Mataguayan languages

{{Short description|Language family of South America}} {{Infobox language family | name = Matákoan | altname = Mataguayo | region = Chaco region | familycolor = American | fam1 = Mataco–Guaicuru ? | glotto = mata1289 | glottorefname = Matacoan | child1 = Wichí | child2 = Chorote | child3 = Nivaĉle | child4 = Maká | map = Mataco-guaicuru Lang 02.png }}

'''Mataguayan''' (also ''Matacoan, Matákoan, Mataguayo, Mataco–Mataguayo, Matacoano, Matacoana'') is a language family of northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and southeastern Bolivia.

==Family division== Matacoan consists of four clusters of languages: Wichí, Chorote, Nivaĉle, and Maká. Wichí and Chorote constitute a well-supported clade within the family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nikulin |first1=Andrey |last2=Carol |first2=Javier |title=Historical phonology of Mataguayan |date=2024 |publisher=Language Science Press |location=Berlin |isbn=9783985541034}}</ref> It has also been proposed that Maká and Nivaĉle form a clade,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |last2=Grondona |first2=Verónica |title=Internal reconstruction in Chulupí (Nivaclé) |journal=Diachronica |date=1 June 2007 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1075/dia.24.1.02cam}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viegas Barros |first1=J. Pedro |title=La hipótesis de parentesco Guaicurú-Mataguayo: estado actual de la cuestión. |journal=Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica |date=25 October 2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=293–333 |doi=10.26512/rbla.v5i2.16269|hdl=11336/28247 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> however, Nivaĉle also shares several innovations with Chorote–Wichí, casting doubt on the validity of the Maká–Nivaĉle clade.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nikulin |first1=Andrey |last2=Carol |first2=Javier |title=Historical phonology of Mataguayan |date=2024 |publisher=Language Science Press |location=Berlin |isbn=9783985541034}}</ref>

Gordon (2005) in ''Ethnologue'' divides Wichí into three separate languages and Chorote into two languages.

{{tree list}} *'''Matacoan''' ** Wichí-Chorote *** '''Wichí''' (also known as Mataco, Wichi, Wichí Lhamtés, Weenhayek, Noctenes, Matahuayo, Matako, Weʃwo. The name ''Mataco'' is common but pejorative.) ****''Vejoz'' (also known as Vejo, Pilcomayo, Bermejo, Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz) ****''Noktén'' (also known as Noctén, Wichí Lhamtés Nocten) ****''Wiznay'' (also known as Güisnay, Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay) ****''Matawayo'' (also known as Matahuayo) *** '''Chorote''' (also known as Chorotí, Yofúaha, Tsoloti) ****''Manhui'' (also known as Manjuy, Manjui, Iyo’wujwa Chorote) ****''Eklenhui'' (also known as Eclenjuy, Eklehui, Iyojwa’ja Chorote, Chorote, Choroti) ** (?) Maká-Nivaclé *** '''Nivaclé''' (also known as Nivaĉle, Chulupí–Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Ajlujlay, Alhulhai, Niwaklé, Niwaqli, Churupi, Chulupe. The name ''Chulupí'' is common but pejorative.) ****Forest Nivaclé ****River Nivaclé *** '''Maká''' (also known as Macá, Maca, Towolhi, Toothle, Nynaka, Mak’á, Enimaca, Enimaga) ****''Ma’ká'' (also known as Towolhi) ****''Enimaga'' (also known as Enimaa, Kochaboth) {{tree list/end}}

===Mason (1950)=== Internal classification by Mason (1950):<ref name="Mason-1950">{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}</ref>

{{tree list}} *'''Mataco-Maca''' **Mataco ***Mataco-Mataguayo ****Mataco *****Guisnay *****Nocten (Octenai) ****Mataguayo *****Northern: Hueshuo, Pesatupe, Abucheta *****Southern: Vejoz ***Chorotí-Ashluslay ****Chorotí (Yofuaha) ****Ashluslay (Chulupí, Chonopí, Sukin, Sotiagay, Tapieté) **Macá (Enimagá, Cochaboth, Guaná, Lengua) ***Enimagá ****Macá (Towothli, Toosle) ***Guentusé ***Cochaboth-Lengua {{tree list/end}}

===Nikulin & Carol (2024)=== Internal classification by Nikulin & Carol (2024):<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nikulin |first1=Andrey |last2=Carol |first2=Javier |title=Historical phonology of Mataguayan |date=2024 |publisher=Language Science Press |location=Berlin |isbn=9783985541034}}</ref>

{{tree list}} *'''Mataguayan''' **Maká ***Fisket Ɫeiɫets ***Aseptiket Ɫeiɫets **Nivaĉle ***Chishamnee Lhavos ***Shichaam Lhavos ***Yita’ Lhavos **Chorote–Wichí ***Chorote ****Iyojwa’aja’ ****Iyo’awujwa’–Manjui *****Iyo’awujwa’ *****Manjui ******Jlimnájnas ******Jlawá’a Wos ***Wichí ****Northwestern Wichí *****’Weenhayek *****Guisnay (Lower Pilcomayeño) *****Vejoz ****Southeastern Wichí *****Rivadavia *****Lower Bermejeño

{{tree list/end}}

==Proto-language== Major reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayo include those by Viegas Barros (2002)<ref>Viegas Barros, Pedro. 2002. Fonología del Proto-Mataguayo: Las fricativas dorsales. Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.), ''Current Studies on South American Languages'' [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 137-148. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).</ref> (see the corresponding Spanish article for a list of reconstructions) and Nikulin & Carol (2024).<ref name = "Nikulin2024">{{Cite book | vauthors=Nikulin A, Carol J | title = Historical phonology of Mataguayan | place = Berlin | publisher = Language Science Press | date = 2024 | format = pdf | url = http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/413 | doi = 10.5281/zenodo.13907413 | doi-access = free | isbn = 9783961104741 }} </ref>

===Animal and plant names=== The following reconstructions of Proto-Mataguayan animal and plant names are from Nikulin & Carol (2024).<ref name = "Nikulin2024" />

;Abbreviations *(MN): reflexes only in Maká and Nivaclé, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level *(ChW): reflexes only in Chorote and Wichí, although the reconstructions are still at the Proto-Mataguayan level

====Invertebrates==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Proto-Mataguayan !! Gloss !! Notes |- | *ɸátsu(ˀ)χ, *ɸátshu-ts || ‘centipede’ || |- | *ɸínä(ˀ)χ || ‘crab’ || |- | *ɸiˀs || ‘leech’ || |- | *ɸít’i(ʔ) ~ *ɸít’ih || ‘dragonfly’ || |- | *lǻp’ih ~ *lǻɸ’ih || ‘snail’ || |- | *(-)ɬaʔ, *(-)ɬá-ts || ‘louse’ || |- | *ɬeɬ || ‘white snail’ || |- | *ˀwóså(ˀ)q ~ *ˀwóså(ˀ)k || ‘butterfly’ || |- | *ʔǻnitih || ‘wasp sp.’ || |- | *ʔéjaʔ (*-l) || ‘mosquito’ || |- | *ɸánhaʔ ~ *ɸä́nhaʔ (*-jʰ) || ‘locust’ || (MN) |- | *sålå(ˀ)l, *sålål-its || ‘middle-sized cicada’ || (MN) |- | *ɸ(u)nájXV(ˀ)j || ‘earthworm, amphisbaenian’ || (ChW) |- | *kóˀl || ‘locust’ || (ChW) |- | *wóna(ʔ) || ‘bala wasp (''Polybia ruficeps'') honey(comb); hat’ || (ChW) |}

====Fish==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Proto-Mataguayan !! Gloss !! Notes |- | *pxúse-naˀχ || ‘bearded; gilded catfish’ || |- | *k’unhate-nhaʔ (*-jʰ) || ‘pacu fish’ || (MN) |- | *sijå(ˀ)χ, *sijåχ-its || ‘fish sp.’ || (MN) |- | *(ˀ)wǻnaˀχ, *(ˀ)wǻnha-ts || ‘piranha’ || (MN) |- | *ʔutsi(h) (*-l) || ‘marbled swamp eel’ || (MN) |- | *ʔatsXa(ʔ), *ʔatsXá-l || ‘dorado’ || (ChW) |}

====Reptiles and amphibians==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Proto-Mataguayan !! Gloss !! Notes |- | *tós (*-its) || ‘snake’ || |- | *ʔáɬu(ʔ) (*-ts) || ‘iguana’ || |- | *ʔáɬu-taχ, *ʔáɬu-ta-ts || ‘alligator’ || |- | *ʔatuˀχ ~ *ʔatúˀχ || ‘snake sp.’ || |- | *ʔåˀlå || ‘South American rattlesnake; caninana’ || |- | *ʔåˀlǻ-taχ || ‘Argentine boa’ || |- | *ɸaxi(ˀ)j ~ *ɸäxi(ˀ)j || ‘green ameiva (''Ameiva ameiva'')’ || (MN) |- | *káˀlah, *káˀla-ts || ‘lizard’ || (ChW) |- | *ktáˀnih, *ktáˀni-ts || ‘Chaco tortoise’ || (ChW) |- | *s’ǻm (*-its) || ‘frog sp.’ || |- | *pǻˀjih || ‘frog (''Leptodactylus'' sp.)’ || (ChW) |- | *tǻtsna(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *tǻtsne(ˀ)χ || ‘toad’ || (ChW) |}

====Birds==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Proto-Mataguayan !! Gloss !! Notes |- | *ɸaʔáj (fruit); *ɸaʔáj-uˀk, *ɸaʔáj-ku-jʰ (tree) || ‘white algarrobo (''Prosopis alba'')’ || |- | *jit’åʔ, *jit’ǻ-l || ‘turkey vulture’ || |- | *kijápo(ˀ)p ?~ *k’ijápo(ˀ)p || ‘common potoo (''Nyctibius griseus'')’ || |- | *k’å ~ *k’ǻ || ‘variable antshrike (''Thamnophilus caerulescens'')’ || |- | *k’ék’eh || ‘monk parakeet’ || |- | *k’ú(t)sta(ˀ)χ, *k’ú(t)sta-ts || ‘American barn owl (''Tyto furcata'')’ || |- | *mijó (*-l) || ‘savannah hawk’ || |- | *ˀmók (*-its) || ‘creamy-bellied thrush (''Turdus amaurochalinus'')’ || |- | *pǻnhajeχ ~ *pånhájeχ ~ *pånhajéχ || ‘neotropic cormorant’ || |- | *påttséχ || ‘jabiru’ || |- | *pí(t)staʔ || ‘masked gnatcatcher’ || |- | *sát’a(ˀ)(t)s || ‘parakeet sp.’ || |- | *stwúˀn, *stwún-its || ‘king vulture’ || |- | *tilVχ ~ *tílVχ ~ *tilV́χ || ‘white woodpecker’ || |- | *túsu(ˀ)(t)s || ‘lesser yellowlegs’ || |- | *t’isåʔ ~ *t’isǻʔ (*-l) || ‘cream-backed woodpecker (''Campephilus leucopogon'')’ || |- | *tsåhǻq (*-its) || ‘chajá bird’ || |- | *tsijáʔ ?~ *ts’ijáʔ || ‘caracara (''Milvago'' sp.)’ || |- | *tsiwáɬqoɬ || ‘little nightjar (''Setopagis parvula'')’ || |- | *tsoˀm ~ *tsóˀm || ‘plush-crested jay (''Cyanocorax chrysops'')’ || |- | *ts’áts’ih, *ts’áts’i-l || ‘rufous hornero’ || |- | *ˀwǻnXåɬåχ, *ˀwǻnXåɬå-ts || ‘rhea’ || |- | *xókhajeχ || ‘Muscovy duck’ || |- | *(ʔa)X₁₃útsa(ˀ)χ, *(ʔa)X₁₃útsha-ts || ‘crested caracara’ || |- | *ʔáp’a(ˀ)χ ~ *ʔáɸ’a(ˀ)χ || ‘jararaca’ || |- | *ʔáxaʔ || ‘stork’ || |- | *ʔéle(ʔ) || ‘parrot’ || |- | *ʔóɸoʔ (*-ts) || ‘picazuro pigeon (''Patagioenas picazuro'')’ || |- | *ʔúlʔåh, *ʔúlʔå-ts || ‘dove (''Columbina'' sp.)’ || |- | *jinqå-(ju)ˀk, *jinqå-ku-jʰ (tree); *jinqåˀ-p, *jinqå-p-its (season) || ‘white algarrobo (''Prosopis alba'')’ || (MN) |- | *kómiʔ || ‘Chilean flamingo (''Phoenicopterus chilensis'')’ || (MN) |- | *teχ (*-its) || ‘parrot sp.’ || (MN) |- | *på(ˀ)q || ‘kind of zorzal (''Turdus'' sp.)’ || (ChW) |- | *qatsíwo(ʔ) || ‘limpkin’ || (ChW) |- | *silóʔtåɸV(ʔ) ?~ *siwóʔtåɸe(ʔ) || ‘Caatinga puffbird’ || (ChW) |- | *spú(ˀ)p || ‘dove’ || (ChW) |- | *stǻɸe(ʔ) || ‘Chaco chachalaca’ || (ChW) |- | *wóp’ih ~ *wóɸ’ih ?~ *móp’ih ~ *móɸ’ih || ‘snowy egret, great egret’ || (ChW) |- | *wósak’V(ˀ)t || ‘red-crested cardinal’ || (ChW) |}

====Mammals==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Proto-Mataguayan !! Gloss !! Notes |- | *jiˀjåˀX₁₂ || ‘jaguar’ || |- | *kɸá(t)s’i(ʔ) || ‘Molina's hog-nosed skunk’ || |- | *k’alxó, *k’alxó-ts || ‘southern three-banded armadillo’ || |- | *ˀlä́jX₂₃VnåX₁₃å || ‘Azara's night monkey’ || |- | *me(ʔ) ~ *mé(ʔ) || ‘otter’ || |- | *núʔuh, *núʔu-ts || ‘dog’ || |- | *ˀnjǻnxteʔ || ‘Chacoan mara (cavy), tapeti’ || |- | *slǻqha(ˀ)j, *slǻqhaj-its || ‘wild cat’ || |- | *sˀwúla(ˀ)χ, *sˀwúla-ts || ‘anteater’ || |- | *tänúk (*-its) || ‘feline’ (‘cat’ in the contemporary languages) || |- | *xéjåʔ (*-l) || ‘bat’ || |- | *ʔámʔåh, *ʔámʔå-ts || ‘rat’ || |- | *ʔáqåtse(ˀ)χ || ‘kind of armadillo’ || |- | *ʔáwu(C)tseχ || ‘Chacoan peccary; collared peccary’ || |- | *ʔuwáɬe(ˀ)χ ?~ *C’uwáɬe(ˀ)χ || ‘puma’ || |- | *ʔVláʔah, *ʔVláʔa-ts || ‘lesser grison’ || |- | *ʔåɸínaˀχ, *ʔåɸínha-ts || ‘black howler’ || (MN) |- | *him (*-its) || ‘coati’ || (MN) |- | *jiʔixåtaχ, *jiʔixåta-ts || ‘ocelot’ || (MN) |- | *(ˀ)wawo(h) (*-l) || ‘maned wolf’ || (MN) |- | *(ˀ)wq’am ~ *(ˀ)wq’äm || ‘white-eared opossum’ || (MN) |- | *ʔåχtinaˀχ, *ʔåχtinha-ts || ‘marsh deer (''Blastocerus dichotomus'')’ || (MN) |- | *ʔujhVl || ‘otter sp.’ || (MN) |- | *níltsa(ˀ)X₁₂, *níltsX₁₃a-ts || ‘white-lipped peccary’ || (ChW) |- | *Xmáwoh; *Xmáwo-taχ, *Xmáwo-ta-ts || ‘fox’ || (ChW) |}

====Plants==== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Proto-Mataguayan !! Gloss !! Notes |- | *ɸtsǻna(ˀ)χ || ‘''Baccharis'' sp.’ || |- | *ɸts-uˀk, collective *ɸis-kat || ‘''Copernicia alba'' palm’ || |- | *kéɬχa-juˀk, *kéɬχa-jku-jʰ || ‘red quebracho (''Schinopsis balansae'')’ || |- | *khǻt (fruit); *khǻt-uˀk, *khǻt-ku-jʰ (plant) || ‘cactus’ || |- | *lä́tseni(ʔ) (fruit); *lä́tsen-uˀk, *lä́tsen-ku-jʰ (tree) || ‘chañar (''Geoffroea decorticans'')’ || |- | *lóta-(ju)ˀk || ‘iscayante tree (for making bows)’ || |- | *náwa(ˀ)x || ‘cactus sp.’ || |- | *néwo(ˀ)k || ‘wild manioc (''Marsdenia castillonii'')’ || |- | *sát-uˀk, *sát-ku-jʰ || ‘lecherón tree (''Sapium haematospermum'')’ || |- | *sóp’wa(-ta)-juˀk, *sóp’wa(-ta)-jku-jʰ || ‘caspi zapallo (''Pisonia zapallo'')’ || |- | *sténi(ʔ) (fruit); *stén-uˀk (tree) || ‘white quebracho (''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'')’ || |- | *tsänúˀk || ‘duraznillo (''Ruprechtia triflora'')’ || |- | *tsóɸa (fruit) || ‘''Maytenus vitis-idaea''’ || |- | *tsóɸa-taχ (fruit); *tsóɸa-ta-(ju)ˀk (tree) || ‘''Lycium americanum''’ || |- | *wák’a(ʔ) (fruit); *wák’a-juˀk, *wák’a-jku-jʰ (tree) || ‘guayacán (''Libidibia paraguariensis'')’ || |- | *wátå(ˀ)χ (fruit); *wáth(å-j)uˀk (tree) || ‘palo flojo (''Albizia inundata'' or ''Enterolobium contortisiliquum'')’ || |- | *wijeʔ || ‘cactus (''Bromelia serra'')’ || |- | *wósitseχ (fruit); *wósits-uˀk, *wósits(e)-ku-jʰ || ‘''Prosopis nigra''’ || |- | *xélå(ˀ)X₁₂ (fruit), *xélå-juˀk (tree) || ‘plant sp.’ || |- | *xunxátaχ (fruit); *xunxáta-(ju)ˀk (tree) || ‘tusca (''Acacia aroma'')’ || |- | *xunxáta-kat (grove) || ‘tusca (''Acacia aroma'')’ || |- | *X₁₃óˀk || ‘''Bulnesia sarmientoi''’ || |- | *ʔaX₁₃ǻje(ˀ)χ (fruit); *ʔaX₁₃ǻj-uˀk, *ʔaX₁₃ǻj-ku-jʰ (tree) || ‘mistol (''Ziziphus mistol'')’ || |- | *ʔǻl(V)tse(ˀ)χ, *ʔǻl(V)tse-ts || ‘cháguar (''Bromelia urbaniana'' = ''Deinacanthon urbanianum'')’ || |- | *ʔǻnhajeχ (bean); *ʔǻnhaj-uˀk (plant); *ʔǻnhaje-ˀp (season) || ‘''Capparis retusa''’ || |- | *ʔåtits ~ *ʔåtíts ~ *ʔåtets ~ *ʔåtéts || ‘wild pepper’ || |- | *ɸinåk, *ɸinhå-jʰ || ‘tobacco’ || (MN) |- | *låttsiki-juˀk, *låttsiki-ku-jʰ || ‘willow’ || (MN) |- | *samto-ˀk || ‘bamboo (''Guadua angustifolia'')’ || (MN) |- | *tsaqaq ~ *-ä- || ‘plant sp.’ || (MN) |- | *(ˀ)wut || ‘a bushy leguminous plant’ || (MN) |- | *xoxaw-uˀk ?~ *xoxi-juˀk, *-ku-jʰ || ‘''Tabebuia nodosa'' tree’ || (MN) |- | *ʔåthajeχ (fruit); *ʔåthaj-uˀk, *ʔåthaj-ku-jʰ (tree) (*-hä-) || ‘molle plant’ || (MN) |- | *ʔomhatäk (fruit); *ʔomhatä-(ju)ˀk, *ʔomhatä-ku-jʰ (tree) (~ *-hä-) || ‘queen palm (''Syagrus romanzoffiana'')’ || (MN) |- | *ɸálawuˀk || ‘strangler vine (''Morrenia odorata'')’ || (ChW) |- | *ɸílå(ˀ)X₁₂ || ‘''Solanum'' sp.’ || (ChW) |- | *ktéta(ʔ) ~ *ktä́ta(ʔ) (fruit); *ktéta-(ju)k ~ *ktä́ta-juk (tree) || ‘''Prosopis elata''’ || (ChW) |- | *kutsá(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *kutsé(ˀ)χ ?~ *k’utsá(ˀ)X₁₂ ~ *k’utsé(ˀ)χ || ‘cháguar (''Bromelia hieronymi'')’ || (ChW) |- | *stá(ˀ)X (fruit); *stá-ˀq (plant) || ‘''Stetsonia coryne'' cactus’ || (ChW) |- | *tsémɬå(ˀ)k ~ *tsä́mɬå(ˀ)k || ‘silk floss tree’ || (ChW) |- | *tsu(ˀ)X ?~*ts’u(ˀ)X (fruit); *tsuX-uk ?~ *ts’uX-uk (tree) || ‘sachamembrillo (''Capparis tweediana'')’ || (ChW) |- | *ʔaté(ˀ)k ~ *ʔatä́(ˀ)k || ‘cebil (''Anadenanthera colubrina'') or vinal (''Prosopis ruscifolia'')’ || (ChW) |}

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== * Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). ''The languages of the Andes''. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}. * Fabre, Alain (2005). "Los Mataguayo". (Online version: http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Mataguayo.pdf)

==External links== {{Sister project links|wikt=Appendix:Proto-Mataguayo reconstructions|c=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|b=no|v=no}} * Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/matakoan.htm Familia matákoan]

{{Mataco-Guaicuru languages}} {{Language families}} {{South American languages}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Matacoan languages Category:Mataco–Guaicuru languages Category:Language families Category:Chaco linguistic area