{{Short description|Family of rodents that includes the domestic guinea pig}} {{Hatnote group| {{Redirect|Cavy|the animal commonly referred to as "cavy"|guinea pig}} {{Distinguish|Kavi}} }} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Middle Miocene|Holocene}} | image = Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris in Brazil in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 09.jpg | image_caption = Capybara | taxon = Caviidae | authority = Fischer von Waldheim, 1818 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = Caviinae<br/> Dolichotinae<br/> Hydrochoerinae | range_map = File:Caviidae distribution.png | range_map_caption = Caviidae distribution }}
'''Caviidae''', the '''cavy''' family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the largest living rodent, the capybara. They are found across South America in open areas from moist savanna to thorn forests or scrub desert. This family of rodents has fewer members than most other rodent families, with 19 species in seven genera in three subfamilies.
==Characteristics== thumb|left|Guinea pig skull on top of a capybara skull With the exception of the maras, which have a more rabbit-like appearance, caviids have short, heavy bodies and large heads. Most have no visible tails. They range in size from the smaller cavies at 22 cm in body length, and 300 grams in weight, up to the capybara, the largest of all rodents at 106 to 134 cm in length, and body weights of 35 to 66 kilograms. Even larger forms existed in the Pliocene, such as ''Phugatherium'', which was about the size of a tapir.<ref name=MamEv>{{cite book |author1=Savage, RJG |author2=Long, MR |year=1986 |title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava |url-access=registration |publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/125 125–126]|isbn= 0-8160-1194-X}}</ref>
They are herbivores, eating tough grasses or softer leaves, depending on species. The dental formula is similar to that of various other rodents: {{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.1.3|lower=1.0.1.3}}. Females give birth to two or three furred and active young after a gestation period of 50 to 90 days in most species, or 150 days in the capybara. In most species, they are sexually mature within a few months of birth, although in capybaras, maturity is not reached until around 18 months.<ref name=EoM/>
Social organisation varies widely among the group. Many cavies are promiscuous, forming no long-lasting social groups, although, in some species, males maintain harems of two or more females. In contrast, maras are monogamous, and form temporary colonial crèches to care for the young of multiple mothers. Capybaras live in groups of around 10 individuals, and sometimes many more, each with a single dominant male, and a number of females, subordinate males, and juveniles.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D. |author1=Herrera, E. |author2=Lacher, T.E. |author3=Macdonald, D. |author4=Taber, A.B. |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/690 690–699] |isbn=0-87196-871-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/690 }}</ref>
==Classification== {{further|List of caviids}}
The family Caviidae is a sister group to the family Dasyproctidae, both of which are members of the superfamily Cavioidea.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://kit.eimb.ru/PDF/Veniaminova_07_G_en.pdf|title = Phylogeny of the order Rodentia inferred from structural analysis of short retroposon B1|last = Veniaminova|first = N. A.|date = February 28, 2006|journal = General Genetics|access-date = November 30, 2015|archive-date = March 16, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230316150222/http://kit.eimb.ru/PDF/Veniaminova_07_G_en.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref> Fossils caviids first appeared during the middle of the Miocene epoch in South America.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cavies and Maras (Caviidae) - Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3406700994/cavies-and-maras-caviidae.html|website = www.encyclopedia.com|access-date = 2015-11-30}}</ref>
Family '''Caviidae''' *Subfamily Caviinae **Genus ''Cavia'' (at least six species): guinea pigs or cavies, includes the domestic guinea pig **Genus ''Galea'' (four extant species): yellow-toothed cavies **Genus ''Microcavia'' (three extant species): mountain cavies *Subfamily Dolichotinae: maras **Genus ''Dolichotis'' (two extant species): maras *Subfamily Hydrochoerinae **Genus ''Hydrochoerus'' (two extant species): capybaras **Genus ''Kerodon'' (two species): rock cavies
==References== {{Reflist}} *{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400168 | pages = 1552-1556}}
{{Rodents}} {{Caviidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q685772}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Cavies Category:Caviomorpha Category:Rodent families Category:Rodents of South America Category:Miocene rodents Category:Neogene rodents Category:Quaternary rodents Category:Neogene mammals of South America Category:Quaternary mammals of South America Category:Extant Miocene first appearances Category:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim