{{short description|Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe}} {{for|the other species named Hedgehog mushroom|Hericium erinaceus}} {{featured article}} {{Speciesbox | image = Hedgehog fungi2.jpg | genus = Hydnum | species = repandum | authority = L. (1753)<ref name="Linnaeus 1753"/> | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum"/> | synonyms = * ''Hydnum flavidum'' <small>Schaeff. (1774)<ref name="Schaeffer 1774"/></small> * ''Hypothele repanda'' <small>(L.) Paulet (1812)</small> * ''Dentinum repandum'' <small>(L.) Gray (1821)<ref name="Gray 1821"/></small> * ''Tyrodon repandus'' <small>(L.) P.Karst. (1881)<ref name="Karsten 1881"/></small> * ''Sarcodon repandus'' <small>(L.) Quél. (1886)<ref name="Quélet 1886"/></small> }} {{mycomorphbox | name = ''Hydnum repandum'' | whichGills = decurrent | capShape = depressed | hymeniumType = teeth | stipeCharacter = bare | ecologicalType = mycorrhizal | sporePrintColor = white | sporePrintColor2 = cream | howEdible = choice }}

'''''Hydnum repandum''''', commonly known as the '''sweet tooth''', '''pig's trotter''',<ref name="Arora 1986"/> '''wood hedgehog''' or '''hedgehog mushroom''', is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus ''Hydnum''.

The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

A mycorrhizal fungus, ''H. repandum'' is broadly distributed in Europe, where it fruits singly or in close groups in coniferous or deciduous woodland. This is a choice edible species, although mature specimens can develop a bitter taste. It has no poisonous lookalikes.

== Taxonomy == First officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 ''Species Plantarum'', ''Hydnum repandum'' was sanctioned by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1821.<ref name="Fries 1821"/> The species has been shuffled among several genera: ''Hypothele'' by French naturalist Jean-Jacques Paulet in 1812; ''Dentinum'' by British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821; ''Tyrodon'' by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881; ''Sarcodon'' by French naturalist Lucien Quélet in 1886.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum"/> After a 1977 nomenclatural proposal by American mycologist Ronald H. Petersen<ref name="Petersen 1977"/> was accepted, ''Hydnum repandum'' became the official type species of the genus ''Hydnum''. Previously, supporting arguments for making ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' the type were made by Dutch taxonomist Marinus Anton Donk (1958)<ref name="Donk 1958"/> and Petersen (1973),<ref name="Petersen 1973"/> while Czech mycologist Zdeněk Pouzar (1958)<ref name="Pouzar 1958"/> and Canadian mycologist Kenneth Harrison (1971) thought that ''H.&nbsp;imbricatum'' should be the type.<ref name="Harrison 1971"/>

Several forms and varieties of ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' have been described. Forms ''albidum'' and ''rufescens'', found in Russia, were published by T.L. Nikolajeva in 1961;<ref name="Nikolajeva 1961"/> the latter taxon is synonymous with ''H.&nbsp;rufescens''.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum f. rufescens "/> Form ''amarum'', published from Slovenia by Zlata Stropnik, Bogdan Tratnik and Garbrijel Seljak in 1988,<ref name="Stropnik 1988"/> is illegitimate as per article 36.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, as it was not given a sufficiently comprehensive description. French botanist Jean-Baptiste Barla described ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' var. ''rufescens'' in 1859.<ref name="Barla 1859"/> English naturalist Carleton Rea described the white-fruit bodied version as a variety—''H.&nbsp;repandum'' var. ''album''—in 1922.<ref name="Rea 1922"/>

Molecular studies have shown that the current species concept for ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' needed revision as there was a poor overlap between morphological and molecular species concepts. A 2009 phylogenetic analysis of European specimens, based on internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S DNA sequences, indicated that ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' specimens form two distinct clades, whose only consistent morphological distinction is cap size. These genetic differences foreshadowed the presence of undescribed cryptic species, and that the taxon may currently be undergoing intensive speciation.<ref name="Grebenc 2009"/> A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 of members of the genus worldwide found that there are at least four species in the broad concept of ''H.&nbsp;repandum'': two species from southern China, one from Europe and eastern North America, and ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' itself from Europe and northern (and alpine southwestern) China and Japan. Although it is missing from Central America, genetic material has been recovered from Venezuela from the tree ''Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea'', suggesting it somehow migrated there and had changed hosts.<ref name=feng16/>

The specific epithet ''repandum'' means "bent back", referring to the wavy cap margin. The varietal epithet ''album'' means "white as an egg".<ref name="Roody 2003"/> ''Hydnum repandum'' has been given several vernacular names: "sweet tooth",<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> "yellow tooth fungus",<ref name="Schalkwijk-Barendsen 1991"/> "wood urchin",<ref name="Pegler 1997"/> "spreading hedgehog",<ref name="McKnight 1987"/> "hedgehog mushroom", or "pig's trotter".<ref name="Arora 1986"/> The variety ''album'' is known as "white wood".<ref name="Roody 2003"/>

== Description == left|thumb|Detail of the spines

The orange-, yellow- or tan-colored pileus (cap) is up to {{convert|17|cm|frac=2}} wide, although specimens measuring {{convert|25|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} have been documented. It is generally somewhat irregular in shape (possibly being convex or concave at maturity), with a wavy margin that is rolled inward when young.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> Caps grow in a distorted shape when fruit bodies are closely clustered.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> The cap surface is generally dry and smooth, although mature specimens may show cracking.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> Viewed from above, the caps of mature specimens resemble somewhat those of chanterelles.<ref name="urlHydnum"/> The flesh is thick, white, firm, brittle, and bruises yellow to orange-brown. The underside is densely covered with small, slender whitish spines measuring {{convert|2–7|mm|frac=16|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> These spines sometimes run down at least one side of the stipe.<ref name="Pegler 1997"/> The stipe, typically {{convert|3–10|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1–3|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} thick, is either white or the same color as the cap, and is sometimes off-center.<ref name="Arora 1986"/> It is easy to overlook the mushrooms when they are situated amongst gilled mushrooms and boletes, because the cap and stipe are fairly nondescript and the mushrooms must be turned over to reveal their spines.<ref name="Abel 1993"/> The pure white variety of this species, ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' var. ''album'', is smaller than the main variety, with a cap measuring {{convert|2–7|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} wide and a stipe that is {{convert|1–3|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="Roody 2003"/>

The spore print is pale cream. The basidiospores are smooth, thin-walled and hyaline (translucent), roughly spherical to broadly egg-shaped, and measure 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5&nbsp;μm. They usually contain a single, large refractive oil droplet. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 30–45 by 6–10&nbsp;μm. The cap cuticle is a trichodermium (where the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface) of narrow, club-shaped cells that are 2.5–4&nbsp;μm wide. Underneath this tissue is the subhymenial layer of interwoven hyphae measuring 10–20&nbsp;μm in diameter. The spine tissue is made of narrow (2–5&nbsp;μm diameter), thin-walled hyphae with clamp connections.<ref name="Pegler 1997"/>

thumb|upright|At a market in Finland === Chemistry === Both ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' and the variety ''album'' contain the diepoxide compound repandiol (2''R'',3''R'',8''R'',9''R'')-4,6-decadiyne-2,3:8,9-diepoxy-1,10-diol), which is under laboratory research to determine its possible effects.<ref name="Takahashi 1992" /> The volatile organic compounds responsible for the fruity aroma of the mushroom include eight-carbon derivatives, such as 1-octen-3-ol, (''E'')-2-octenol, and (''E'')-1,3-octadiene.<ref name="Fons 2003" />

European studies conducted after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster showed that the fruit bodies have a high rate of accumulation of the radioactive isotope caesium.<ref name="Stachowiak 2012" />

=== Similar species === North American lookalikes include the white hedgehog (''Hydnum albidum'') and the giant hedgehog (''H.&nbsp;albomagnum''). ''H.&nbsp;albidum'' has a white to pale yellowish grey fruit body that bruises yellow to orange. ''H.&nbsp;albomagnum'' is large and paler than ''H.&nbsp;repandum''.<ref name="Roberts 2011" /> ''Hydnum umbilicatum'' is smaller, with caps measuring {{convert|3–5|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, and thinner stipes that are {{convert|0.5–1|cm|frac=4|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Davis 2012" /> Its caps are umbilicate (with a navel-like cavity), sometimes with a hole in the center of the cap,<ref name="Laessoe 2002" /> unlike the flattened or slightly depressed caps of ''H.&nbsp;repandum''.<ref name="Roody 2003" /> Microscopically, ''H.&nbsp;umbilicatum'' has spores that are larger and more elliptical than those of ''H.&nbsp;repandum'', measuring 7.5–9 by 6–7.5&nbsp;μm.<ref name="urlHydnum" />

A European lookalike, ''H.&nbsp;rufescens'', is also smaller than ''H.&nbsp;repandum'', and has a deeper apricot to orange color.<ref name="Sterry 2009" /> ''Hydnum ellipsosporum'', described as a new species from Germany in 2004, differs from ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' by the shape and length of its spores, which are ellipsoid and measure 9–11 by 6–7.5&nbsp;μm. Compared to ''H.&nbsp;repandum'', it has smaller fruit bodies, with cap diameters ranging from {{convert|3 to 5|cm|frac=2|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Ostrow 2004" />

== Habitat and distribution == [[File:Hydnum repandum semmelstoppelpilz.jpg|thumb|Collection from Eggingen, Germany]]

''H. repandum'' is a mycorrhizal fungus.<ref name="Laessoe 2002"/> The fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground or in leaf litter in both coniferous and deciduous forests.<ref name="Arora 1986"/><ref name="Sterry 2009"/><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal | title=Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected abundant diversity and significant disjunct distribution pattern of the Hedgehog Mushrooms ( Hydnum L.) - Scientific Reports | journal=Scientific Reports | date=6 May 2016 | volume=6 | issue=1 | article-number=25586 | doi=10.1038/srep25586 | last1=Feng | first1=Bang | last2=Wang | first2=Xiang-Hua | last3=Ratkowsky | first3=David | last4=Gates | first4=Genevieve | last5=Lee | first5=Su See | last6=Grebenc | first6=Tine | last7=Yang | first7=Zhu L. | pmid=27151256 | pmc=4858670 | bibcode=2016NatSR...625586F }}</ref><ref name="Wildflowers, wild orchids, fungi, wildlife; nature books, reserves">{{cite web | title=Hydnum repandum, Wood Hedgehog mushroom | website=Wildflowers, wild orchids, fungi, wildlife; nature books, reserves | url=https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/hydnum-repandum.php | access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> They can also grow in fairy rings.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> Fruiting occurs from summer to autumn.<ref name="Phillips 2005"/> It is one of the most common of the tooth fungi.<ref name="Arora 1986" />

The species is widely distributed in Europe,<ref name="Swenie Baroni Matheny pp. 35–72" /> where, it has been listed as a vulnerable species in the Red Data Lists of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany; Sweden lists it as being of Least Concern.<ref name="Arnolds 2010" /> The species is found in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains, and with oaks in eastern North America.<ref name="Arora 1986" /> It does not occur in Canada, but two related species do: ''H.&nbsp;washingtonianum'' and ''H.&nbsp;subolympicum''.<ref name="Niskanen Liimatainen Nuytinck Kirk 2018 pp. 890–918">{{cite journal | last1=Niskanen | first1=Tuula | last2=Liimatainen | first2=Kare | last3=Nuytinck | first3=Jorinde | last4=Kirk | first4=Paul | last5=Ibarguren | first5=Ibai Olariaga | last6=Garibay-Orijel | first6=Roberto | last7=Norvell | first7=Lorelei | last8=Huhtinen | first8=Seppo | last9=Kytövuori | first9=Ilkka | last10=Ruotsalainen | first10=Juhani | last11=Niemelä | first11=Tuomo | last12=Ammirati | first12=Joseph F. | last13=Tedersoo | first13=Leho | title=Identifying and naming the currently known diversity of the genus ''Hydnum'', with an emphasis on European and North American taxa | journal=Mycologia | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=110 | issue=5 | date=2018-09-03 | issn=0027-5514 | doi=10.1080/00275514.2018.1477004 | pages=890–918| pmid=30215579 }}</ref>

== Uses == {{nutritionalvalue | name = ''Hydnum repandum'', dried<ref name="Ayaz 2011">Nutritional values are based on chemical analysis of specimens collected from the East Black Sea region in Turkey. Source: {{cite journal |vauthors=Ayaz FA, Torun H, Özel A, Col M, Duran C, Sesli E, Colak A |year=2011 |title=Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from Black Sea region (Turkey) |journal=Turkish Journal of Biochemistry |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=213–21 |url=http://www.turkjbiochem.com/2011/213-221.pdf |access-date=2013-09-09 |archive-date=2017-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811022211/http://turkjbiochem.com/2011/213-221.pdf }}</ref> | kJ = 1431 | protein = 19.7 g | fat = 4.3 g | carbs = 56.1 g | iron_mg = 38 | calcium_mg = 600 | magnesium_mg = 230 | manganese_mg = 23.2 | sodium_mg = 31.9 | copper_mg = 38.9 | potassium_mg = 2.89 | vitC_mg = 1.1 | zinc_mg = 5.72 | source_usda = 1 }} === Nutrition === Dried ''H. repandum'' is 56% carbohydrates, 4% fat, and 20% protein. In a 100 gram reference amount, several dietary minerals are high in content, especially copper and manganese. Major fatty acids include palmitic acid (16%), stearic acid (1%), oleic acid (26%), linoleic acid (48%), and linolenic acid (20%). Mycosterol is present.<ref name="Kalač 2009"/>

===Culinary===

''H. repandum'' is considered to be a good edible mushroom, having a sweet, nutty taste and a crunchy texture. Some consider it to be the culinary equivalent of the chanterelle.<ref name="Ammirati 1987"/> Author Michael Kuo rates it as "great", noting that there are no poisonous lookalikes and that ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' mushrooms are unlikely to be infested with maggots.

Delicately brushing the cap and stipe of specimens immediately after harvest will help prevent soil from getting lodged between the teeth. ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' mushrooms can be cooked by pickling,<ref name="Mabey 2007"/> simmering in milk or stock, and sautéeing, which creates a "tender, meaty texture and a mild flavor."<ref name="Kuo 2007"/> The mushroom tissue absorbs liquids well and assumes the flavors of added ingredients.<ref name="Kuo 2007"/> The firm texture of the cooked mushroom makes it suitable for freezing. Its natural flavor is reportedly similar to the peppery taste of watercress,<ref name="Abel 1993"/> or oysters.<ref name="Sept 2006"/> Older specimens may have a bitter taste, but boiling can remove the bitterness.<ref name="Mabey 2007"/> Specimens found under conifers can taste "unpleasantly strong".<ref name="Courtecuisse 1999"/> The form ''amarum'', locally common in Slovakia, is reportedly inedible because its fruit body has a bitter taste at all developmental stages.<ref name="Stropnik 1988"/>

''Hydnum repandum'' is frequently sold with chanterelles in Italy, and in France, it is one of the officially recognized edible species sold in markets.<ref name="Dickinson 1982"/> In Europe, it is usually sold under its French name ''pied-de-mouton'' (sheep's foot).<ref name="Roberts 2011"/> ''H.&nbsp;repandum'' mushrooms are also used as a food source by the red squirrel (''Sciurus vulgaris'').<ref name="Grönwall 1984"/>

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<ref name="Schaeffer 1774">{{cite book |author=Schaffer JC. |title=Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones |year=1774 |volume=4 | publisher=Apud J.J. Palmium |location=Regensburg, Germany |page=99, plate 318 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3887581}}</ref>

<ref name="Schalkwijk-Barendsen 1991">{{cite book |author=Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. |title=Mushrooms of Western Canada |publisher=Lone Pine Publishing |location=Edmonton, Canada |year=1991 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/368 368–69] |isbn=978-0-919433-47-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsofweste0000scha/page/368 }}</ref>

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<ref name="Sterry 2009">{{cite book |vauthors=Sterry P, Hughes B |title=Complete Guide to British Mushrooms and Toadstools |publisher=Collins |location=London, UK |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-00-723224-6 |page=300}}</ref>

<ref name="Stropnik 1988">{{cite book |vauthors=Stropnik Z, Tratnik B, Seljak G |title=Naše Gobje Bogastvo |year=1988 |publisher=Mladinska Knjiga |location=Ljubljana |language=sl}}</ref>

<ref name="Swenie Baroni Matheny pp. 35–72">{{cite journal | last1=Swenie | first1=Rachel A. | last2=Baroni | first2=Timothy J. | last3=Matheny | first3=P. Brandon | title=Six new species and reports of Hydnum (Cantharellales) from eastern North America | journal=MycoKeys | publisher=Pensoft Publishers | date=2018-11-30 | issue=42 | issn=1314-4049 | doi=10.3897/mycokeys.42.27369 | pages=35–72| pmid=30564052 | pmc=6286385 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Takahashi 1992">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takahashi A, Endo T, Nozoe S |title=Repandiol, a new cytotoxic diepoxide from the mushrooms ''Hydnum repandum'' and ''H. repandum'' var. ''album'' |journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |year=1992 |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=3181–84 |pmid=1294319 |doi=10.1248/cpb.40.3181|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="urlHydnum">{{cite web |author=Kuo M. |url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/hydnum_repandum.html |title=''Hydnum repandum'' |publisher=MushroomExpert.Com |date=August 2003 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum">{{cite web |title=''Hydnum repandum'' L. 1753 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=73711&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hydnum repandum f. rufescens ">{{cite web |title=''Hydnum repandum'' f. ''rufescens'' (Pers.) Nikol., Flora plantarum cryptogamarum URSS. Fungi. Familia Hydnaceae, 6(2): 305, 1961 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=103617&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref> }}

=== Cited literature === * {{cite book |author=Dugan FM |title=Conspectus of World Ethnomycology |year=2011 |publisher=American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, Minnesota |isbn=978-0-89054-395-5}}

== External links== * {{Commons category-inline|italic=on}} * {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13684}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hydnum Repandum}} Category:Edible fungi Category:Fungi described in 1753 Category:Fungi of Europe Category:Fungal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus repandum Category:Fungi of North America Category:Fungus species