{{Short description|Family of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Agaricaceae | fossil_range = {{Fossilrange|Burdigalian|recent|ref=<ref name="Poinar 1990"/>}} | image = Agaricus campestris.jpg | image_caption = ''Agaricus campestris'' | taxon = Agaricaceae | authority = Chevall. (1826) | type_genus = ''Agaricus'' | type_genus_authority = L. (1753)<ref name="Linnaeus 1753"/> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = 85; See text | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Agaricaceae"/><ref name="urlMycoBank: Lepiotaceae"/> | synonyms = *Battarraceae <small>Corda (1842)</small> *Lepiotaceae <small>Roze (1876)</small> *Lycoperdaceae <small>Chevall. (1826)</small> *Mycenastraceae <small>Zeller (1948)</small> *Tulostomataceae <small>E.Fisch. (1900)</small> }}
The '''Agaricaceae''' are a family of basidiomycete fungi and include the genus ''Agaricus'', as well as basidiomycetes previously classified in the families Tulostomataceae, Lepiotaceae, and Lycoperdaceae.
==Taxonomy== The family Agaricaceae was published by French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826.<ref name="Chevallier 1826"/> It is named after the type genus ''Agaricus'', originally circumscribed by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work ''Species Plantarum''. In his authoritative 1986 classification of the Agaricales, Rolf Singer divided the Agaricaceae into four tribes distinguished largely by spore color: ''Leucocoprineae'', ''Agariceae'', ''Lepioteae'', and ''Cystodermateae''.<ref name="Singer 1986"/> Genera once classified in the families Tulostomataceae, Battarreaceae, Lycoperdaceae, and Mycenastraceae have since been moved to the Agaricaceae based on molecular phylogenetics studies.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Agaricaceae"/> According to a standard reference text, the Agaricaceae contains 85 genera and 1340 species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/> In 2024 several ''Leucoagaricus'' and ''Leucocoprinus'' species were reclassified creating the new genera of ''Macropsalliota'' and ''Candelolepiota''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=YANG |first=KUN L. |last2=LIN |first2=JIA Y. |last3=LI |first3=GUANG-MEI |last4=LI |first4=TAIHUI |last5=YANG |first5=ZHU L. |date=2024-12-11 |title=Rediscovering Leucoagaricus sinicus, with the recognition of Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus as separate genera, and two new genera in Agaricaceae (Basidiomycota) |url=https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.676.3.1 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=676 |issue=3 |pages=199–255 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.676.3.1 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==Description== Agaricaceae species use a wide variety of fruit body morphology. Although the pileate form (i.e., with a cap and stipe) is predominant, gasteroid and secotioid forms are known. In pileate species, the gills are typically thin, and free from attachment to the stipe. Caps are scurfy to smooth, and range from roughly flat to umbonate. They typically have a centrally attached stipe and a membrane-like partial veil.<ref name="Cannon 2007"/> The species formerly classified in the family Lycoperdaceae are also known as the "true puffballs". Their fruiting bodies are round and are composed of a tough skin surrounding a mass of spores. When they mature, the skin splits open and they release their spores.
The spore print color of Agaricaceae species is highly variable, ranging from white to greenish to ochraceous to pink or sepia; rusty-brown or cinnamon brown colours are absent. Microscopically, the spore surface ranges from smooth to ornamented, and the presence of a germ pore is variable. Amyloidity (i.e. sensitivity to staining in Melzer's reagent) is also variable. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are usually small, four-spored, and may have interspersed cystidia.<ref name="Cannon 2007"/>
==Genera== {{main|List of Agaricaceae genera}} The extinct genus ''Coprinites'' is one of four known Agaricaceae genera in the fossil record. Others include ''Aureofungus'', ''Protomycena'', and ''Archaeomarasmius''. ''Archaeomarasmius leggeti'', from Atlantic Coastal Plain amber, is 90–94 Ma); the other fossil genera are from Dominican amber and date to 15–20 Ma.<ref name="Hibbett 2003"/>
The family currently includes the following genera: {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *''Agaricus'' *''Barcheria'' *''Bovista'' *''Calbovista'' (previously in family Lycoperdaceae) *''Calvatia'' *''Candelolepiota'' *''Chamaemyces'' *''Chlorophyllum'' *''Clarkeinda'' *''Coniolepiota'' *†''Coprinites'' *''Coprinus'' *''Cystoagaricus'' *''Cystolepiota'' *''Disciseda'' *''Endoptychum'' *''Eriocybe'' *''Gyrophragmium'' *''Handkea'' *''Heinemannomyces'' *''Hymenagaricus'' *''Lepiota'' *''Leucoagaricus'' *''Leucocoprinus'' *''Lycoperdon'' *''Macrolepiota'' *''Macropsalliota'' *''Melanophyllum'' *''Micropsalliota'' *''Montagnea'' *''Podaxis'' *''Ripartitella'' *''Rugosospora'' *''Sericeomyces'' *''Smithiomyces'' *''Tulostoma'' *''Verrucospora'' {{div col end}}
==Ecology== The ''Agaricaceae'' are widely distributed. Most species are saprobic and prefer grassland and woodland habitats.<ref name="Cannon 2007"/> Genera ''Leucoagaricus'' and ''Leucocoprinus'' are known to be cultivated by fungus-growing ants in ant-fungus mutualism.<ref name="Hölldobler 2009"/>
==Economic significance== The genus ''Agaricus'' includes some species that are cultivated commercially throughout the world. The common "button mushroom", ''Agaricus bisporus'', is the most widely cultivated edible mushroom. ''Agaricus blazei'' is a well-known medicinal mushroom used for a number of therapeutic and medicinal purposes.<ref name="Lima 2011"/><ref name="Wang 2013"/> Several species are poisonous, such as some ''Lepiota'', ''Agaricus sect. Xanthodermatei'' and ''Chlorophyllum'' species .<ref name="Cannon 2007"/>
==See also== *List of Agaricales families *List of Basidiomycota families
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Cannon 2007">{{Cite book |vauthors =Cannon PF, Kirk PM |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2007 |pages=3–4 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5}}</ref>
<ref name="Chevallier 1826">{{cite book |author =Chevallier FF. |title=Flore générale des environs de Paris, selon la méthode naturelle: Description de toutes les plantes agames, cryptogames et phanérogames qui y croissent spontanément; leurs propriétés, leur usage dans la médecine, les arts, et l'économie domestique; avec une classification naturelle des agames et des cryptogames, basée sur l'organisation de ces végétaux |year=1826 |volume=1 |publisher=Ferra Jeune |location=Paris, France |page=121 |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Hibbett 2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors =Hibbett DS, Binder M, Wang Z |year=2003 |title=Another fossil agaric from Dominican Amber |journal=Mycologia |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=685–7 |jstor=3761943 |doi=10.2307/3761943 |pmid=21148976 |url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/95/4/685.full|url-access=subscription }} {{open access}}</ref>
<ref name="Hölldobler 2009">{{Cite book |vauthors =Hölldobler B, Wilson EO |year=2009 |title=The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies |location=New York, NY |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company}}</ref>
<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{Cite book |vauthors =Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford |year=2008 |page=11 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>
<ref name="Lima 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors =Lima CU, Cordova CO, Nóbrega Ode T, Funghetto SS, Karnikowski MG |title=Does the ''Agaricus blazei'' Murrill mushroom have properties that affect the immune system? An integrative review |journal=Journal of Medicinal Food |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–8 |pmid=21128829 |doi=10.1089/jmf.2010.0017}}</ref>
<ref name="Linnaeus 1753">{{Cite book |author =Linnaeus C. |title=Species Plantarum |year=1753 |volume=2 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |page=1171 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359192}}</ref>
<ref name="Poinar 1990">{{Cite journal |vauthors =Poinar G, Singer R |year=1990 |title=Upper Eocene gilled mushroom from the Dominican Republic |journal=Science |volume=248 |issue=4959 |pages=1099–101 |pmid=17733372 |doi=10.1126/science.248.4959.1099|bibcode=1990Sci...248.1099P |s2cid=42236437 }}</ref>
<ref name="Singer 1986">{{Cite book |author =Singer R. |title=The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |edition=4th |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |location=Königstein im Taunus, Germany |year=1986 |pages=465–7 |isbn=3-87429-254-1}}</ref>
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Agaricaceae">{{cite web |title=Agaricaceae Chevall., Flore Générale des Environs de Paris 1: 121 (1826) |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=58983&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref>
<ref name="urlMycoBank: Lepiotaceae">{{cite web |title=Lepiotaceae Roze, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 23: 111 (1876)|url=http://www.mycobank.org/name/Lepiotaceae&Lang=Eng |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=2015-10-30}}</ref>
<ref name="Wang 2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors =Wang H, Fu Z, Han C |title=The medicinal values of culinary-medicinal royal sun mushroom (''Agaricus blazei'' Murrill) |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |year=2013 |volume=2013 |pmid=24288568 |article-number=842619 |pmc=3833359 |doi=10.1155/2013/842619|doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref>
}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/FUNGI.html#AGARICACEAE Agaricaceae] in [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/ BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q913614}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Agaricaceae Category:Agaricales families Agaricaceae Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances