea hyalinoxanthonica'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea hylocomii'' {{au|Poelt & Döbbeler (1975)}}<ref name="Poelt & Döbbeler 1975"/> *''Micarea hypoviolascens'' {{au|Czarnota & Coppins (2005)}}<ref name="Czarnota & Coppins 2005"/> *''Micarea incrassata'' {{au|Hedl. (1892)}}<ref name="Hedlund 1892"/> *''Micarea inopinula'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins & T.Sprib. (2021)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 2021"/> *''Micarea inquinans'' {{au|Tul.) Coppins (1992)}}<ref name="Coppins 1992"/> *''Micarea intersociella'' {{au|(Stirt.) Coppins (1994)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1994"/> *''Micarea isabellina'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)}}<ref name="Coppins & Kantvilas 2007"/> – Australia *''Micarea isidioprasina'' {{au|van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, Sérusiaux, M.Kukwa (2019)}}<ref name="Guzow-Krzemińska et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea isidiosa'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea kartana'' {{au|Kantvilas & Coppins (2018)}}<ref name="Kantvilas 2018"/> – Australia *''Micarea kemmleri'' {{au|Brackel (2016)}}<ref name="Brackel 2016"/> *''Micarea laeta'' {{au|Launis & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019b"/> *''Micarea lapillicola'' {{au|(Vain.) Coppins & Muhr (1997)}} *''Micarea leprosula'' {{au|(Th.Fr.) Coppins & A.Fletcher (1975)}} *''Micarea leucopoda'' {{au|(Holien & Tønsberg) Myllys & Kantvilas (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea levicula'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (2001)}} *''Micarea lignaria'' {{au|(Ach.) Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea lignosorediata'' {{au|van den Boom, Aptroot, Kantel. & Myllys (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea lithinella'' {{au|(Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea longispora'' {{au|Coppins (2021)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 2021"/> *''Micarea magellanica'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Fryday (2004)}} *''Micarea marginata'' {{au|Coppins & Muhr (1988)}}<ref name="Coppins 1988"/> *''Micarea melaena'' {{au|(Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea melaenida'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea melaeniza'' *''Micarea melanobola'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea melanoprasina'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea meridionalis'' {{au|van den Boom, M.Brand, Coppins & Sérus. (2017)}}<ref name="van den Boom et al. 2017"/> – Europe *''Micarea microareolata'' {{au|Launis, Pykälä & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019b"/> *''Micarea micrococca'' {{au|(Körb.) Gams ex Coppins (2002)}} *''Micarea micromelaena'' {{au|Kantvilas & Coppins (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea microsorediata'' {{au|van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, Sérusiaux, M.Kukwa (2019)}}<ref name="Guzow-Krzemińska et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea minuta'' {{au|van den Boom, Guzow-Krzem. & Kukwa (2020)}}<ref name="Van den Boom et al. 2020"/> – western Europe *''Micarea misella'' {{au|(Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)}} *''Micarea mutabilis'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)}}<ref name="Coppins & Kantvilas 2007"/> – Australia *''Micarea myriocarpa'' {{au|V.Wirth & Vězda ex Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea neostipitata'' {{au|Coppins & P.F.May (2001)}}<ref name="Coppins & May 2001"/> – eastern North America *''Micarea nigella'' {{au|Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea nigrata'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Kalb (1981)}} *''Micarea nitschkeana'' {{au|(J.Lahm ex Rabenh.) Harm. (1899)}} *''Micarea novae-zelandiae'' {{au|Zhurb. (2023)}}<ref name="Zhurbenko 2023"/> – Australasia *''Micarea nowakii'' {{au|Czarnota & Coppins (2007)}}<ref name="Czarnota 2007"/> *''Micarea olivacea'' {{au|Coppins (1983)}}<ref name="Coppins 1983"/> *''Micarea oreina'' {{au|Kantvilas & Coppins (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea pallida'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea pannarica'' {{au|Fryday (2004)}}<ref name="Fryday 2004"/> *''Micarea parasitica'' {{au|van den Boom & Etayo (2023)}}<ref name="Van den Boom et al. 2023"/> *''Micarea parva'' {{au|Coppins (1995)}}<ref name="Coppins 1995"/> *''Micarea pauli'' {{au|Guzow-Krzemińska, A.Łubek & M.Kukwa (2019)}}<ref name="Guzow-Krzemińska et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea peliocarpa'' {{au|(Anzi) Coppins & R.Sant. (1979)}} *''Micarea phylicae'' {{au|(Øvstedal) Myllys & Kantvilas (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea poliocheila'' {{au|(Vain.) Aptroot (2002)}} *''Micarea polycarpella'' {{au|(Erichsen) Coppins & Palice (1995)}} *''Micarea prasina'' {{au|Fr. (1825)}} *''Micarea prasinastra'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea prasinella'' {{au|(Jatta) I.M.Lamb (1954)}} *''Micarea pseudocoppinsii'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea pseudolignaria'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea pseudomarginata'' {{au|Coppins (1989)}}<ref name="Coppins 1988b"/> *''Micarea pseudomicrococca'' {{au|Launis & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019b"/> *''Micarea pseudotsugae'' {{au|van den Boom, Guzow-Krzem. & Kukwa (2020)}}<ref name="Van den Boom et al. 2020"/> – western Europe *''Micarea pumila'' {{au|Kantelinen & Myllys (2021)}}<ref name="Kantelinen et al. 2021"/> – Kenya *''Micarea pusilla'' {{au|Launis, Malíček & Myllys (2019)}}<ref name="Launis et al. 2019"/> *''Micarea pycnidiophora'' {{au|Coppins & P.James (1979)}}<ref name="Coppins & James 1979"/> *''Micarea queenslandica'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2020)}}<ref name="McCarthy & Elix 2020b"/> *''Micarea regalis'' {{au|Kantvilas & Myllys (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea rubiformis'' {{au|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2020)}}<ref name="McCarthy & Elix 2020"/> *''Micarea rubiginosa'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia; South America *''Micarea rubioides'' {{au|Coppins (2021)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 2021"/> *''Micarea sambuci'' {{au|van den Boom, M.Brand, Coppins & Sérus. (2019)}} *''Micarea sandyana'' {{au|Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea saxicola'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea senecionis'' {{au|van den Boom (2010)}} *''Micarea sipmanii'' {{au|Sérus. & Coppins (2009)}}<ref name="Sérusiaux & Coppins 2009"/> *''Micarea soralifera'' {{au|Guzow-Krzem., Czarnota, Łubek & Kukwa (2016)}}<ref name="Svensson et al. 2017"/> *''Micarea squamulosa'' {{au|Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2019)}} *''Micarea stellaris'' {{au|Kantelinen & Myllys (2021)}}<ref name="Kantelinen et al. 2021"/> – Kenya *''Micarea stereocaulorum'' {{au|van den Boom & Etayo (2017)}}<ref name="van den Boom et al. 2017"/> *''Micarea stipitata'' {{au|Coppins & P.James (1979)}}<ref name="Coppins & James 2007"/> *''Micarea subalpina'' {{au|Coppins & T.Sprib. (2004)}}<ref name="Coppins & Spribille 2004"/> *''Micarea subcinerea'' {{au|M.Brand & van den Boom (2004)}}<ref name="Boom & Brand 2004"/> *''Micarea subconfusa'' {{au|(Nyl.) Alstrup (1994)}}<ref name="Alstrup et al. 1994"/> *''Micarea subgranulans'' {{au|(Vain.) Aptroot (2002)}}<ref name="Aptroot 2002"/> – Brazil *''Micarea sublithinella'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea submilliaria'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1994)}}<ref name="Coppins 1994"/> *''Micarea subnigrata'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins & H.Kilias (1981)}}<ref name="Kilias 1981"/> *''Micarea subternaria'' {{au|(Vain.) Aptroot (2002)}}<ref name="Aptroot 2002"/> *''Micarea subviridescens'' {{au|(Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)}}<ref name="Hedlund 1892"/> *''Micarea svetlanae'' {{au|L.Konoreva & S.Chesnokov (2025)}}<ref name="Konoreva et al. 2025"/> *''Micarea synotheoides'' {{au|(Nyl.) Coppins (1982)}}<ref name="Topham & Joy 1982"/> *''Micarea taitensis'' {{au|Kantelinen & Myllys (2021)}}<ref name="Kantelinen et al. 2021"/> – Kenya *''Micarea takamakae'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea tenuispora'' {{au|M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)}}<ref name="Brand et al. 2014"/> *''Micarea termitophila'' {{au|Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014)}}<ref name="Aptroot & da Silva 2014"/> – Brazil *''Micarea ternaria'' {{au|(Nyl.) Vězda (1970)}} *''Micarea tsugae'' {{au|(A.Funk) Myllys & Kantvilas (2026)}}<ref name="Myllys et al. 2026"/> *''Micarea tomentosa'' {{au|Czarnota & Coppins (2007)}}<ref name="Czarnota 2007"/> *''Micarea tubaeformis'' {{au|Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Coppins 2019"/> – Australasia *''Micarea turfosa'' {{au|(A.Massal.) Du Rietz (1923)}}<ref name="Du Rietz 1923"/> *''Micarea usneae'' {{au|van den Boom & Ertz (2014)}}<ref name="van den Boom & Ertz 2014"/> – Madeira *''Micarea versicolor'' {{au|Kantelinen, Hyvärinen & Myllys (2021)}}<ref name="Kantelinen et al. 2021"/> – Kenya *''Micarea viridiatra'' {{au|Coppins (1985)}}<ref name="Coppins 1985"/> – Europe *''Micarea viridicapitata'' {{au|Córd.-Cháv., Aptroot & R.-E.Pérez (2014)}}<ref name="Córdova-Çhávez et al. 2014"/> – Mexico *''Micarea viridileprosa'' {{au|Coppins & van den Boom (2001)}}<ref name="van den Boom & Coppins 2001"/> – western Europe *''Micarea vulpinaris'' {{au|(Nyl.) Muhr (1987)}}<ref name="Muhr 1987"/> *''Micarea xanthonica'' {{au|Coppins & Tønsberg (2001)}}<ref name="Coppins & Tønsberg 2001"/> – Europe; North America

==References== {{Reflist|refs=

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<ref name="van den Boom 2013">{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=P.P.G. |year=2013 |title=Further new or interesting lichens and lichenicolous Fungi of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) |journal=Stapfia |volume=99 |pages=52–60 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/STAPFIA_0099_0052-0060.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="van den Boom & Ertz 2014">{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter P.G. |last2=Ertz |first2=Damien |year=2014 |title=A new species of ''Micarea'' (Pilocarpaceae) from Madeira growing on ''Usnea'' |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=295–301 |doi=10.1017/S0024282913000698}}</ref>

<ref name="van den Boom et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter P.G. |last2=Brand |first2=A. Maarten |last3=Coppins |first3=Brian John |last4=Sérusiaux |first4=Emmanuel |year=2017 |title=Two new species in the ''Micarea prasina'' group from Western Europe |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1017/S0024282916000633 |hdl=2268/206810 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="van den Boom et al. 2017b">{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter P.G. |last2=Sipman |first2=Harrie J.M. |last3=Divakar |first3=Pradeep K. |last4=Ertz |first4=Damien |year=2017 |title=New or interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Panama, with descriptions of ten new species |journal=Sydowia |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=47–72 |doi=10.12905/0380.sydowia69-2017-0047}}</ref>

<ref name="Van den Boom et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter |last2=Guzow-Krzemińska |first2=Beata |last3=Kukwa |first3=Martin |title=Two new ''Micarea'' species (Pilocarpaceae) from Western Europe |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |year=2020 |volume=65 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Van den Boom et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=van den Boom |first1=Pieter |last2=Etayo |first2=Javier |last3=de Silanes |first3=M. Eugenia López |title=Notes on lichenicolous ''Micarea'' species in Spain and Macaronesia, with the descriptions of two new species |year=2023 |journal=Nova Acta Científica Compostelana |pages=1–7 |issn=2340-0021 |doi=10.15304/nacc.id8595 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Zhurbenko 2023">{{cite journal |last=Zhurbenko |first=M.P. |year=2023 |title=Contributions to the knowledge of lichenicolous fungi growing on Sphaerophoraceae, with a key to the species |journal=Herzogia |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=504–523 |doi=10.13158/heia.36.2.2023.504}}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar |from1=Q6827942 |from2=Q29410896 |from3=Q112800}}

* Category:Lichen genera Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Category:Taxa described in 1825